Catalytic combustion properties of nanocomplex oxide for natural gas

The catalysts of copper oxide supported on cerium dioxide were prepared by different methods for methane catalytic combustion. The effects of copper content in the catalysts and calcination temperatures of the catalysts on the catalytic activity are investigated. Results show that the complex oxide catalyst exhibits high catalytic activity for methane combustion due to the synergistic effect of CuO and CeO₂. The catalyst prepared by impregnation is more active than that prepared by controlled coprecipitation even if CuO content is the same. When W(CuO)<13%, the light-off temperature and full conversion temperature for the CH₄ reaction decrease with the increasing of CuO content in the catalysts. However, when the copper content is above 13%, the excess CuO has a negative effect on the catalytic activity owing to the formation of bulk CuO particles. A proper calcinations temperature of 650 ℃ can lead to a high dispersion of CuO and accordingly can enhance the catalytic activity of the composites.     

甲烷催化燃烧催化剂的研究进展

甲烷催化燃烧的目的是通过催化作用降低其起燃温度(T_(10))和完全转化温度(T_(90)),加深其氧化程度,从而提高燃料的利用率。简述了甲烷催化燃烧反应的机理,从种类、制备方法以及催化性能等方面详细介绍了甲烷催化燃烧催化剂的最新进展。贵金属催化剂的催化性能优越,但高成本以及热稳定性差等因素极大地限制了其应用;非贵金属催化剂尤其是复合金属氧化物催化剂(例如钙钛矿型复合金属氧化物催化剂和六铝酸盐系列催化剂等)拥有较高的催化活性,因其成本低,有更好的发展前景。提高非贵金属催化剂的低温催化活性和高温热稳定性是今后甲烷催化燃烧催化剂的主要研究方向。     

基于过渡金属氧化物载氧体的煤矿通风瓦斯处理性能

采用反应管对基于过渡金属氧化物载氧体的煤矿通风瓦斯(VAM)处理性能展开了研究.结果表明,经活化后的三种载氧体均能将CH4完全转化为CO2,其活性顺序为CuO60/γ-Al2 O3>NiO60/γ-Al2 O3>Fe2 O360/γ-Al2 O3;基于CuO60/γ-Al2 O3的CH4转化率随空速的增加而减小,随CuO负载量和床层温度的升高而增大;煤矿通风瓦斯中的CH4浓度越低,CH4转化率达到90%所需的床层温度就越低;对活性物质低分散高负载的CuO60/γ-Al2 O3和活性物质高分散低负载的CuO5.5/γ-Al2 O3两种CuO/γ-Al2 O3系载氧体进行了比较,发现两种载氧体的CH4转化机理均包含有化学链燃烧和催化燃烧两种机理,基于催化燃烧机理的CH4转化率在一定温度下存在极大值,当床层温度高于该极大值温度时,化学链燃烧对CH4转化率的贡献明显大于催化燃烧对CH4转化率的贡献;相同条件下,CuO5.5/γ-Al2 O3的初期活性优于Cu60/γ-Al2 O3,但CuO60/γ-Al2 O3的活性稳定性优于CuO5.5/γ-Al2 O3.     

LaCo0.2Fe0．8O4型钙钛矿型催化剂中A位取代对耐热性能的影响

研究了LaCo0.2Fe0.8O4型钙钛矿型催化剂催化燃烧改变A位取代的程度,发现晶粒度随取代度的增加而减小,同时晶格氧的量有所增大.由于高温使晶粒度增大,晶格氧减少,而适量的晶格氧有利于催化剂活性,所以较大的取代度能够使催化剂在较高温度下保持较好活性.     

铜锰基SBA-15催化剂的制备及其甲苯燃烧消除的催化性能

以介孔分子筛SBA-15为载体,采用浸渍法分别制备了Cu、Mn和CuMn（物质的量比为1∶1）的质量分数为5%～17%的Cu/SBA-15、Mn/SBA-15和CuMn/SBA-15催化剂,以及Ce质量分数为2.5%～7%、CuMn（物质的量比为1∶1）质量分数为12%的Ce/CuMn/SBA-15催化剂,在常压固定床反应器上评价了这些催化剂对甲苯催化燃烧的反应性能,用X-射线衍射、透射电镜、程度升温还原等分析手段对催化剂的结构进行了研究。活性评价结果表明,Cu质量分数大于12%时,Cu/SBA-15催化剂具有好的活性;Mn质量分数大于8%时,Mn/SBA-15催化剂具有好的活性;CuMn质量分数大于8%时,CuMn/SBA-15催化剂具有好的活性。并且相同Cu、Mn质量分数的双组分催化剂比单组分催化剂的活性要好,在Ce/CuMn/SBA-15催化剂中,Ce质量分数为2.5%～3.5%时,能提高催化剂的活性。结构研究表明,所有催化剂的SBA-15介孔结构仍然保持,并且Cu、Mn等活性组分都已分散在SBA-15分子筛的孔道中。在Ce/CuMn/SBA-15催化剂中,Ce质量分数小于5%时能促进CuMn的分散,并且提高了催化剂的氧化还原能力。     

