A submllimeter observation and study of star-forming regions

Using the 3-m radio telescope of KOSMA, we mapped 12CO (J = 3-2) lines for three molecular clouds, B35, S146 and TMC-2A. High-velocity molecular outflows are found in all these regions. The physical and dynamical parameters of the outflows are derived, and their shapes and driving sources are analyzed. Contour maps of center velocities show that the large scale systematic gradients exist in the three clouds. These observed motions are best explained by rotation after excluding the cause of outflows. Furthermore, in the core region of TMC-2A there is a velocity gradient in opposite direction from that of the large scale. It may be caused by magnetic braking. Finally, angular velocities of the clouds are calculated, and the effects of rotation against gravity and lowering the star-formation rate are also analyzed.     

引力不稳定性在巨分子云聚合形成中的作用

　Two models of molecular cloud in disk galaxies are proposed to investigate the formation of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) under the gravitational instability and random collision using PP(Particle-Particle) simulation. Some conclusions can be drawn: 1) The gravitational instability can make small clouds form large clouds faster than random collision. 2) The differential rotation in the gravitational instability model plays a positive role in the agglomeration of molecular clouds.     

The alignment of molecular cloud magnetic fields with the spiral arms in M33

The formation of molecular clouds, which serve as stellar nurseries in galaxies, is poorly understood. A class of cloud formation models suggests that a large-scale galactic magnetic field is irrelevant at the scale of individual clouds, because the turbulence and rotation of a cloud may randomize the orientation of its magnetic field. Alternatively, galactic fields could be strong enough to impose their direction upon individual clouds, thereby regulating cloud accumulation and fragmentation, and affecting the rate and efficiency of star formation. Our location in the disk of the Galaxy makes an assessment of the situation difficult. Here we report observations of the magnetic field orientation of six giant molecular cloud complexes in the nearby, almost face-on, galaxy M33. The fields are aligned with the spiral arms, suggesting that the large-scale field in M33 anchors the clouds.     

强远红外源中CO(1-0)谱线的新观测

利用紫金山天台１３．７ｍ射电望远镜对２０个强ＩＲＡＳ远红外源（Ｆ１００μｍ〉５００Ｊｙ）进行了ＣＯ（１－０）的谱线观测，全部观测到ＣＯ发射，其中６个源为第１次观测到ＣＯ（１－０）谱线，在新观测的源中，５个可能有分子外向流，这些观测源的红外性质暗示出它们是仍深埋在分子云中的年轻星，显示出远红外源与分子云有关。     

A new interstellar molecule: tricarbon monoxide

The cold dark interstellar Taurus Molecular Cloud One (TMC-1) is a rich source of acetylenic and polyacetylenic molecular species. As well as linear closed-shell molecules (H(C triple bond C)nCN) and symmetric rotors (CH3C triple bond CH, CH3C triple bond CCN), several radicals (C triple bond CH, C triple bond CCN, (C triple bond C2H) have also been identified, many of which had not been studied previously in the laboratory. Whether the observed abundances can be understood in terms of purely gas-phase ion-molecule chemical schemes, which produce reasonable agreement for the simplest polyatomic species, is unclear; alternative models involving the particulate interstellar grains as catalysts or sources have also been suggested. We now report the detection in TMC-1 of a new molecule, tricarbon monoxide (C3O), whose pure rotational spectrum has only very recently been studied in the laboratory. As C3O is the first known interstellar carbon chain molecule to contain oxygen, its existence places an important new constraint on chemical schemes for cold interstellar clouds. In fact, the observed abundance of tricarbon monoxide fits quite well into our model of galactochemistry.     

分子天文学的发展与展望

介绍分子天文学及其在天文研究中的重要作用;综述近年来在分子云大尺度分布、分子云与恒星形成、拱星包层和恒星演化晚期、天体脉泽等方面的主要成果和进展;讨论了分子天体化学发展的情况及其重要意义;并提出对今后的发展趋势及主要研究课题的展望。     

MCloudSim： modeling and simulating distributed clouds

Many distributed clouds which try to integrate the advantages of centralized clouds and distributed systems have been studied in recent years. Traditional cloud simulators focus on large scale data centers with virtualized servers, and cannot meet the needs of distributed cloud simulations. This paper introduces a generalized and extensible simulation framework, named MCloudSim, which is used for modeling and simulating distributed clouds. MCloudSim has the following characteristics： （ 1 ） the overlay protocol in MCloudSim can be freely replaced without affecting the function of other modules; （2） a Petri net workflow theory based task model is proposed to simulate distributed tasks; （3） a distributed cloud can be easily built by assembling and expanding the basic resource entities provided by MCloudSim. Finally, simulation results of scenarios with a 3-tier central-controlled distributed cloud and a P2P based cloud prove that MCloudSim has high efficiency and satisfies performance in supporting large scale experiments and different distributed clouds.     

