Ni-Fe支撑型固体氧化物燃料电池性能研究

设计并制备了Ni-Fe金属支撑型第三代固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)并对其进行表征.SOFC电池阳极、电解质、阴极分别采用了NiO-YSZ(氧化钇稳定的氧化锆)、YSZ及YSZ-LSCF(La_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)Co_(0.2)Fe_(0.8)O_(3-δ))材料,制备方法采用了单层流延及多层等静压结合的方法.在650~750℃的温度范围内对电池的性能进行表征,当阴极为空气,阳极通入氢气时,电池750℃最大功率密度为0.74 W/cm~2,电阻为0.45Ωcm~2,测试结果表明,此结构为Ni-Fe//Ni-YSZ//YSZ//YSZ-LSCF的金属支撑型固体氧化物燃料电池具有极高的性能及实用价值.     

界面层对LaBaCo_2O_(5+δ)阴极电化学性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法在中温固体氧化物燃料电池(ITSOFC)阴极LaBaCo_2O_(5+δ)(LBCO)和电解质yttria-stabilized zirconia(YSZ)界面之间制备与电解质同质的过渡界面层。利用X线衍射仪(XRD)研究物质的晶体结构和化学相容性,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、交流阻抗谱法和循环伏安法分别对试样的微观结构和电化学性能进行了研究。实验结果表明:过渡界面层使电解质表面形成"岛状"列阵结构;在800℃时,未引入和引入YSZ过渡界面层LBCO阴极的比表面电阻从0.354Ω·cm~2降低到0.215Ω·cm~2,下降了约39.3%。过渡界面层的引入使阴极的比表面电阻和极化过电位均降低,表现出更好的电化学性能。     

过渡层对掺Al2O3的YSZ电解质支撑SOFC的影响

采用甘氨酸-硝酸盐燃烧法合成阳极材料NiO以及阴极材料La0.8Sr0.2MnO3(LSM),分别将电解质YSZ(8 %(摩尔分数)氧化钇稳定氧化锆)和掺4%Al2O3的YSZ压片后在1 450 ℃下烧结4 h,在掺Al2O3电解质的阳极侧涂刷过渡层后于1 200 ℃烧结1 h.以加湿氢气(含3%H2O)为燃料、环境空气为氧化剂,测试3种电池的输出性能和交流阻抗谱.结果表明:850 ℃时,含Al2O3的电池输出性能最差,输出功率约为0.083 W/cm2;含Al2O3并具有过渡层的电池输出性能最好,输出功率约为0.120 W/cm2;交流阻抗谱分析表明,含Al2O3并具有过渡层的电池的欧姆电阻与界面电阻均比不含过渡层的明显减小,说明YSZ中添加的Al2O3在高温烧结过程中,与阳极材料NiO发生反应生成不导电的镍铝尖晶石.过渡层的存在,不仅保留了Al2O3对电解质的贡献,也抑制了不导电的镍铝尖晶石的生成.     

运行条件对阳极支撑型固体氧化物燃料电池性能退化和阳极微观结构演变的影响

固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFCs)是一种清洁高效的发电技术，在分布式发电站、家庭热电联供以及电动汽车领域具有广阔的应用前景。然而SOFCs性能的快速衰减导致运行寿命缩短，阻碍了其商业化进程。本文旨在研究运行条件对SOFCs性能衰减和阳极微观结构演变的影响规律，给电池性能和稳定性的优化提供理论指导。本文研究了不同运行温度、放电电流密度、运行时间对电池端电压、极化阻抗以及微观结构的影响，解析了阳极微观结构演变规律。研究结果表明，电池放电初期会经历一个快速的衰减期，然后达到稳定状态。大电流密度放电会增加阳极的极化，从而加剧电池初期的衰减率。通过电池阻抗的解析发现初期衰减主要来自于阳极极化电阻的增加。通过阳极微观结构解析，发现阳极与电解质界面活性区域中的Ni催化剂的流失是导致电池运行初期性能下降的主要原因。经过初期快速衰减后，电池性能趋于稳定，在恒流放电工况下运行3000 h，极化电阻增长率仅为0.17%/kh。通过阳极微观结构的三维重构解析可知，在经历初期快速衰减后，电池阳极微观结构的变化较小，电池稳定性较好。未来的研究重点将聚焦在提高电池在复杂工况下的耐久性，并通过调控阳极组成和微观结构抑制电池性能的快速退化。     

复合电解质材料的电性能及应用

利用固相法制备了不同粒度的Ce_0.8Sm_0.2 O_1.9(SDC)与(ZrO₂)_0.92(Y₂O₃)_0.08(YSZ)的复合材料（SDC与YSZ 的质量比分别为1∶9, 3∶7, 5∶5）, 以其为电解质制备成片状燃料电池, Ｘ射线衍射 结果表明, 材料呈双相复合结构, 阻抗谱和电池性能的测量结果表明, 电解质在低温和 掺杂量较低时电导率比纯YSZ高, 在电池工作温区(700～850 ℃)内电导率都较低. 以它为 电解质的氢氧燃料电池开路电压很低, 并且随SDC掺杂量的升高下降的非常明显.     