纳米CuO/CeO2制备、表征及对甲烷燃烧催化活性

文中用柠檬酸络合法制备了纳米稀土复合氧化物Cu_xCeO_δ，以透视电子显微镜（TEM）、热重-差热分析（TG-DTA）、Brunauer Emmett Teller（BET）比表面和X射线衍射分析（XRD）、粒度二次分布仪等方法表征了复合物粉末的粒径、热稳定性、比表面、晶相和二次粒度分布，以常压微型固定床反应器考察了该复合物催化剂对甲烷燃烧的催化活性。研究了复合物中CuO含量和焙烧温度对催化活性的影响，并初步探讨燃烧反应的机理。     

改性氧化铝为载体的钯催化剂对甲烷催化氧化作用的研究

采用Mg、Mn、Ni、Zr、La、Ce等掺杂离子对氧化铝载体进行表面修饰，发现在改性载体表现形成的物相对添组分PdO的分散状态产生很大的影响，该效应并未通过改变可供分散表面的途径，而是采取了金属－载体相互作用的方式来实现的。变价金属杂质修饰的氧化铝载体表面形成的中间键型对甲烷燃烧反应没有助催作用，而在非变价金属Mg、Zr修饰的样品中的高温稳定的PdO物种，对反应产生了明显的助催效果，这种高温稳定的活性中间体是一种与PdO晶体具有相同的键合类型，具有特殊结构的PdO聚集体。     

Pd/ZrO2-Al2O3催化剂的甲烷催化燃烧性能

用共沉淀法制备不同摩尔配比的ZrO2和Al2O3混合载体，负载贵金属Pd后，对该催化剂系列进行甲烷燃烧反应的活性表征．利用XRD.BET，BJH孔分布，CO脉冲吸附Pd分散度测定法等技术考察了ZrO2和Al2O3不同配比对混合载体的结构和催化剂性能的影响．结果表明．ZrO2和Al2O3的摩尔比为1：5．8的负载Pd催化剂活性最好，载体中单斜晶相氧化锆和较大孔径分布的催化剂都有助于催化剂活性的改善．     

稀土催化剂(Ce、La)用于丙烷催化燃烧的研究进展

目的 挥发性有机物(VOCs)对人体健康和生态环境都有不良影响,已引发研究者的广泛关注。催化燃烧是处理VOCs的有效技术之一,具有去除效率高、无二次污染等优势。稀土元素Ce、La及其氧化物因特殊的理化性质常作为催化助剂或载体,在催化燃烧中起着重要作用。因此针对稀土催化剂(主要为Ce、La),综述了其在丙烷催化燃烧中的应用及相应的催化反应机制以及未来的发展方向。方法 通过对Ce基和La基催化剂在丙烷催化燃烧中的研究和应用进行综述,分析了稀土催化剂的反应机理及发展方向。结果 首先,Ce、La及其氧化物可调节催化剂的整体结构、形貌和比表面积等物理性质;同时,上述物质也可与催化剂内的其他金属相互作用,从而有效调控材料中的氧空位密度,最终增强对丙烷催化燃烧的反应活性。其次,CeO₂作为载体能与活性金属产生有赖于CeO₂形貌和晶面的金属-CeO₂相互作用,这会对催化剂的结构和性能产生极大影响。此外,也讨论了通过优化合成方法和表面改性所获得的La系钙钛矿催化剂在丙烷催化燃烧中的应用研究。结论 目前,稀土基催化剂的催化作用机制探索尚处于...     

制备条件对LaMnO3催化氧化碳黑活性的影响

通过改变煅烧温度、煅烧时间和前驱体溶液pH值,在不同条件下用溶胶凝胶法制备了LaMnO3钙钛矿型催化剂。使用BET、XRD等实验手段对催化剂进行了表征测试,利用热重分析仪对催化剂催化氧化碳黑的活性开展了程序升温氧化实验研究,并用Coats-Redfern方法进行了反应动力学分析。实验结果表明,煅烧温度对LaMnO3钙钛矿催化剂的形成起到关键作用,973K煅烧的催化剂可以获得最大的反应活性;煅烧时间对钙钛矿的形成也有一定影响,煅烧超过6h的催化剂活性较高;前驱体溶液pH值呈碱性时,可以获得最大的催化剂表面积以及表面活性位密度,从而提高催化剂的整体活性。     

