Numerical simulation on flow and heat transfer at shell-side of flat-tube heat exchangers

The fluid flow and heat transfer of the shell-side in one type of flat-tube heat exchangers(FHE) were studied through numerical simulation and experimental methods.In the numerical simulation,hot/cold air was set as working fluid,and the standard k-ε turbulence model supplemented by boundary conditions was used,and also the control volume method was used to the discrete control equations.Compared with the same type of circular-tube heat exchangers(CHE),the numerical simulation results show that the pressure drop at the shell-side of FHE decreases by 12%-20%,and heat transfer coefficient increases by about 24%.The coefficient of integral performance Nu/ζ 0.29 has an increment of 22%-34%.Under the same conditions,the experimental results of temperature and the overall pressure drop show that the deviation percentage with those of numerical simulation are less than 8% and 25%,respectively.Both results verify that the heat transfer efficiency and flow resistance characteristics of FHEs are superior to that of CHEs.     

Experimental study on convective heat transfer in tube-side of water jacket-tube heat exchanger by electrohydrodynamics effect

The electrohydrodynamics (EHD) enhancement of convection heat transfer of water in a jacket tube heat exchanger was studied through an experimental method in this paper. In the experiment,a DC high voltage electrode was set in the central tube-side of the heat exchanger,and the high voltage electrode in the tube-side was adjustable in the range of 0-40 kV. Five differ-ent combinations of heat transfer enhancement experiments were conducted under the different voltage and rate of flow. The results indicate that the maximal enhancement coefficient θ is 1.224 when the flow rate of tube-side inlet is 0.1 m3/h. It is proved that,for the work medium of water,the convective heat transfer can be enhanced by applying high electric field. The performance of EHD-enhanced is sensitive to the variation of flow rate,and in the same flow rate,there exist an optimized voltage in the EHD-enhanced process ra-ther than the monotonic positive-correlation relationship.     

熵产生最小时不可逆Otto循环热机活塞运动最优路径

给定循环总时间和耗油量的情况下,以存在传热、摩擦等内、外不可逆性的Otto循环热机为研究对象,考虑工质与环境之间的传热分别服从牛顿传热规律q∝Δ（T）和线性唯象传热规律q∝Δ（T-1）,以循环熵产生最小为目标对整个循环活塞运动的最优路径进行了研究.利用最优控制理论得出了两种传热规律下无加速度约束和限制加速度时对应于循环最小熵产生时各冲程活塞最优运动规律及循环总时间的最优分配.限制加速度时各个冲程的活塞运动最优构型均由三段组成,均包含了一个初始最大加速段和一个末端最大加速段.给出了最优构型的数值算例,并与牛顿传热规律和线性唯象传热规律时最大输出功条件下的最优构型进行了比较.计算结果表明优化活塞运动规律后可使热机熵产生减小30%以上,这主要是通过减少功率冲程初始段传热损失引起的熵产生实现的.     

采用Cattaneo-Christov热通量模型的Casson流体作磁流体流动研究

研究了Casson流体作磁流体(MHD)流动与传热现象,能量方程采用Cattaneo-Christov热通量模型。采用恰当的相似变换将偏微分控制方程转化为高阶非线性耦合常微分方程,并通过打靶法进行数值求解,图示并详细分析了不同物理参数对速度、温度分布、表面摩擦系数及局部Nusselt数的影响。结果显示,随着Casson参数或Hartmann 数的增大,速度下降而温度增加;与采用经典的傅立叶热传导定律相比,采用Cattaneo-Christov热通量模型得到的温度和边界层厚度均比较低。     

直接接触式换热器传热性能优化

建立了以容积换热系数为目标函数,工质流率U0、喷头喷孔直径di、导热油液位高度Z为决策变量的直接接触式换热器性能优化模型,同时进一步将液滴群行为与传热协同关系作为约束条件引入优化模型中,重点分析该约束条件对优化过程及结果的影响。运用遗传算法对原模型和补充模型进行了优化分析,结果表明:原模型优化后的容积换热系数达到了初始值的6.7倍;而补充模型最优值的迭代次数比原模型减小了约55%,同时最优值比原模型提高了0.3%。所以该约束条件不仅提高了迭代速率,还提高了寻求全局最优值的概率,使得最优解更逼近全局最优值。     

