Modern systematics and environmental significance of stable isotopic variations in Wanxiang Cave, Wudu, Gansu, China

This paper presents the stable isotopic compositions from the cave dripwater and actively forming soda straw stalactites collected from Wanxiang Cave, Wudu, Gansu, located on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and Loess Plateau transition zone, China. The δ^18Odw and δDdw of dripwater samples in the cave plot directly on the local MWL, constructed by using GNIP data from 3 sites surrounding the cave regions (Lanzhou, Xi‘an, and Chengdu), the nearest site to the cave, suggesting that there is a close relationship be-tween the δ^18Odw of the cave water and the δ^18O of the pre-cipitations. Using the measured δ^18Odw and δ^18Omc values from the mid-farthest parts from the cave entrance and the carbonate paleotemperature equation, the calculated temperatures range from 8.9 to 12.4℃, with the mean value of 10.7℃ and the temperature calculated at 8 locations in the farthest part of the cave is in the range of 10.I--12.4℃, with the mean value of 11.5℃, being consistent with the survey value(10.99℃)in the cave, slightly lower than the mean annual temperature (14.4℃) in Wudu. This suggests that modern speleothems are forming under isotopic equilibrium and their isotopic composition accurately reflects the mean annual temperature at the surface, indicating that the isotopic composition of the modern speleothems records local temperature change with credibility.     

Hydrogeochemical and Isotopic Evidence for Flow Paths of Karst Waters Collected in the Heshang Cave,Central China

Understanding of hydrological processes in caves is important to help us interpret paleo-climate records from speleothems. In this study, we integrated hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical properties t...     

Implications of stalagmite density for past climate change: An example from stalagmite growth during the last deglaciation from Wanxiang Cave,western Loess Plateau

Science Bulletin - The density of a stalagmite (WX42A) from Wanxiang Cave, Wudu County, Gansu Province, China, in the western margin of the Asian summer monsoon region, presents regular...     

A continuous 200-ka palaeoclimatic record from stalagmite in Tangshan Cave, Nanjing

An oxygen isotope temperature record from 381 to 166 kaB. P. (²³⁰Th/²³⁴U dating and tuned ages) has been obtained by combining data on the isotopic composition of calcites with that of fluid inclusions trapped in a stalagmite from a limestone cave in which a fossil cranium deposited. Several laminae in microsequence of the stalagmite represent climatic events or shifts. The Nanjing man fossil was older than 381 kaB. P.     

北京市三环沿线油松叶片重金属的累积特征、季节变化和来源解析

城市绿化植物松树能够净化城市空气和土壤重金属污染,常被作为监测城市环境质量的指示植物。分别在2009年6月、2009年9月、2009年12月和2010年3月在北京市三环沿线采集油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)松针样品,进行重金属分析,并采用主成分分析对重金属的来源进行解析。结果发现,三环地区油松样品中存在重金属Pb、Cd和Hg污染,且具明显季节变化,冬季污染最严重。源解析结果表明冬季和秋季时,植物中重金属污染源主要为土壤源、交通源和燃烧源,其源贡献率约占40%、20%和20%。春季和夏季时,植物中重金属污染源主要为土壤源和交通源,其源贡献率约占40%和20%。     

PAM微球表面方解石晶体的制备与表征

将聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)微凝胶在CaCl2和Na2CO3溶液中交替浸渍,其表面发生碳酸钙沉积反应,研究不同实验条件对所形成碳酸钙晶体(方解石)形貌的影响.利用SEM、FFIR、EDX、TAG等分析手段对制备的PAM-CaCO3复合微球进行表征.结果表明,在PAM微凝胶表面形成了由菱形层状簇集的方解石形貌;随着浸渍的溶液浓度增大,反应速度加快,层数增加,堆积成串状;但浸渍交替时间的延长和PAM微凝胶量的加大,均会使所形成的方解石颗粒变大,簇集层数减少.     