Wave-like properties of solar supergranulation

Supergranulation on the surface of the Sun is a pattern of horizontal outflows, outlined by a network of small magnetic features, with a distinct scale of 30 million metres and an apparent lifetime of one day. It is generally believed that supergranulation corresponds to a preferred 'cellular' scale of thermal convection; rising magnetic fields are dragged by the outflows and concentrated into 'ropes' at the 'cell' boundaries. But as the convection zone is highly turbulent and stratified, numerical modelling has proved to be difficult and the dynamics remain poorly understood. Moreover, there is as yet no explanation for the observation that the pattern appears to rotate faster around the Sun than the magnetic features. Here we report observations showing that supergranulation undergoes oscillations and supports waves with periods of 6-9 days. The waves are predominantly prograde, which explains the apparent super-rotation of the pattern. The rotation of the plasma through which the pattern propagates is consistent with the motion of the magnetic network.     

引力不稳定性在巨分子云的形成和演化中的作用

为了研究引力不稳定性在巨分子云形成中的作用,通过计算机模拟技术建立了星系中分子云的较差自转模型.在演化中除了分子云之间的碰撞外,模型还考虑了分子云在恒星盘的背景引力场中所受的引力和分子云之间的相互自引力.其中分别考虑分子云之间的短程力(随机碰撞模型)和长程力(引力不稳定性模型).通过对计算机模拟的结果进行详细的分析和讨论,得到了以下结果:对于较差自转模型,引力不稳定性在巨分子云的聚合形成中起了关键的积极作用,它能够加速和加大分子云的成团.     

A massive cloud of cold atomic hydrogen in the outer Galaxy.

A large fraction of the mass of the interstellar medium in our Galaxy is in the form of warm (103-104 K) and cool (50-100 K) atomic hydrogen (H i) gas. Cold (10-30 K) regions are thought to be dominated by dense clouds of molecular hydrogen. Cold H i is difficult to observe, and therefore our knowledge of its abundance and distribution in the interstellar medium is poor. The few known clouds of cold H i are much smaller in size and mass than typical molecular clouds. Here we report the discovery that the H i supershell GSH139-03-69 is very cold (10 K). It is about 2 kiloparsecs in size and as massive as the largest molecular complexes. The existence of such an immense structure composed of cold atomic hydrogen in the interstellar medium runs counter to the prevailing view that cold gas resides almost exclusively in clouds dominated by molecular hydrogen.     

Spin evolution of classical T Tauri stars

Classical T Tauri stars (hereinafter CTTS) are protostars formed by collapse of molecular clouds. As they evolve towards the main sequence, CCTS accrete from the circumstellar matter and contract due to self-gravitation. Mass accretion and gravitational contraction can accelerate the spin velocities of CTTS up to break-up (～300—400km·s) within     

基于NDT与ICP的快速点云配准算法

点云配准是三维重建过程的关键一步。传统配准算法的速度较慢,尤其是在两个点云距离较远或点云数据较大的时候,为此本文提出了一种基于NDT和ICP的快速点云配准方法,能够有效地减少配准时间。本文算法主要分为三步：(1)采用NDT算法进行点云粗配准,调整两点云间的距离和点云姿态;(2)采用ICP算法对粗配后的点云数据进行微调,调整点云位置与姿态;(3)采用ICP算法对微调后的点云进行精确配准。实验结果表明,与传统算法相比,在点云数据量较大或者两个点云距离较远的情况下,本文算法也能够达到较快的配准速度与较高的配准精度。     