扭曲椭圆管内超临界CO2冷却换热的数值模拟

为了提高CO₂热泵的传热性能,基于Fluent的数值模拟方法研究了不同质量流量下,扭距为100 mm及无扭曲状态下的水平椭圆管管内超临界CO₂冷却换热特性及二次流的变化规律,并针对竖直椭圆管引入局部换热系数和压降,研究了长短轴比b/a及扭距对扭曲管换热性能的影响。结果表明,低质量流量下扭曲椭圆管内浮升力明显大于椭圆管扭曲结构所产生的浮升力,对于低质量流量G<200 kg/(m²·s²)下的超临界CO₂流体,椭圆管具有更大强度的浮升力所造成的二次流,强化传热更明显;对于高质量流量G>200 kg/(m²·s²)下的超临界CO₂流体时,扭曲椭圆管具有更大强度自身结构所产生的周期性二次流来强化传热;管内的传热系数及压降随着扭曲程度及压扁程度的增大而增大。为扭曲椭圆管在CO₂热泵中的应用提供了重要的理论与数据支持。     

Application of entransy theory in the heat transfer optimization of flat-plate solar collectors

The flat-plate solar collector is an important component in solar-thermal systems, and its heat transfer optimization is of great significance in terms of the efficiency of energy utilization. However, most existing flat-plate collectors adopt metallic absorber plates with uniform thickness, which often works against energy conservation. In this paper, to achieve the optimal heat transfer performance, we optimized the thickness distribution of the absorber with the constraint of fixed total material volume employing entransy theory. We first established the correspondence between the collector efficiency and the loss of entransy, and then proposed the constrained extreme-value problem and deduced the optimization criterion, namely a uniform temperature gradient, employing a variational method. Finally, on the basis of the optimization criterion, we carried out numerical simulations, with the results showing remarkable optimization effects. When irradiation, the ambient temperature and the wind speed are 800 W/m², 300 K and 3 m/s, respectively, the collector efficiency is enhanced by 8.8% through optimization, which is equivalent to a copper saving of 30%. We also applied the thickness distribution optimized for wind speed of 3 m/s in heat transfer analysis with different wind speed conditions, and the collector efficiency was remarkably better than that for an absorber with uniform thickness.     

Boundary layer flow and heat transfer of a micropolar fluid near the stagnation point on a stretching vertical surface with prescribed skin friction

The steady laminar mixed convection boundary layer flow and heat transfer of a micropolar fluid near the stagnation point on a stretched vertical surface with prescribed skin friction were considered. The governing partial differential equations were transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations, which were then solved numerically using the shooting method. Results for the stretching velocity, the local Nusselt number, the temperature, and the velocity profiles are presented for various values of the mixed convection parameter λ and material parameter K when the Prandtl number is equal to 1. Both assisting (heated plate) and opposing (cooled plate) flow regions are considered. It is found that dual solutions exist for both assisting and opposing flows.     

Distribution feature of terrestrial heat flow densities in the Bohai Basin,East China

Temperature logging curves at 8 boreholes and well-testing temperature data at 142 boreholes are used to determine geotemperature gradients in the Bohai Basin. The thermal conductivities of 86 rock samples are measured at laboratory and the effects of porosity and temperature are corrected to obtain conductivities in situ. Terrestrial heat flow densities at 76 wells are determined based on these data. The distribution of the heat flow indicates that the terrestrial heat flow in the Bohai Basin is relatively high with an average value of 65.8 mW/m². This characteristic is caused by the tectonic evolution of the basin. During Cenozoic, the lithosphere stretched intermittently and the crust thinned so that heat conducted from the mantle increased and formed thermal abnormity at depth beneath the basin.     

不同热流下平行平板微槽内流体滑移流动与层流换热

对两侧不同定热流热边界条件下,流动与热充分发展的平行平板微槽在滑移流区内的层流换热进行了理论分析,研究了微槽内温度场的分布和换热特性,并讨论了Kn、热流比、动量协调系数、热协调系数等的影响.     