贵州龙井洞和白龙洞裸灶螽对重金属的富集

调查贵州省龙井洞和白龙洞裸灶螽部分环境因子,对2个洞穴的裸灶螽、土壤和水中重金属(Cu、Cr、Ni、Zn、Hg和As)含量进行测定,研究两洞穴裸灶螽的富集系数,对两洞穴土壤中重金属的污染指数及生态风险进行评价,结果表明:两洞穴有光带、弱光带和黑暗带土壤中重金属Cu、Cr、Ni、Zn、Hg及As的平均含量超过我国土壤背景值;两洞穴裸灶螽对Cu和Zn明显富集;龙井洞土壤中6种重金属潜在生态风险处于较高生态危害水平,且潜在生态风险系数大小排列为Hg＞As＞Cu＞Ni＞Zn＞Cr;白龙洞土壤中6种重金属潜在生态风险处于高生态危害水平,且潜在生态风险系数大小排列为Hg＞As＞Cu＞Ni＞Zn＞Cr,其中Hg是两洞穴最主要的生态风险因子.     

Orbital- and millennial-scale variability of the Asian monsoon during MIS8 from Sanbao Cave at Mount Shennongjia,central China

One stalagmite oxygen isotope record from Sanbao Cave, China, established with 7 230Th ages and 355 oxygen isotope data, pro- vides a continuous history of the East Asian Monsoon (EAM) intensity for the period from 284 to 240 thousand years before present (ka BP) with typical errors of 3―4 ka. This new record extends the previously published stalagmite δ18O record back to the marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 8. The MIS8 EAM record broadly follows orbitally-induced insolation variations and is punctuated by...     

武夷山不同海拔植被土壤细根生物量季节变化

笔者对位于中亚热带的武夷山上不同海拔植被土壤的细根生物量进行了测定,分析了细根生物量的季节动态.研究结果表明:(1)各林分活细根生物量占总细根生物量的比例在90 %以上,各土层内的活细根与死细根生物量均呈极显著差异(p<0.01);(2)各林分0～25 cm土层的活细根生物量都在秋季最高,矮林、草甸则有两个峰值,除秋季外另一峰值出现在春季;(3)各林分活细根与死细根在0～10 cm土层内的生物量均高于10～25 cm土层内的生物量(p<0.01);(4)活细根、总细根生物量与各土层含水率呈显著相关性(p<0.05).     

荒漠沙蜥栖息地选择的季节和地理变异

通过主成分分析、方差分析和非参数检验比较荒漠沙蜥利用生境和潜在可利用生境的9个生态因子,目的是调查其栖息地选择的地理和季节变异.研究表明荒漠沙蜥栖息地选择不存在性别差异,但存在显著的季节和地理差异.多数种群在繁殖前均选择植被盖度较低的、日晒条件好的生境,而繁殖后选择草本盖度较高、食物条件较好的生境.对照样方季节变异不明显,表明该差异主要由沙蜥的主动选择引起.繁殖前温度相对较低,沙蜥为了获得较高体温、保证生殖腺发育而选择低盖度生境;繁殖后期为了避免高温、快速积累越冬所需脂肪而选择高草本盖度生境.无论对照样方还是选择样方均存在显著的地理变异,且参数的变异模式相同,表明栖息地的地理差异与生境的差异有一定关系.此外,在不同的生境条件下,沙蜥也会权衡逃避敌害和取食的利害,而做出有利于其存活和繁殖的选择.如在灌丛盖度较高逃避捕食较容易的生境会较多地考虑日晒和取食,而在植被盖度较低食物不利时侧重取食.     

济南市降水特征时空演变规律分析

以济南市为研究对象,采用中国区域高时空分辨率地面气象要素驱动数据集中的降水数据,基于Mann-Kendall检验法和Sen‘s坡度法,对济南市各区域1979-2015年城区、山区及平原区域降水特征的时空演变规律进行了分析.结果表明: 1)1979-2015年济南市年平均降水量为643.4mm,丰水年与枯水年常交替出现,年际变化幅度大,年平均降水量呈波动型增长,但增长趋势并不明显; 2)济南市年降水量空间分布呈由西南向东北阶梯型递减的特征,且其分布特征与地形关系密切,南部山区降水普遍大于北部平原地区,空间分布极不均匀; 3)济南市夏季降水集中,约占全年降水量的60%以上,且紧邻主城区的南部山区夏季降水量高达494.6mm,故主城区遭受山洪灾害的风险较大; 4)近37年济南市平原区和主城区汛期降水量呈增加的趋势,山区汛期降水量有所减少,但降水量变化程度不显著.      

