水稻控制灌溉对稻田N_2O排放的影响机理研究

为了揭示水稻控制灌溉对稻田N2O排放的影响机理,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对控制灌溉稻田N2O排放进行原位观测,同时观测土壤水分状况、表层土温和土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)等影响因子,分析控制灌溉稻田N2O排放通量与影响因子间的定量关系.结果表明,与常规灌溉稻田相比,控制灌溉稻田土壤脱水促进了稻田N2O排放,而复水则导致N2O排放通量迅速减小;控制灌溉稻田N2O排放通量的峰值均出现在肥后8~10 d土壤脱水至土壤充水孔隙度WFPS为78.1%~85.3%时;表层土温不是控制灌溉稻田N2O排放的决定性因素,两者之间无显著相关关系(p0.05);控制灌溉稻田N2O排放通量的峰值主要出现在土壤Eh为+207.5~+275.2m V,低于+120或高于+300 m V时没有明显的N2O排放.将施肥后控制灌溉稻田的WFPS保持在85.3%以上能有效地减少其N2O排放,从而降低其温室效应.     

基于小波的钦州水稻产量多时间尺度分析与预测

利用小波诊断技术对广西钦州1950～2005年水稻产量和播种面积进行了多时间尺度分析,并利用基于小波的ARIMA模型进行了预测。分析结果表明：56年来,钦州水稻总产量和单位产量波动具有明显的3a、7a和25a特征时间尺度,播种面积7a特征时间尺度主要受农村土地制度改革影响。基于小波的ARIMA模型在水稻产量、播种面积预测方面精度很高,预测误差与气象灾害和土地政策变化有关。利用基于小波的水稻产量多时间尺度分析与预测方法,可以辅助水稻产量增减周期的分析以及对未来趋势的判断,对于结合供求关系合理调整种植面积,促进农业可持续发展提供帮助。     

油气弹簧系统阻尼特性的仿真分析

本文主要对油气弹簧系统的阻尼特性进行分析.建立油气弹簧缸的物理模型,计算阻尼力和阻尼系数建立数学模型,并利用Matlab/Simulink系统对油气弹簧阻尼特性进行仿真.     

稻草还田少免耕对稻田土微生物及酶活性的影响

为探明少免耕和稻草覆盖对土壤生物特征的影响,合理利用稻草覆盖及耕作制度来保障土壤的可持续利用,研究了33％（约2500ks／hm^2）、67％（约5000kg／hm^2）、100％（约7500kg/hm^2）稻草覆盖少免耕对稻田土微生物区系及活性的影响。定位试验2年后,少免耕与稻草覆盖提高了稻田土好气性细菌数量、真菌数量和微生物活度,但厌气性细菌和放线菌的数量则略减少。33％和67％稻草还田时,翻耕土壤的好气性细菌和厌气性细菌数量均高于免耕和少耕土壤。33％稻草还田时,免耕和少耕土壤的放线菌和真菌数量均高于翻耕土壤。同时,少免耕提高了土壤木聚糖酶、纤维素酶、蛋白酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶的活性,也提高了土壤微生物活度、氨化作用强度和硝化作用强度。少量稻草还田少耕要优于少量稻草还田翻耕和免耕。     

稻草还田翻耕对水稻土微生物及酶的影响研究

稻草直接还田是一条合理利用秸秆资源齐地培肥的有效途径.为了探明翻耕条件下秸秆还田量对土壤生物学特征的影响,为制定舍理的秸秆还田量,用于早稻秸秆还田培肥土壤,减少环境的污染和保障农业的可持续性发展,进行了0%、33%、67%、100%早稻秸秆连续2年覆盖翻耕对水稻土微生物及酶活性的影响研究.结果表明:经过稻草翻耕还田后,稻田土壤的生物学性状得到了一定程度的改善.不同的稻草还田量对土壤微生物数量、微生物活度、土壤酶活性以及土壤微生物作用强度的影响存在差异,33%和67%稻草还田量较0%和100%稻草还田更能改善稻田土壤质量.     