过渡层对掺有Al2O3的YSZ电解质支撑SOFC的性能影响

采用甘氨酸－硝酸盐燃烧法合成阳极材料NiO以及阴极材料La0.8Sr0.2MnO3（LSM）.将电解质8mol%钇稳定氧化锆（YSZ）和掺有4wt% Al2O3的YSZ压片后在1450℃烧结4h.在掺有氧化铝电解质的阳极侧涂刷过渡层后于1200℃烧结1h.以加湿氢气（含3％体积比H2O）为燃料,环境空气为氧化剂,测试了三种电池的输出性能和交流阻抗谱.结果表明:850℃时,含Al2O3的电解质输出性能最差,输出功率约为83mW/cm2.含Al2O3并具有过渡层的电池输出性能最好,输出功率约为120mW/cm2.通过交流阻抗谱分析,后者电池的欧姆电阻与界面电阻均比前者明显减小.表明YSZ中添加的Al2O3在高温烧结过程中,与阳极材料NiO发生反应生成不导电的镍铝尖晶石.过渡层的使用,不仅保留了Al2O3对电解质的贡献,也抑制了不导电的镍铝尖晶石的生成.     

染料敏化太阳能电池二氧化钛光阳极的研究进展

介绍了染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)的结构和工作原理,针对目前全世界关于染料敏化太阳能电池二氧化钛光阳极的改性进展进行了综述. 目前,TiO₂薄膜改性手段主要包括:表面处理、离子掺杂、半导体复合、微观有序空间结构、多孔化结构、贵金属沉积等. 改性二氧化钛光阳极是为了减少阳极和染料之间的界面阻抗以提高DSSC的光电转换效率. 最后对DSSC中光阳极改性的发展趋势和应用前景做了期许和展望,提出工程设计微观有序TiO₂光阳极结构、更大程度地开发TiO₂光阳极的制膜工艺、发挥各种手段的优势互补协同作用是未来染料敏化太阳能电池二氧化钛光阳极改性的方向. 对TiO₂光阳极界面之间的电阻和电子传输的机理进行更深层次的研究和探讨对染料敏化太阳能电池的工业化是非常必要的.      

YSZ包覆NiO阳极的SOFC发电性能(英文)

采用NH3·H2O-NH4HCO3为缓冲溶液,共沉淀法制备YSZ包覆NiO的NiO-YSZ阳极材料,分析了材料的物相和粒径大小。分别以YSZ包覆的NiO、商用NiO/YSZ为阳极,LSM为阴极,制作YSZ电解质支撑的板状固体氧化物燃料电池,进行发电性能比较。以YSZ包覆的NiO为阳极的电池,功率密度高、极限电流密度大。扫描电镜观察表明,YSZ包覆的NiO制作的阳极表面形成了的网状结构。阳极三相界面、孔隙率提高,是电池性能提高的原因。     

YSZ包覆NiO阳极的SOFC发电性能

在溶解Y2O3的盐酸溶液中,加入ZrOCl2·8H2O和NiO,采用NH3·H2O-NH4HCO3为缓冲溶液,以共沉淀法制备了YSZ包覆NiO的NiO-YSZ阳极材料.用X射线衍射仪和透射电镜,分析了所制取材料的物相和粒子粒径大小.分别以YSZ包覆的NiO和商品NiO/YSZ为阳极,LSM为阴极,制作YSZ电解质支撑的板状固体氧化物燃料电池,进行发电性能比较.结果表明,以YSZ包覆的NiO为阳极的电池,功率密度高、极限电流密度大.扫描电镜观察表明,YSZ包覆的NiO制作的阳极表面形成了网状结构,使阳极三相界面和孔隙率提高,从而提高了电池性能.     

中温固体氧化物燃料电池电解质YSZ薄膜的低温制备和性能表征

考察了少量氧化钴对YSZ粉体烧结性能的影响。结果发现,YSZ粉体中添加0.5 mol%氧化钴后,YSZ电解质1 200℃即可烧结致密,比未掺杂时降低了200℃。利用空气喷涂法制备的添加氧化钴的YSZ薄膜在1 280℃制作的单电池,在800℃时OCV和最大输出功率分别为1.02 V和353 mW/cm2,结果表明薄膜已经完全致密。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

正~~