地应力测量非弹性应变恢复法在某金属矿的应用

为获得某金属矿深部岩体地应力分布特征,采用非弹性应变恢复法,选取该矿同一勘探线附近距地表埋深615 m、665 m、715 m三个水平进行现场地应力测量。通过分析3个水平各测点地应力测量结果,得到该矿区地应力分布规律。该矿区最大主应力和最小主应力均为近水平主应力,中间主应力为近垂向的应力;3个水平的最大水平主应力方向基本一致,方位角为101°～130°。主应力的大小随深度呈线性增长。近水平应力大于近垂向应力,表明该矿浅部地壳应力占主导地位的是水平构造应力。两个相邻样品的非弹性应变恢复法地应力测量值平均差系数最大为8.33%,表明其结果具有较好的一致性,验证了非弹性应变恢复法的可靠性。     

金口岭矿区地应力测试分析

为了优化金口岭铜矿矿区开采顺序和巷道设计,采用三维套孔应力解除测量计和空心包体应变计,结合现场围压试验,根据弹性理论计算出矿区原岩应力,得到矿区原岩应力大小、方向等参数及其分布规律。结果表明,每个测点最大主应力方向均接近水平方向,与区域构造应力场最大主应力的方向基本一致;最小主应力接近于垂直方向,三个主应力均为压应力,没有出现拉应力,与我国地应力实测得到的普遍规律相同,该方法可以为其他类似工程的地应力测试提供参考依据。     

榆树井煤矿地应力测量及分布规律研究

在榆树井煤矿风井井底车场布置2个测点,采用应力解除法进行现场地应力实测.实测数据表明:水平应力大于垂直应力,最大水平主应力为垂直应力的1.70～1.76倍,即井底车场的地应力以水平构造应力为主,水平构造应力对巷道稳定性影响较大;实测的最大水平主应力为最小水平主应力的1.90 ～ 1.93倍,即水平应力对巷道稳定性的影响具有明显的方向性.并根据矿区实测地应力资料,分析了矿井地应力大小、方向和分布特征.实践表明,钻孔套芯应力解除地应力测量法是测量矿井地应力的最快捷、有效的技术手段,为巷道布置及支护设计等提供了可靠依据.     

中国大陆金属矿区实测地应力分析及应用

以迄今为止查阅到的中国大陆金属矿区实测地应力数据为基础,经优化处理后最终采用165组数据,基本覆盖了我国大陆主要金属矿山分布地区.采用回归分析法给出了中国大陆金属矿区测量埋深范围内的地应力场特征,并尝试从地应力的角度对中国大陆金属矿区断层的稳定性进行了讨论.结果显示,中国大陆金属矿区垂直主应力、最大与最小水平主应力总体上随埋深呈线性增加;最大与最小水平主应力之差Δσ随埋深的增加有增大的趋势,但规律性不显著;最大水平主应力与垂直主应力之比Kh,max主要集中在1.00~2.50之间,最小水平主应力与垂直主应力之比Kh,min主要集中在0.50~1.50之间,平均水平主应力与垂直主应力之比Kh,av主要集中在1.00~2.00之间,随着埋深的增加,3个侧压系数的变化幅度逐渐减小,Kh,max趋向于1.83,Kh,min趋向于0.80,Kh,av趋向于1.31;最大与最小水平主应力之比与埋深没有显著的关系,主要集中在1.5~2.0之间,近似服从正态分布;断层在埋深小于500 m范围内有滑动的可能,埋深超过500 m时,逆断层有滑动的可能,走滑断层处于相对稳定状态.     