区域构造应力场对煤与瓦斯突出影响的数值模拟分析

依据地质动力区划方法,对鹤壁八矿进行Ⅰ～Ⅴ级活动断裂划分,确定了区域构造的特征。分析了煤层的顶板岩性和构造断裂特点,并在此基础上建立了构造应力计算模型。结合对矿区地应力测量和岩体应力状态分析,确定了岩体应力状态的分布规律。通过对结果的分析,认为区域构造应力场控制鹤壁八矿地应力的分布状态,从而决定煤与瓦斯突出呈区域性分布。确定了易发生煤与瓦斯突出的应力升高区的位置,为开采煤层时何时何地采取防突措施提供了科学依据。     

内外激励作用下齿轮系统拍击振动特性研究

在考虑齿侧间隙、时变刚度和啮合误差的情况下,利用集中质量法建立了直齿齿轮副拍击振动数学模型。采用四阶变步长Runge．Kutta对模型进行数值求解,研究了内外激励对系统拍击状态、周期响应的影响,以及拍击状态、周期响应与拍击强度的关系。结果表明：内部激励会导致齿轮拍击状态改变和发生倍周期响应,外部激励较小时对齿轮拍击状态影响较小,但会导致系统发生拟周期和倍周期响应。拍击状态对拍击强度影响很大,倍周期响应会降低拍击强度,拟周期响应对拍击强度影响较小。     

中外商业方法专利保护之比较研究

对中外商业方法专利保护的制度与实践进行了积极探索和研究。介绍了商业方法及商业方法专利概念的不同规定,并提出了自己的看法和见解;分析美日欧商业方法专利的保护状况、特点和贡献,对我国商业方法专利保护的现状及存在的问题进行了剖析;最后,对我国在商业方法专利保护方面所面临的挑战提出了笔者的应对策略。     

The tragedy of the canon; or,path dependence in the history and philosophy of science

We have previously argued that historical cases must be rendered canonical before they can plausibly serve as evidence for philosophical claims, where canonicity is established through a process of negotiation among historians and philosophers of science (Bolinska and Martin, 2020). Here, we extend this proposal by exploring how that negotiation might take place in practice. The working stock of historical examples that philosophers tend to employ has long been established informally, and, as a result, somewhat haphazardly. The composition of the historical canon of philosophy of science is therefore path dependent, and cases often become stock examples for reasons tangential to their appropriateness for the purposes at hand. We show how the lack of rigor around the canonization of case studies has muddied the waters in selected philosophical debates. This, in turn, lays the groundwork for proposing ways in which they can be improved.     

Forecasting Interest Rates and Yield Spreads: The Informational Content of Implied Futures Yields and Best-fitting Forward Rate Models

Forecasts of interest rates for different maturities are essential for forecasts of asset prices. The growth of derivatives markets coupled with the development of complex theories of the term structure of interest rates have provided forecasters with a rich array of variables for predicting interest rates and yield spreads. This paper extends previous work on forecasting future interest rates and yield spreads using market data for T-bills, T-Notes, and Treasury Bond spot and futures contracts. The information conveyed in technical models that use market data is also assessed, using a recent innovation in interest rate modelling, the maximum smoothness approach. Forecasts from this model are compared with predicted yields and yield spreads derived from futures prices as well as with those of the random walk model. The results show some evidence of market segmentation, with more arbitrage evident for nearby maturities. Market participants appear to show a greater degree of consensus on short-term interest rates than on longer-term interest rates. There is some indication that forecasts from the futures markets are marginally better than those provided by those of the maximum-smoothness approach, consistent with the informational advantages of futures markets. Finally, futures and maximum-smoothness market forecasts are shown to outperform those of the random walk model.© 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

四川藏区沼泽湿地植物区系探讨及湿地资源面临的问题

本文分析了四川藏区沼泽湿地植物区系的结构特点,剖析了湿地资源存在的问题,并提出了解决方案.