汶川地震驱动的隆升、剥蚀作用与龙门山地貌生长——以映秀红椿沟为例

汶川(Ms 8.0)地震驱动的构造抬升作用和滑坡、泥石流剥蚀作用如何影响龙门山的地貌生长是目前争论的焦点。作者以位于汶川地震震中位置的映秀红椿沟泥石流为例,利用野外实测资料、航片和数字高程资料,开展了红椿沟流域汶川地震驱动的构造抬升与滑坡、泥石流的表面侵蚀过程及其对龙门山地貌生长约束方面的定量研究,获得以下初步认识:(1)红椿沟位于汶川地震震中区的高山峡谷,发震断裂——北川断裂从该沟切过。(2)汶川地震触发的同震滑坡体积达3.800 1×106 m3,是震前滑坡量的3倍。(3)2010-08-13和2010-08-18强降雨形成的震后泥石流体积为0.705×106 m3,表明震后强降雨使同震滑坡量的20%转化为泥石流。(4)红椿沟泥石流将0.485×106 m3固体物质输入岷江河道(主河),导致河道变窄、河床升高、河床比降增大。(5)冲入河道量与同震滑坡量之间的转化率约为13%,冲入河道量与泥石流量之间的转化率为70%。(6)在红椿沟流域同震的滑坡体积(3.800 1×106 m3)小于同震的构造抬升体积(6.67×106 m3),仅有约57%的构造抬升量转化为滑坡量,表明以逆冲-走滑作用为特征的汶川地震所导致的构造抬升量大于滑坡量,将使龙门山地貌产生新的抬升和生长。     

基于GIS的泥石流侵蚀特征分析——以文家沟为例

5.12汶川地震导致四川部分地区大规模泥石流爆发,其爆发规模和特征都不同于以往的泥石流,为了进一步研究震后泥石流的特征并揭示其现象,选取了位于绵远河流域的文家沟作为研究对象。主要利用ARCGIS平台对灾前灾后DEM数据进行对比,从主沟道的坡度及下切深度、沟谷形态的变化和区域侵蚀三个方面来分析文家沟泥石流的特征,解释了文家沟泥石流侵蚀过程和深切拉槽现象,为今后泥石流灾害评估、侵蚀过程分析及防治工程提供依据。     

茂县南新镇白水寨沟泥石流特征研究

2013年7月10日,茂县南新镇白水寨沟暴发大型泥石流,泥石流冲毁沟内原有3道拦砂坝。受"5.12"汶川特大地震影响,沟内滑坡、崩塌等松散物源激增,可能参与泥石流活动的物源量为176.10×104 m3,是导致本次泥石流的主要原因。经调查研究,白水寨沟在强降雨条件下再次暴发大规模泥石流的可能性较大。     

汶川地震与芦山地震次生地质灾害特征对比

"5·12"汶川特大地震和"4·20"芦山地震在造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失的同时,还诱发了大量的崩塌、滑坡和泥石流等次生地质灾害。基于龙门山地震地质背景,根据已公开发表的成果,结合野外资料,对比分析了汶川地震与芦山地震次生地质灾害的差异,并探讨影响二者差异的因素,得到以下3点认识:(1)芦山地震与汶川地震发震机理不同,但汶川地震对芦山地震具有诱发作用;(2)汶川地震和芦山地震均触发了一系列次生地质灾害,但汶川地震触发的震后次生地质灾害在规模和持续时间上更广泛和持久;(3)水系对地表物质的侵蚀过程因地震驱动的崩滑而被加速。此外,汶川地震的震滑坡量远大于同震岩石隆升增加的山脉体积,未来几十年里,滑坡泥石流等地质灾害将会持续进行。     

汶川强震区都江堰虹口小沟地震泥石流灾害调查研究

汶川地震诱发了很多地震泥石流.通过对四川省都江堰市虹口乡小沟泥石流沟实地考察和室内实验数据分析,得出小沟泥石流暴发的主要原因是:(1)2008年5月12日汶川大地震导致大量山体滑坡,在四川省都江堰虹口乡小沟流域内大量滑坡体失去了原有稳定性但还没有滑动,(2)强降雨作用使滑坡体运动至沟道内,阻塞束窄沟道,后在洪水冲刷下溃...     