Terrestrial heat flow in Junggar Basin, Northwest China

Based on temperature logs of 117 boreholes and thermal conductivity of 119 rock samples, the first group of 35 heat flow data in the Junggar Basin are presented. The thermal gradients vary between 11.6 and 26.5°C/km, and the thermal conductivity changes from 0.17 to 3.6 W/mK. Heat flow ranges from 23.4 to 53.7 mw/m² with a mean of (42.3±7.7) mW/m². The heat flow pattern shows that heat flow is higher in the uplifts and lower in the depressions. The factors affecting the heat flow and its distribution include basin type, basement structure, sediment thickness, radioactive heat generation, etc. The overall low present-day heat flow in the Junggar Basin reflected its tectonothermal evolution characterized by lithospheric thickening, thrust and fault at shallow crust as well as consequently quick subsidence during the Late Cenozoic.     

Generalized thermal resistance for convective heat transfer and its relation to entransy dissipation

In order to further analyze and optimize convective heat transfer process further, the concepts of heat flux weighted average heat temperature and heat flux weighted average heat temperature difference in multi-dimensional heat transfer system were introduced in this paper. The ratio of temperature differ- ence to heat flux is defined as the generalized thermal resistance of convective heat transfer processes, and then the minimum thermal resistance theory for convective heat transfer optimization was devel- oped. By analyzing the relationship between generalized thermal resistance and entansy dissipation in convective heat transfer processes, it can be concluded that the minimum thermal resistance theory equals the entransy dissipation extremum theory. Finally, a two-dimensional convective heat transfer process with constant wall temperature is taken as an example to illustrate the applicability of generalized thermal resistance to convective heat transfer process analysis and optimization.     

Geothermal measurements in the pilot-boreholes of the china continental scientific drilling

The geothermal measurements in the pilot-boreholes of the China Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) indicate that the temperature gradients in the target area of the deep drilling range from 19 to 26℃/km, which is lower than that (25—30℃/km) for the global continental area and similar to that for the KTB (21—28℃/km). Thermal conductivity measurements for 44 core samples show that the ultra-high pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks have 50% higher thermal conductivity (with a mean of 3.94±1.26 W/mK) than that for the average value of the upper crust. The measured heat flow values vary between 76 and 80 mW/m², higher than that for the global continental area (65±1.6 mW/m²) and the continental China (61±15.5 mW/m²) as well as the adjacent North Jiangsu Basin (68 mW/m²), but lower than that below 1000 m in the KTB (85 mW/m²). The elevated heat flow in the pilot-boreholes can be attributed to the lateral heat concentration due to higher rock thermal conductivity of the UHP belt than that of the adjacent rocks. Lower deep temperature in the target area of the deep drilling can be expected due to the lower measured temperature gradient, which means that the Sulu area is geothermally suitable for continental deep drilling.     

传热过程中的某些优化控制问题

考察了工程热物理研究和设计过程中提出的一类传热过程的热流量优化控制问题，这归结为偏微分方程约束下的泛函变分问题。在区域具有一定对称性，同时传热系数具有分离变量结构的假定下，利用分离变量直接求解所给出的信息，分别导出了边值最佳选取和传热系数最佳选取问题的最优解。这对于一般情况下缺乏对称性的问题的研究也具有启发意义。     

蒸汽-兰炭换热与余热回收特性实验研究

利用自行搭建的蒸汽–兰炭气固换热实验系统,研究了整个料层内兰炭与蒸汽的换热及余热回收特性,分析了颗粒平均粒径、料层厚度、蒸汽流量对兰炭余热回收量和蒸汽?增的影响规律。实验结果表明:随着换热时间的增长,料层整体平均温度以先快后慢的趋势逐渐降低,有效换热系数逐渐减小,热回收量和蒸汽的?增上升;增加料层厚度、减小兰炭颗粒的粒径、提高蒸汽流量有利于有效换热系数的增加,有效换热系数的范围在3.5～52.0 W/(m~2·K)之间。此外,拟合出了粒径、料层厚度、蒸汽流量、料层整体平均温度与有效换热系数的实验关系式。     