Seasonal variations of carboxylic acids and their contributions to the rainwater acidity: A case study of Guiyang and Shangzhong,China

Low molecule weight carboxylic acids are ubiquitous and important chemical constituents in the troposphere.Seven carboxylic acids in the rainwater of Guiyang and Shangzhong were simultaneously determined by ion chromatography from April 2006 to April 2007.Formic, acetic and oxalic acids were found to be the predominant carboxylic acids.Their volume weighted average concentration (VWA) in the rainwater of Guiyang were 14.24 μmol/L, 9.35 μmol/L and 2.79 μmol/L, respectively;as compared to 4.95 μmol/L, 1.35 μm...     

黑潮对中国近海热盐输运的季节和年际变化

应用垂向混合坐标系海洋模式（HYCOM）,对赤道以及北太平洋进行了气候态模拟和1990-1999年的模拟.给出了黑潮对我国近海热量和盐量输运的定量结果,并对其季节和年际变化特征进行了分析.气候态模拟的结果表明,黑潮对东海的热量输运与该区域的海表面热通量同量级,且呈反向变化,热量输运冬季最大,夏季最小,7月为-9×1013W,2月为2.5×1014W,春、秋为过渡季节.黑潮向南海输运的热量除夏季为负值外,其它季节均为正值.黑潮年均向东海输运热量1.67×1014 W,向南海输运热量1.5×1014W.盐量输运的变化趋势与热量一致.对1990-1999年的模拟结果进行小波分析表明,黑潮对东海热量和盐量输运具有4~7年的显著周期,且与厄尔尼诺现象密切相关.厄尔尼诺年,黑潮向东海输运的热量和盐量均有明显减小.黑潮对南海热量和盐量输运的周期约为3~4年.黑潮对南海的热量输运也与厄尔尼诺现象存在负相关关系.     

Characteristics of strontium isotopes and their implications in the Qixing Cave of Guizhou,China

The strontium isotopic compositions (87Sr/86Sr) of samples including soils, bedrock, soil waters, drip waters and their corresponding speleothems in the Qixing Cave (QXC), Guizhou Province, China, were systemically measured and analyzed. The results indicate that there are significant Sr isotopic differences among samples. The mean 87Sr/86Sr ratios in drip water for the samples 1#, 4# and 9# were 0.709568, 0.709139 and 0.708761, respectively, which possibly result from different flow paths, residence times, and other hydrogeological processes in the unsaturated zone overlying QXC. Meanwhile, levels of 40.8%, 57.6% and 72.4% of Sr in drip waters for 1#, 4# and 9#, respectively, were derived from bedrock dissolution, which was calculated by the mixture model of the two end-members (soil and bedrock). There is, however, no positive correlation between the relative proportion from bedrock dissolution (δ13C value is 1.8‰) and drip water δ13CDIC values. The mean drip water δ13CDIC value in 1# is the heaviest (–4.5‰) with the lowest contribution rate of bedrock dissolution, whereas the value in 9# is the lightest (–9.3‰) with the highest contribution rate of bedrock dissolution. The proportion from host rock dissolution in 4# is higher than that in 1# and lower than that in 9#, while its mean drip water δ13CDIC value (–8.6‰) is higher than that of 9# and lower than that for 1#. This suggests that the prior calcite precipitation (PCP) processes in the unsaturated zone overlying the cave are responsible for the δ13CDIC value differences between different drip waters, and not bedrock dissolution. Furthermore, this study also demonstrates that the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of speleothems in the 1# and 4# mainly reflect the variation in the relative proportions from the soil system (soil water) and bedrock dissolution overlying the cave. It is, therefore, feasible to use the strontium isotopic signals of speleothems as an indicator for soil chemical weathering intensity, and consequently as a monsoon proxy in the study area.     

Glacier variations and climate warming and drying in the central Himalayas

Repeat measurements of glacier terminus positions show that glaciers in the central Himalayas have been in a continuous retreat situation in the past decades. The average retreat rate is 5.5-8.7 m/a in Mt. Qomolangma(Everest) since the 1960s and 6.4 m/a in Mt. Xixiabangma since the 1980s. In recent years, the retreat rate is increasing.Ice core studies revealed that the accumulation rate of glaciers has a fluctuating decrease trend in the last century with a rapid decrease in the 1960s and a relatively steady low value afterwards. Meteorological station record indicates that the annual mean temperature has a slow increase trend but summer temperature had a larger increase in the past 30 a. All these suggest that the glacier retreat results from precipitation decrease in combination with temperature increase,and hence glacier shrinkage in this region will speed up if the climatic warming and drying continues.     