云南鲁甸“8·3”震后地质灾害发育特征与分布规律

云南鲁甸"8·3"地震造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失,诱发了大量滑坡、崩塌等次生地质灾害。基于对鲁甸县龙头山幅(G48E006006)地质灾害调查和对典型地质灾害点剖析研究,得出震后地质灾害发育与分布有如下特征:(1)震前地质灾害多以中小型浅层崩塌和滑坡为主,震后诱发了诸如甘家寨、红石岩等大型-特大型滑坡、崩塌,并且形成大量的沟谷崩滑堆积体,丰富了沟谷型泥石流的物源;(2)地质灾害集中分布于震中高烈度区域,以震中区龙头山镇最为集中,沿发震断裂带NNE-NE向构造密集发育;(3)地质灾害呈带状分布,明显受控于河流水系(牛栏江、沙坝河、龙泉河等)、公路(昭巧二级公路、沙乐公路)等线性地貌单元和线性工程。     

云南鲁甸“8.03”震后地质灾害发育特征与分布规律

云南鲁甸“8.03”地震造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失,诱发了大量滑坡、崩塌等次生地质灾害。基于对鲁甸县龙头山幅(G48E006006)地质灾害调查和对典型地质灾害点剖析研究,得出震后地质灾害发育与分布有如下特征：(1)震前地质灾害多以中小型浅层崩塌和滑坡为主,震后诱发了诸如甘家寨、红石岩等大型-特大型滑坡、崩塌,并且形成大量的沟谷崩滑堆积体,丰富了沟谷型泥石流的物源;(2)地质灾害集中分布于震中高烈度区域,以震中区龙头山镇最为集中,沿发震断裂带NNE-NE向构造密集发育;(3)地质灾害呈带状分布,明显受控于河流水系(牛栏江、沙坝河、龙泉河等)、公路(昭巧二级公路、沙乐公路)等线性地貌单元和线性工程。     

江西崇义县楼梯石沟泥石流特征及成因研究

楼梯石沟位于章江源头江西省崇义县聂都乡境内,为典型降雨型泥石流沟谷。该沟于2009年7月3日晨暴发泥石流灾害,堆积方量约5.14×10~4 m~3,造成直接经济损失约100万元。通过对楼梯石泥石流沟流域地形条件、物源条件及水源条件的特征分析,得出该沟形成泥石流的条件充分:1)主沟平均纵比降126‰,相对高差759.3 m,易发生浅层滑坡的山体(表面坡度25～45°)面积较大,约1.63 km~2;2)泥石流松散固体物源主要为浅层滑坡堆积体,总方量达26.15×10~4 m~3。楼梯石沟"7·3"泥石流为浅层滑坡启动类型,大量滑坡体进入沟道后被洪水启动形成泥石流。预测在50年一遇或大于50年一遇的强降雨条件下,楼梯石沟还可能发生新的泥石流。     

汶川地震引发的次生山地灾害链——以火石沟为例

汶川地震引起岷江支流文井江上游的火石沟发生滑坡,随后泥石流、剧烈河床演变、生态破坏连锁发生,形成典型地震次生山地灾害链。为了研究此灾害链的灾害过程及成灾特征,开展了多次野外勘测。采用GPS、激光测距仪等测绘了灾害区的局部地形,结合遥感、地形图分析,得出地震前后该区地形变化。计算出火石沟滑坡体积约721万m3,泥石流将125万m3左右的滑坡物质带到下游;泥石流堆积体上持续发生剧烈河床演变,上游40万m3的泥石流堆积段达到初步稳定前所发生的泥沙搬运量达6万m3。各级灾害发生量沿灾害链衰减,衰减率约为1/6。经历灾害链的河段,大型底栖动物多样性剧减,河流生态遭到破坏。滑坡创造的约0.25 km2的新生缓坡地较稳定,简单加固后可用于新村镇建设用地。     

四川九龙县先家庙沟泥石流特征及其防治对策

先家庙沟为雅砻江下游支流九龙河右岸的一条支沟,位于四川省甘孜州九龙县,2013年7月17日暴发较大规模泥石流。为了研究泥石流的活动特征和提出适宜的泥石流减灾防灾对策,在野外调查和实地勘测的基础上,分析了该泥石流沟的形成环境、活动特征等,探讨了工程实施的背景条件和村镇泥石流的防治思路。研究表明,先家庙沟受汶川8.0级地震扰动,在主沟形成区2 700~3 100 m段产生崩塌滑坡,形成集中物源,由震前的山洪沟转化为泥石流沟,活动频率增加;先家庙沟具有"陡—缓—陡—缓"的纵坡型式,由于流通段陡崖地貌的存在,流速增大约3倍,冲击力增大约5倍,泥石流冲出流通段后流速较大,对沟口省道S215和居民房屋造成威胁,泥石流成灾能力强;针对流域地形特征和泥石流活动特征,在坝高较高的拦挡坝工程和排导工程实施受限的情况,提出"固源+停淤+排水"总体思路,可以为其他类似条件的泥石流治理工程提供防治思路。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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Brief Introduction to “Journal of Jilin University( Science Edition) ”

<正>"Journal of Jilin University(Science Edition)"is a comprehensive academic journal in the fields of science sponsored by Jilin University and administrated by the Ministry of Education of the Peoples Republic of China.The journal started publication in 1955.The original name at starting publication was"Journal of Natural Science of Northeast People University",which was changed into"Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Jilinensis"in 1958 owing to the name change of the university.The present journal name has