余吾煤业南翼采区地应力实测分析

针对余吾煤业南翼采区埋深大、褶皱复杂和地应力基础数据缺失的问题,为了掌握三维地应力分布规律,服务于巷道布置和支护参数优化。采用基于完全温度补偿技术的地应力解除测量技术对该采区进行了地应力测试,测量分析得到了三维地应力的大小和方向,最大水平主应力方向接近东—西向,最小水平主应力方向接近南—北向,最大水平主应力值为垂直主应力值的1.252~1.361倍(侧压系数),表明矿区主要受水平构造运动影响为主。根据测量和分析结果给出了巷道锚杆支护的建议。     

旗山煤矿深部地应力测量及地应力场分布规律

随着矿井开采深度的增加,地应力对围岩变形与破坏的影响更加突出,在煤矿矿区进行地应力测量,并分析地应力场分布规律具有重要意义。在旗山煤矿-1000 m和-850 m深度利用应力解除法进行了地应力实测,数据分析表明:旗山矿区深部地应力场以水平应力为主,构造应力占绝对优势,属于典型的构造应力场类型;地应力量级属于超高地应力;最大主应力方向为NW-SE向121°~140°,平均为130°。最后结合构造运动进一步探讨了矿区深部地应力场与地质构造的关系。     

黔西南锦丰金矿地应力测试及分布特征研究

黔西南锦丰金矿矿体最大埋深在900 m以上，随着开采深度的增加，应力环境变得极为复杂，巷道围岩失稳问题日益突显。针对黔西南锦丰金矿开发过程中面临的矿体赋存状态复杂、围岩稳定性差等问题，采用套孔应力解除法对锦丰金矿90 m、150 m中段进行现场地应力测试，获得了测点地应力赋存状态。结合研究区域的具体地质背景和相关实测数据资料，利用有限差分软件进一步分析地应力场影响因素。研究结果表明：90 m、150 m中段地应力场处于中高等应力水平，各测点主应力中有2个倾角较小，接近水平应力，1个倾角较大，接近垂直应力，实测σ_z基本等于上覆岩层重量γH;最大主应力方位角处于187～245°,整体呈NE-SW向，通过分析地应力场与区域地质构造的内在联系，总体可以推断，实测地应力场分布方向与构造应力方向基本一致；地形差异、断层构造及埋深等因素对地应力场分布特征产生一定影响。     

基于HF-RBF的初始地应力场预测研究与应用

用水压致裂法(HF)测量地应力时存在实测数据数量少、不连续、精度低的问题.为此,建立基于HF-RBF的初始地应力场预测方法,首先构建埋深和水平主应力之间的学习样本,然后利用径向基函数(RBF)神经网络对学习样本进行训练,建立埋深与水平主应力之间的非线性映射,最后利用检验样本对初始地应力场预测效果进行检验.在黑龙江某矿山利用2个勘探钻孔开展了水压致裂法测量地应力试验,应用HF-RBF方法获得了该矿区水平主应力分布规律,训练样本最大预测误差为28.6%,检验样本水平最小、最大主应力预测误差都在10%以内,满足工程设计要求.表明了在矿山钻孔勘探期间,HF-RBF法能较好地预测矿区初始地应力场.     

东欢坨煤矿深部地应力测试及其对煤击地压的影响

采用声发射法测量技术对东欢坨煤矿深部进行了地应力测试,分析得到了东欢坨煤矿深部地应力的大小和方向,最大水平主应力方向接近垂直方向,最小水平主应力方向接近水平方向,表明矿区深部主要受垂直应力影响,垂直应力是煤层冲击地压发生的诱导因素。     

塔里木盆地克深气田现今地应力场特征

利用钻井诱导缝走向及井壁坍塌方位对克深气田现今地应力方位进行判断,并通过测井资料计算关键井现今地应力的数值。在此基础上,通过确定岩石力学参数并建立有限元模型,对克深气田现今地应力场进行数值模拟,并分析气田开发过程中地应力的变化及其对气井产能的影响。研究结果表明:克深气田现今水平最大主应力在西部为北北西向,向东部渐变为北北东向。水平最大主应力在气田中部表现为低值,向东西两侧呈条带状增加,水平最小主应力自北向南减小,垂向主应力与构造形态有较好的相关性,在背斜高点处为低值区。在气田开发过程中,地层压力的下降使总地应力随之呈线性下降,而地层有效地应力线性增加,导致储层裂缝开度降低,使孔渗性变差,从而影响气井产能,因此,在克深气田的开发过程中,应采取一定的储层保护措施,以保证气井的高产与稳产。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that