武夷山不同海拔植被土壤细根比根长季节动态

对位于中亚热带的武夷山不同海拔植被土壤的细根生物量及长度进行了测定,分析了细根比根长的垂直分布及季节动态。结果表明:(1)在0～10 cm和10～25 cm土层,活细根比根长都是高山草甸>矮林>针叶林>常绿阔叶林(p<0.01);(2)常绿阔叶林、针叶林0～10 cm土层内活细根比根长高于10～25 cm土层内活细根比根长,矮林、高山草甸却是在10～25 cm土层内活细根比根长较高。各林分活细根比根长和死细根比根长在两土层间都无显著差异;(3)4种林分两土层内活细根比根长和死细根比根长都表现出一定的季节变化动态,但是季节间均无显著性差异。     

Seasonal bone growth and physiology in endotherms shed light on dinosaur physiology

Cyclical growth leaves marks in bone tissue that are in the forefront of discussions about physiologies of extinct vertebrates. Ectotherms show pronounced annual cycles of growth arrest that correlate with a decrease in body temperature and metabolic rate; endotherms are assumed to grow continuously until they attain maturity because of their constant high body temperature and sustained metabolic rate. This apparent dichotomy has driven the argument that zonal bone denotes ectotherm-like physiologies, thus fuelling the controversy on dinosaur thermophysiology and the evolution of endothermy in birds and mammal-like reptiles. Here we show, from a comprehensive global study of wild ruminants from tropical to polar environments, that cyclical growth is a universal trait of homoeothermic endotherms. Growth is arrested during the unfavourable season concurrently with decreases in body temperature, metabolic rate and bone-growth-mediating plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 levels, forming part of a plesiomorphic thermometabolic strategy for energy conservation. Conversely, bouts of intense tissue growth coincide with peak metabolic rates and correlated hormonal changes at the beginning of the favourable season, indicating an increased efficiency in acquiring and using seasonal resources. Our study supplies the strongest evidence so far that homeothermic endotherms arrest growth seasonally, which precludes the use of lines of arrested growth as an argument in support of ectothermy. However, high growth rates are a distinctive trait of mammals, suggesting the capacity for endogenous heat generation. The ruminant annual cycle provides an extant model on which to base inferences regarding the thermophysiology of dinosaurs and other extinct taxa.     

重庆缙云山降水化学组成的季节变化特征分析

对重庆缙云山自然保护区1998-1999年126个降水雨样的主要化学组成成分特征和季节变化特点进行了分析研究，结果表明，缙云山降水pH平均值为5.23，电导率为33.90μs／cm，降水的酸化与污染程度低于重庆市市区，降水pH值和各主要离子表现出明显的季节变化特征，总体表现为冬、春季污染程度高于夏秋季，这可能与降水量的季节分布等有关，降水中NH4^-和Ca^2＋的大量存在极大地中和了酸根离子（SO4^-、NO3^-、Cl^-）对雨水的酸化作用，提高了降水pH，降低了酸雨发生频率，降水pH与各主要离子在冬季表现出显著的负相关关系，碱性阳离子（K^＋、Na^＋、Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、NH4^-）与SO4^2-的相关性在冬季极为显著，在夏季则较弱，电导率与SO4^2-的相关性表现出同样的季节变化特点。     

Effect of 6H-SiC crystal growth shapes on thermo-elastic stress in the growing crystal

The effect of 6H-SiC crystal growth shapes on the thermo-elastic stress distribution in the growing crystal was systematically investigated by using a finite element method. The thermo-elastic stress distribution in the crystal with a flat growth shape was more homogeneous than that in the crystals with concave and convex growth shapes, and the value of thermo-elasticity in the crystal with a flat growth shape was also smaller than that in the two other types of crystals. The maximum values of thermo-elastic stress appeared at interfaces between the crystal and the graphite lid. If the lid was of the same properties as 6H-SiC, the thermo-elastic stress would decrease in two orders of magnitude. Thus, to grow 6H-SiC single crystals of high quality, a transition layer of SiC formed by deposition or reaction is suggested; meanwhile the thermal field in the growth chamber should be adjusted to maintain the crystals with flat growth shapes.