高分散负载Pd催化剂上CO氧化性能

制备高分散的负载型催化剂是充分利用在自然界中储量极为有限的贵金属资源的重要手段.采用不同方法制备一系列负载Pd催化剂,考察了不同载体负载Pd催化剂的CO氧化性能.发现以乙酰丙酮钯为前驱体制得的Pd/TiO2催化剂活性远高于Pd/SiO2和Pd/Al2O3催化剂的活性,在室温下就表现出较好的CO氧化活性,且在无气相O2条件下CO可以与Pd/TiO2催化剂表面的氧物种(晶格氧)反应生成一定量的CO2.分散度测试、CO吸附的原位红外光谱和程序升温还原的结果表明Pd/TiO2催化剂上Pd物种以高分散Pd0形式存在,并与载体之间存在强相互作用,这可能是Pd/TiO2催化剂具有低温活性的主要原因.     

Creep-strengthening of steel at high temperatures using nano-sized carbonitride dispersions

Creep is a time-dependent mechanism of plastic deformation, which takes place in a range of materials under low stress-that is, under stresses lower than the yield stress. Metals and alloys can be designed to withstand creep at high temperatures, usually by a process called dispersion strengthening, in which fine particles are evenly distributed throughout the matrix. For example, high-temperature creep-resistant ferritic steels achieve optimal creep strength (at 923 K) through the dispersion of yttrium oxide nanoparticles. However, the oxide particles are introduced by complicated mechanical alloying techniques and, as a result, the production of large-scale industrial components is economically unfeasible. Here we report the production of a 9 per cent Cr martensitic steel dispersed with nanometre-scale carbonitride particles using conventional processing techniques. At 923 K, our dispersion-strengthened material exhibits a time-to-rupture that is increased by two orders of magnitude relative to the current strongest creep-resistant steels. This improvement in creep resistance is attributed to a mechanism of boundary pinning by the thermally stable carbonitride precipitates. The material also demonstrates enough fracture toughness. Our results should lead to improved grades of creep-resistant steels and to the economical manufacture of large-scale steel components for high-temperature applications.     

The effects of transition metal in Sn-based pyrochlores on the methane catalytic combustion

Lanthanum stannate pyrochlores, La₂Sn₂O₇ and La₂SnMO₇ (M=Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu), were successfully prepared by citric acid method and confirmed by XRD. TG and TPR characterizations showed that the introduction of transitional metals resulted in significant impacts on the structures and redox performances of prochlores. All the selected transitional metals could significantly improve their methane catalytic combustion performance. Among the doped pyrochlores, La₂SnCoO₇ pyrochlore possessed optimum activities at low temperatures, and Fe?doped pyrochlore showed highest reactivity for high temperature combustion and was proved to be promising materials for high temperature catalytic combustion. The reactivity differences of La₂SnMO₇ were reasonably attributed to the strong interactions between Sn and transitional metal.     

Recent progress in immobilization of late-transition-metal complexes with diimine ligands for olefin polymerization

Late-transition-metal(LTM) catalysts are a family of very flexible ethylene polymerization catalysts because their catalytic performance can be easily adjusted by modifying the ligand structure.Their less oxyphilicity character,which may promote the production of copolymers from ethylene and polar comonomers,is another aspect that attracts much attention in both academic and industrial fields.The immobilization of LTM catalysts on spherical supports is a crucial step prior to their use in the industrial processes of gas-phase or slurry polymerizations.This paper reviews recent developments in supported LTM catalysts for olefin polymerization,and summarizes loading methods and mechanisms of the immobilization of LTM catalysts on inorganic,organic,and inorganic-organic materials,and the effects of immobilization on catalytic activity,polymerization mechanism,and polymer morphology.     

CuO-ZnO-ZrO_2催化剂上CO_2/H_2低压合成CH_3OH反应的研究

研完了在2MPa压力下,CuO-ZnO-ZrO_2催化剂对CO_2/H_2合成甲醇反应的催化活性。用BET、XRD、SEM、TPR等测试方法对催化剂表面性质、晶相组成、活性规律及ZrO_2的作用进行了探讨。加入ZrO_2有助于提高活性组分的分散度和催化剂的表面积;可以大大提高催化剂的活性和CH_3OH的选择性。活性组分CuO存在表面和体相两种分散形式,且ZrO_2的含量和焙烧温度直接影响着CuO的分散量及催化剂活性以及孔容的分布。     

Sr_2Fe_(1-x)Mg_xMoO_6复合氧化物的甲烷催化燃烧性能研究

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了双钙钛矿结构Sr2Fe1-xMgxMoO6系列氧化物,通过XRD、BET、XPS、TG等手段对催化材料进行了物性表征;以甲烷纯氧燃烧为目标反应,研究了Mg离子对Fe离子进行掺杂替代对催化材料性能的影响.结果表明:Sr2Fe1-xMgxMoO6主要有两个阶段的失重过程,分别与吸附态氧和晶格氧的失去有关;Mg2+掺杂导致B位有序度的提高,对催化活性不利.     

