苯硫脲与其它物质苦味味觉遗传相关性阈值分析

为研究苯硫脲尝味能力与硫酸奎宁、苦味酸和糖精钠苦味味觉的关系．对同一中国汉族青年人群，用阀值法进行了各物质尝味阀值的测定．结果表明苯硫脲味盲与尝味者对其它三种物质的苦味感觉与苯硫脲味觉无关。不同类型人群的尝味阀值分布性比较，经相关系数检验，Ｐ＜０．０５．苯硫脲味盲与尝味者对其它三种物质感受的平均尝味阀值间经ｔ测验表明没有显著性差异．另外，还对汉族中这四种物质苦味感觉的最小阀值、平均尝味阀值予以报告．在我们的调查中没有发现硫酸奎宁、苦味酸、糖精钠苦味的典型味盲存在．     

元代戏剧的圆满之趣及其美学阐释

＂圆满之趣＂是元代戏剧在剧尾处理上呈现出的一道极为普遍的文化景观。其审美生成是我们民族传统审美意向的外化,是创作主体和消费主体审美意向无限趋同的结果。一方面,它是创作主体在＂自娱＂和＂娱人＂取向下审美意向行为的主观呈现;另一方面,它还是消费主体在市民口味消费期待下审美意向行为的一种潜在诉求。元代戏剧＂圆满之趣＂的呈现是中国古典文学作品审美情趣的一次重大转型,极具民族特色和价值。     

Cyclic nucleotides may mediate taste transduction

Taste stimulus adsorption is believed to occur at the taste cell microvillous membrane. But due to technical difficulties of inserting glass electrodes into the mammalian taste cell, little is known about the mechanisms of taste transduction. Reliable intracellular recordings are necessary to determine the characteristics of taste cells. This has been accomplished previously in the mouse and is reported here. Recent experiments indicated that cyclic nucleotides can act on the inner surface of the membranes of a variety of cells to alter their ion-channel activity, and these substances might act as intracellular transmitters in taste cells. But tight junctions found at the apical membrane of mammalian taste cells do not allow stimuli to enter the taste bud, making it difficult to alter the environment of the taste cell by perfusing with chemical solutions. Here we report that cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, EGTA or tetraethyl-ammonium electrophoretically injected into the mouse taste cell induce membrane depolarization and increased membrane resistance. These results suggest that a cyclic nucleotide enzymatic cascade, modulated by calcium ions, may mediate the potassium permeability that controls taste, in a way analogous to visual and olfactory transduction.     

脂肪味是第6种基本味觉吗？

近年来,众多研究报道认为脂肪酸具有基本味觉的特性,提出了第6种基本味觉为脂肪味的观点。综合现有的研究报道结合基本味觉的论证条件,从生物体电生理学特性、心理物理学特性、味觉的主要感受器官、脂肪味与其他基本味觉比较、脂肪味的意义等方面论述了脂肪味作为第六种基本味的论据并不充分。     

热反应鸡肉香精的制备研究

用还原糖及氨基酸为主要原料 ,经 Maillard反应制得了香味较好的鸡肉味香精 ,并对各反应物的用量、反应介质的 p H值、反应温度、反应时间等因素进行了考察 ,通过正交试验确定了制备热反应鸡肉香精的适宜的原料配比及反应条件 .     

The cells and logic for mammalian sour taste detection

Mammals taste many compounds yet use a sensory palette consisting of only five basic taste modalities: sweet, bitter, sour, salty and umami (the taste of monosodium glutamate). Although this repertoire may seem modest, it provides animals with critical information about the nature and quality of food. Sour taste detection functions as an important sensory input to warn against the ingestion of acidic (for example, spoiled or unripe) food sources. We have used a combination of bioinformatics, genetic and functional studies to identify PKD2L1, a polycystic-kidney-disease-like ion channel, as a candidate mammalian sour taste sensor. In the tongue, PKD2L1 is expressed in a subset of taste receptor cells distinct from those responsible for sweet, bitter and umami taste. To examine the role of PKD2L1-expressing taste cells in vivo, we engineered mice with targeted genetic ablations of selected populations of taste receptor cells. Animals lacking PKD2L1-expressing cells are completely devoid of taste responses to sour stimuli. Notably, responses to all other tastants remained unaffected, proving that the segregation of taste qualities even extends to ionic stimuli. Our results now establish independent cellular substrates for four of the five basic taste modalities, and support a comprehensive labelled-line mode of taste coding at the periphery. Notably, PKD2L1 is also expressed in specific neurons surrounding the central canal of the spinal cord. Here we demonstrate that these PKD2L1-expressing neurons send projections to the central canal, and selectively trigger action potentials in response to decreases in extracellular pH. We propose that these cells correspond to the long-sought components of the cerebrospinal fluid chemosensory system. Taken together, our results suggest a common basis for acid sensing in disparate physiological settings.     