三个相思树种的造林对比试验

在广西国有高峰林场界牌分场科技示范园内进行厚荚相思(Acacia.crassicarpa)、马占相思(A.mangium)和杂交相思(A.mangium×A.auriculif ormis)的造林试验。试验按上坡、中坡、下坡设置3个随机区组,每个区组内有3个小区,每小区用一个树种造林,面积为400m2。结果表明:3个树种的6年生平均树高分别为13.4m、12.4m和11.0m,前者比后两者分别高7.5%和17.9%;林分平均胸径分别为13.7cm、12.8cm和11.2cm,前者比后两者分别大6.6%和18.2%。3个相思树种的树高和胸径生长特点都是早期生长迅速,速生期在1~3a间,树高年生长量为3.0~3.6m,胸径年生长量为3.8~4.7cm。活立木蓄积分别达122.3m3/hm2、100.7m3/hm2和70.7m3/hm2,前者为后两者的121.5%和173.0%;纯收入分别为10620.0元/公顷、7695.0元/公顷和3645.0元/公顷,前者为后两者的1.38倍和2.91倍。短周期工业用材相思树类造林树种选择厚荚相思为优,其次为马占相思。     

Morphology and dynamics of the upper cloud layer of Venus

Venus is completely covered by a thick cloud layer, of which the upper part is composed of sulphuric acid and some unknown aerosols. The cloud tops are in fast retrograde rotation (super-rotation), but the factors responsible for this super-rotation are unknown. Here we report observations of Venus with the Venus Monitoring Camera on board the Venus Express spacecraft. We investigate both global and small-scale properties of the clouds, their temporal and latitudinal variations, and derive wind velocities. The southern polar region is highly variable and can change dramatically on timescales as short as one day, perhaps arising from the injection of SO2 into the mesosphere. The convective cells in the vicinity of the subsolar point are much smaller than previously inferred, which we interpret as indicating that they are confined to the upper cloud layer, contrary to previous conclusions, but consistent with more recent study.     

不同轮伐期巨尾桉人工林的经济效益分析

【目的】探讨不同轮伐期对人工林经济效益的影响,为从经济视角科学确定人工林的合理轮伐期提供理论依据。【方法】以短(7a)、中(13a)、长(21a)轮伐期的南亚热带巨尾桉人工林为研究对象,对不同轮伐期巨尾桉人工林的蓄积量(Stand volume,SV)、营林成本、净现值(Net present value,NPV)和内部收益率(Internal rate of return,IRR)进行分析,揭示不同轮伐期对经济效益的影响。【结果】随着轮伐期的延长,巨尾桉人工林的蓄积量持续增长,7a、13a、21a轮伐期的蓄积量分别为144.95m~3/hm~2、346.97m~3/hm~2、553.69m~3/hm~2。随着轮伐期的延长,巨尾桉人工林净现值不断增加,在12a时达到最高值(30 297.61元/hm~2),之后逐渐降低,7a、21a轮伐期的净现值分别为17 239.86元/hm~2、22 008.59元/hm~2。内部收益率在13a开始趋近峰值(53.32%),明显高于7a时的39.29%。【结论】在南亚热带,巨尾桉人工林的轮伐期确定在13a左右较为适宜,既可实现经济效益最大化,又可大幅提升蓄积量。     

γ-聚谷氨酸阻垢性能的研究

通过枯草芽孢杆菌发酵得到γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA),并采用静态阻垢法评价γ-PGA的阻垢性能.研究了温度、pH值、Ca~(2+)浓度、γ-PGA分子量以及γ-PGA浓度对于该阻垢性能的影响,并对其阻垢产物进行结构表征以及对阻垢原理进行初步分析.研究结果表明,γ-PGA大分子和小分子均具有较强的阻垢作用,而小分子具有比大分子更加优良的阻垢特性.在阻CaSO_4垢和阻CaCO_3垢实验中,达到100%阻垢率时,小分子γ-PGA的最低浓度分别为4 mg/L和2 mg/L,而在相同条件下大分子γ-PGA的最低浓度均为20 mg/L.     

Discovery of molecular hydrogen in a high-velocity cloud of the Galactic halo

The Milky Way's halo contains clouds of neutral hydrogen with high radial velocities which do not follow the general rotational motion of the Galaxy. Few distances to these high-velocity clouds are known, so even gross properties such as total mass are hard to determine. As a consequence, there is no generally accepted theory regarding their origin. One idea is that they result from gas that has cooled after being ejected from the Galaxy through fountain-like flows powered by supernovae; another is that they are composed of gas, poor in heavy elements, which is falling onto the disk of the Milky Way from intergalactic space. The presence of molecular hydrogen, whose formation generally requires the presence of dust (and therefore gas, enriched in heavy elements), could help to distinguish between these possibilities. Here we report the discovery of molecular hydrogen absorption in a high-velocity cloud along the line of sight to the Large Magellanic Cloud. We also derive for the same cloud an iron abundance which is half of the solar value. From these data, we conclude that gas in this cloud originated in the disk of the Milky Way.     