磁性液体奇异的传热特性

磁性液体相比于传统的传热流体来说具有较高的导热性能和传热性能,其流动和传热过程还可以通过磁场控制,因此,磁性液体为强化传热带来了新的机遇,众多研究学者对磁性液体的传热特性进行了研究.通过对近年来有关磁性液体传热特性方面的研究进行整理和分析,总结了磁性液体导热系数和对流传热的实验研究方法,得到了不同的磁性颗粒参数、温度和磁场等因素对磁性液体传热特性的影响;详细阐述了磁性液体在有无磁场下导热系数的研究结果,并对影响导热系数的机理进行了归纳;阐述了磁性液体的对流传热在实验和数值研究方面的进展;指出了磁性液体在传热特性研究方面的进一步工作方向,并对磁性液体在强化传热和传热设备中的应用进行了展望.     

Application of a multi-field synergy principle in the performance evaluation of convective heat transfer enhancement in a tube

For laminar and turbulent convective heat transfer, the synergy among vectorial physical quantities of a fluid particle is analyzed to reveal the relation between the multi-field synergy mechanism and heat transfer enhancement. Additionally, the efficiency evaluation criterion (EEC) is proposed to evaluate the overall performance of heat transfer enhancement. Meanwhile, using synergy angles α,β,,γ and η, a unified evaluation system and corresponding evaluation indexes for heat transfer enhancement are suggested. A model of a heat-transfer-enhanced tube inserted with poles in a triangular configuration is built, and a corresponding numerical simulation is conducted to verify the proposed evaluation system and criterion. The calculation results show that there is correlation between synergy angles reflecting the direction of heat transfer enhancement and evaluation criterion reflecting the effect of heat transfer enhancement. In the Re number range of 300-1800, the performance evaluation criterion PEC lies in the range of 1.2-2.3, but the efficiency evaluation criterion EEC lies in the range of 0.33-0.45.     

Least dissipation principle of heat transport potential capacity and its application in heat conduction optimization

In the viewpoint of heat transfer,heat transport potential capacity and its dissipation are defined based on the essence of heat transport phenomenon,Rspectively,their physical menings are the overall heat transfer capability and the dissipation rate of the heat transfer capacity.Then the least dissipation principle of heat transport potential cpacity is presented to enhance the heat conduction efficiency in the heat conduction optimization .The principle is, for a conduction process with the constant integral of the thermal conductivity over the region ,the optimal distribution of thermal conductivity,which corresponds to the highest heat conduction efficiency ,is characterized by the least dissipation of heat transport potential capacity .Finally the principle is applied to some cases in heat conduction optimization.     

Least dissipation principle of heat transport potential capacity and its application in heat conduction optimization

The heat conduction following the Fourier law widely exists in nature and engineering. Usually, the thermal resistance is applied to evaluating the perform-ance of the heat conduction, i.e. the less resistance corre-sponds to the better performance. Therefore, the heat conduction is often enhanced by means of using high conductivity materials or reducing the thermal contact resistance. The more general performance criterion is the heat duty for the given temperature difference DT, or the temp…     

Physical quantity synergy in the field of turbulent heat transfer and its analysis for heat transfer enhancement

Based on the principle of physical quantity synergy in the field of laminar heat transfer, and according to the models of zero equation and k-ε two equations for the turbulent flow, the synergy equations for both energy and momentum conservation in the turbulent heat transfer are established. The synergy regulation among heat flux, mass flow and fluid driving force, and the mechanism of heat transfer enhancement it reflects are revealed. The synergy principle of physical quantity in the thermal flow field is extended from laminar flow to turbulent flow. The principle is verified to be universal by the calculation of heat transfer enhancement in a tube with an insert of helical twisted tape. Thus, corresponding to the synergy relation among physical quantities in the turbulent flow field, the performance of convective heat transfer and flow resistance for the tubes with different heat transfer components and surface can be compared through theoretical and computational analysis, which thereby provides a guidance for designing heat transfer units and heat exchangers.