The detection of carbonation by the Drosophila gustatory system

There are five known taste modalities in humans: sweet, bitter, sour, salty and umami (the taste of monosodium glutamate). Although the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster tastes sugars, salts and noxious chemicals, the nature and number of taste modalities in this organism is not clear. Previous studies have identified one taste cell population marked by the gustatory receptor gene Gr5a that detects sugars, and a second population marked by Gr66a that detects bitter compounds. Here we identify a novel taste modality in this insect: the taste of carbonated water. We use a combination of anatomical, calcium imaging and behavioural approaches to identify a population of taste neurons that detects CO2 and mediates taste acceptance behaviour. The taste of carbonation may allow Drosophila to detect and obtain nutrients from growing microorganisms. Whereas CO2 detection by the olfactory system mediates avoidance, CO2 detection by the gustatory system mediates acceptance behaviour, demonstrating that the context of CO2 determines appropriate behaviour. This work opens up the possibility that the taste of carbonation may also exist in other organisms.     

文人雅趣的安然抒写——丰子恺散文浅论

丰子恺的散文洋溢着浓郁的文人雅趣,在风雨如晦的年代,他始终执著地书写着"居"之雅趣、"食"之雅趣、"酒"之雅趣,以及生活中无处不在的雅趣。丰子恺正是通过对文人雅趣这一重要题材的安然书写践行着人生艺术化的主张。     

Thermal stimulation of taste

The first electrophysiological recordings from animal and human taste nerves gave clear evidence of thermal sensitivity, and studies have shown that as many as half of the neurons in mammalian taste pathways respond to temperature. Because temperature has never been shown to induce sensations of taste, it has been assumed that thermal stimulation in the gustatory system is somehow nulled. Here we show that heating or cooling small areas of the tongue can in fact cause sensations of taste: warming the anterior edge of the tongue (chorda tympani nerve) from a cold temperature can evoke sweetness, whereas cooling can evoke sourness and/or saltiness. Thermal taste also occurs on the rear of the tongue (glossopharyngeal nerve), but the relationship between temperature and taste is different there than on the front of the tongue. These observations indicate the human gustatory system contains several different types of thermally sensitive neurons that normally contribute to the sensory code for taste.     

从“诗味”到“词味”——陈廷焯的词学理论初探

陈廷焯的《向雨斋词话》频频以“味”论词,“味”是其词学理论的一个重要范畴。陈廷焯将传统的“涛味”论移植到词论中,强调作词必须“含蓄蕴藉”,同时进一步提出“厚味”的美学主张,对词体的美学品格作了更深层次的审美规定：深入考察陈廷焯的“词味”论,对准确把握其词学思想不无裨益。     

The development of taste transduction and taste chip technology

Taste is one of important sensations. The primary taste sensations commonly are categorized as sweet, acid, bitter, salty and umami, of which various tastes are composed. The sensation of taste is initiated by the interaction of tas- tants with receptors and ion channels in the apical micro- villi of taste receptor cells (TRCs) when some sapid molecules (tastants) dissolve in saliva. Subsequently, through a cellular signaling pathway (TRC depolarization and Ca2+ release) gustatory signals a…     

Gustducin is a taste-cell-specific G protein closely related to the transducins.

A novel G protein alpha-subunit (alpha-gustducin) has been identified and cloned from taste tissue. alpha-Gustducin messenger RNA is expressed in taste buds of all taste papillae (circumvallate, foliate and fungiform); it is not expressed in non-sensory portions of the tongue, nor is it expressed in the other tissues examined. alpha-Gustducin most closely resembles the transducins (the rod and cone photoreceptor G proteins), suggesting that gustducin's role in taste transduction is analogous to that of transducin in light transduction.     

巴蜀文化的差异性探析

巴蜀文化自古以来相邻且相融,但二者在经济基础、上层建筑、意识形态以及青铜文明等方面还是存在一定的差异性,巴文化和蜀文化是两种不同性质、不同品位的文化。     

梁启超“趣味教育”思想对当代美育的启示

梁启超首次在中国提出了“趣味教育”的概念。在梁启超，“趣味教育”实质上就是情感教育或美育。梁启超强调“拿趣味当日的”与“拿趣味当手段”的不同，提出只有以“趣味”或“美”为目的，才是抓住了趣味教育即美育的本质。这对于当前我国的美育中存在的问题，特别是泛美育的倾向，有着直接的警示意义。     

Hyperpolarization-activated channels HCN1 and HCN4 mediate responses to sour stimuli.