The catalytic behavior of La-Mn-O nanoparticle perovskite-type oxide catalysts for the combustion of the soot particle from the diesel engine

The La1-xMx MnO3（M=Li, Na, K, Rb, x=0, 0.10,0.25） perovskite-type oxides whose sizes are nanoparticle have been prepared by the citric acid-ligated method. The characters of the catalysts were characterized by means of XRD, IR, SEM and BET surface area measurement. The catalytic activity for the combustion of soot particulate was evaluated by a technique of the temperature-programmed reaction. In the LaMnO3 catalyst, the partial substitution of alkali metal （Li, Na, K, Rb） into A-site enhanced the catalytic activity for the combustion of soot particle. The La0.75K0.25MnO3 oxides are good candidate catalysts for the soot particle removal reaction, and the combustion temperatures of soot particle are between 285℃ and 430℃ when the contact of catalysts and soot is loose, and their catalytic activities for the combustion of soot particle are as good as supported Pt catalysts, which is the best catalyst system so far reported for soot combustion under loose contact conditions.     

CO2对非负载型镍催化剂甲烷裂解性能的影响研究

采用沉淀法分别以乙醇洗涤和以乙醇洗涤后再以水洗涤氢氧化镍,焙烧制备了不同形貌非负载型镍催化剂,对催化剂进行了X射线衍射(XRD)表征,分析了催化剂暴露的晶面,考察了CO₂对该催化剂CH₄裂解性能的影响。结果表明：反应气氛中引入~8% (vol)的CO₂可显著提高Ni-et的甲烷裂解性能,同时也可小幅提高Ni-etwt的甲烷裂解性能,适量CO₂的存在可阻止活性较低的非负载型镍的活性位在反应过程中被产物碳包裹,从而有效提高其活性;活性较高的Ni-etwt催化剂不易因被产物碳包裹而失活,使CO₂对其裂解活性影响较小;当CO₂含量较高(~50%)时,CO₂的存在会使更多反应掉的CH₄不能全部转化为碳纳米材料和氢气,降低甲烷裂解的选择性,因此,过高含量的CO₂不利于催化剂催化甲烷裂解制氢和碳纳米材料。     

Spatially resolved observation of crystal-face-dependent catalysis by single turnover counting

Catalytic processes on surfaces have long been studied by probing model reactions on single-crystal metal surfaces under high vacuum conditions. Yet the vast majority of industrial heterogeneous catalysis occurs at ambient or elevated pressures using complex materials with crystal faces, edges and defects differing in their catalytic activity. Clearly, if new or improved catalysts are to be rationally designed, we require quantitative correlations between surface features and catalytic activity--ideally obtained under realistic reaction conditions. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning tunnelling microscopy have allowed in situ characterization of catalyst surfaces with atomic resolution, but are limited by the need for low-pressure conditions and conductive surfaces, respectively. Sum frequency generation spectroscopy can identify vibrations of adsorbed reactants and products in both gaseous and condensed phases, but so far lacks sensitivity down to the single molecule level. Here we adapt real-time monitoring of the chemical transformation of individual organic molecules by fluorescence microscopy to monitor reactions catalysed by crystals of a layered double hydroxide immersed in reagent solution. By using a wide field microscope, we are able to map the spatial distribution of catalytic activity over the entire crystal by counting single turnover events. We find that ester hydrolysis proceeds on the lateral {1010} crystal faces, while transesterification occurs on the entire outer crystal surface. Because the method operates at ambient temperature and pressure and in a condensed phase, it can be applied to the growing number of liquid-phase industrial organic transformations to localize catalytic activity on and in inorganic solids. An exciting opportunity is the use of probe molecules with different size and functionality, which should provide insight into shape-selective or structure-sensitive catalysis and thus help with the rational design of new or more productive heterogeneous catalysts.     

高分子催化剂在对氯二苯甲酮合成中的作用

研究了不同高分子载体负载的Pd催化剂纤维素氧膦 -钯配合物、活性炭负载钯、SiO2 负载的氰乙基化可溶性蛋白质锚定钯以及Pd -Al2 O3 在对氯二苯甲酮合成中的催化行为 ,考察了催化剂的使用寿命 .结果表明不同载体与Pd产生不同的分散催化体系 ,具有不同的催化活性 ,催化剂可以重复使用 .XPS分析方法对催化剂的表征说明催化活性中心的质点是金属态钯