Preparation of a recombinant adeno-associated viral vector with a mutation of human factor Ⅸ in large scale and its expression in vitro and in vivo

A series of adeno-associated viral vectors containing a mutation of human factor Ⅸ (hFⅨR338A) with different regulation elements were constructed and used to transduce cell lines. The plasmids and the stable transduction cell clones with high expression level of hFⅨR338A were obtained by selecting and optimizing, and then, the recombinant adeno-associated viral vector with hFⅨR338A was prepared via novel rHSV/AAV hybrid virus packaging system on a large scale, which contained the capsid protein genes. A method for producing rAAV-hFⅨR338A viral stocks on a large scale and higher titer was established, which can be used for industrial purpose. The titer of rAAV-hFⅨR338A was more than 1.25×10¹² particle/mL, and then, a mammalian cell line, C2C12 and the factor Ⅸ knock-out mice were transfected with the rAAV-hFⅨR338A in vitro and in vivo. The results show that the high-level expression of rAAV-hFⅨR338A was achieved in cell line and hemophilia B mice. It reached at (2551.32±92.14) ng·(10⁶ cells)^-1·(24 h)^-1 in C2C12 cell in vitro and had a peak concentration of 463.28 ng/mL in mice treated with rAAV-hFⅨR338A, which was as high as the expression of rAAV-hFⅨ-wt (2565.76±64.36) ng·(10⁶ cells)^-1·(24 h)^-1 in C2C12 and 453.92 ng/mL in the mice treated with rAAV-hFⅨ-wt) in vitro and in vivo, there is no any difference between two groups, but the clotting activity of hFⅨR338A is about 2.46 times higher than that of hFⅨ-wt. It was first reported that a mutation of human factor Ⅸ was used into gene therapy research for hemophilia B, meanwhile, a novel packaging system, rAAV/HSV was used for preparation of rAAV-hFⅨR338A on a large scale, which laid the foundation of industrial production for applying rAAV viral stocks to gene therapy clinical trial for hemophilia B mediated with rAAV-hFⅨ.     

基于DEM-CFD耦合方法的水合物与砂颗粒运动分析

采用离散元素法(discrete element method,DEM)和计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)的耦合方法,对海底水合物中砂颗粒和水合物颗粒运动进行了研究。利用球形颗粒沉降模拟实验验证了耦合方法的可行性,分别分析了单个砂颗粒和单个水合物颗粒运动过程中颗粒位置、速度、受力及角速度的变化规律。结果表明:砂颗粒向容器底部沉降,在到达底部时发生碰撞,同时颗粒发生旋转;水合物颗粒向上运动,颗粒没有发生旋转。最后对颗粒群进行了模拟仿真,结果表明,DEM-CFD耦合法能够模拟大量颗粒运动的复杂流动,并且能从微观尺度分析颗粒受力和运动情况,对水合物颗粒和砂颗粒运动的研究提供了一种可靠有效的方法。     

生态营林桉树人工林林木生长动态分析

为阐明轮伐期内不同类型桉树(Eucalyptus spp.)人工混交林的生长动态特征及变化规律,选择于2012年在中国林业科学研究院热带林业实验中心青山实验场采用生态营林制度营造的桉树×降香黄檀混交林(Eucalyptus×Dalbergia odorifera,MED)、桉树×望天树混交林(Eucalyptus×Parashorea chinensis,MEP)、桉树×红锥混交林(Eucalyptus×Castanopsis hystrix,MEC)和桉树纯林(PEU)为研究对象,设置固定监测样地,基于桉树第一轮伐期内的3次林分调查(2014、2016、2018年),分析不同混交林桉树和珍贵树种的胸径、树高、单株材积和林分蓄积量动态变化特征。结果表明,监测期内,4种林分类型林木胸径、树高、单株材积和林分蓄积量均随林龄显著增加;混交林中降香黄檀、红锥及望天树均可显著促进桉树胸径、树高、单株材积及林分蓄积量的生长,促进作用大小表现为MED>MEC>MEP;不同混交类型中珍贵树种的胸径、树高、单株材积及林分蓄积量均表现为MEC>MEP>MED,林分总蓄积量表现为ME...