Sour taste is initiated by protons acting at receptor proteins or channels. In vertebrates, transduction of this taste quality involves several parallel pathways. Here we examine the effects of sour stimuli on taste cells in slices of vallate papilla from rat. From a subset of cells, we identified a hyperpolarization-activated current that was enhanced by sour stimulation at the taste pore. This current resembled Ih found in neurons and cardio-myocytes, a current carried by members of the family of hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic-nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels. We show by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry that HCN1 and HCN4 are expressed in a subset of taste cells. By contrast, gustducin, the G-protein involved in bitter and sweet taste, is not expressed in these cells. Lowering extracellular pH causes a dose-dependent flattening of the activation curve of HCN channels and a shift in the voltage of half-maximal activation to more positive voltages. Our results indicate that HCN channels are gated by extracellular protons and may act as receptors for sour taste.     

A family of candidate taste receptors in human and mouse

The gustatory system of mammals can sense four basic taste qualities, bitter, sweet, salty and sour, as well as umami, the taste of glutamate. Previous studies suggested that the detection of bitter and sweet tastants by taste receptor cells in the mouth is likely to involve G-protein-coupled receptors. Although two putative G-protein-coupled bitter/sweet taste receptors have been identified, the chemical diversity of bitter and sweet compounds leads one to expect that there is a larger number of different receptors. Here we report the identification of a family of candidate taste receptors (the TRBs) that are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily and that are specifically expressed by taste receptor cells. A cluster of genes encoding human TRBs is located adjacent to a Prp gene locus, which in mouse is tightly linked to the SOA genetic locus that is involved in detecting the bitter compound sucrose octaacetate. Another TRB gene is found on a human contig assigned to chromosome 5p15, the location of a genetic locus (PROP) that controls the detection of the bitter compound 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil in humans.     

黑鲷化学感觉发育和摄食关系

研究了黑鲷（Ｓｐａｒｕｓｍａｃｒｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓ）仔、稚、幼鱼嗅觉和味觉器官的基本结构及嗅觉、味觉与摄食的关系，初孵仔鱼的嗅囊很小、很浅，细胞没有分化。５ｄ的嗅囊细胞开始分化，２４ｄ嗅囊分化完毕，嗅觉开始功能化，参与摄食反应。初孵仔鱼味蕾没分化，５ｄ的仔鱼味蕾分化形成，参与摄食反应。随发育的进行，先后从口咽腔、头部、躯干、尾部、鳍等处依次出现味蕾。嗅觉和味觉是鱼类的化学感觉，嗅觉可以对远、近距离的食物发生反应，而味觉只能对接触的或几乎接触的食物发生反应。化学感觉对摄食的作用是对黑暗条件下视觉摄食的补充。     

脱臭蒜素提取机理及脱臭蒜素原汁酒的研制

大蒜中的有效成份是大蒜素 ,它具有强烈的刺激性臭味。但鲜蒜中大蒜素是以稳定无臭的大蒜氨酸的形式存在。当大蒜受到冲击 (切片或捣碎 ) ,大蒜酶接触到空气后活化 ,大蒜氨酸转化大蒜素。根据大蒜素的理化性质 ,采用不同的反应条件进行脱臭实验。开发研制出脱臭蒜素原液、脱臭蒜素保健饮料、脱臭蒜素原汁酒等系列产品     

扬子鳄胚胎味蕾发生的初步观察

在４例不同时期的扬子鳄胚胎中观察了味蕾的形态发生及细胞分化过程。孵化至第４８天，部分舌乳头上皮的基部出现味蕾原基。第５２天味蕾体积增大，细胞数量显著增多。第５６天部分味蕾出现味孔，味蕾细胞出现基细胞、支持细胞和味觉细胞的分化。第６２天味蕾的味孔均形成，部分味孔扩大，味毛增多并伸出味孔外。味觉细胞在分化过程中，其细胞核内的异染色质及细胞质中的线粒体均逐渐增多。     

梁启超趣味主义美学

梁启超后期的美学思想是紧紧围绕着趣味得以展开的,趣味实际上是指一种审美趣味,它与日常趣味的最大不同在于它的非功利性,梁启超正是从这一点出发,作出了其独具特色的具有现代意义的美学建构.