利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析高温煤灰熔融机理

选择3种不同灰熔融温度的煤,在弱还原性气氛下,利用XRD考察不同加热温度下煤灰熔融过程中的矿物演变过程,并对煤灰的熔融机理进行探讨。结果表明:3种煤中的晶体矿物主要有高岭石、石英、方解石、石膏和黄铁矿等,煤中高岭石和石英的含量与煤灰熔融温度成正相关影响。煤中方解石、黄铁矿和石膏含量与煤灰熔融温度成负相关影响。815℃煤灰中晶体矿物主要为石英、硬石膏和赤铁矿等。随着加热温度的升高,煤灰中石英、硬石膏等结晶矿物含量逐渐减少,生成新的矿物。莫来石的生成是导致煤灰熔融温度高的主要原因。低灰熔融煤灰在加热过程中,1 100℃时少量铁钙辉石的生成起到了降低煤灰熔融的作用。     

埋炭条件下C—Si系材料高温物理化学变化过程

以炭黑和单质硅为原料压制成试样,在埋炭条件下,分别于1 200,1 300,1 350,1 400,1 450,1 500 ℃下高温烧结,获得不同温度点合成样品.采用XRD分析技术研究试样的物相演变过程,从而对C-Si系原料在埋炭气氛反应过程中的物相变化和反应动力学机制进行研究.试验结果表明:试样中新生成的物相为SiC、石英相和方石英相,几乎没有Si3N4和Si2N2O相.其反应过程是:单质硅与O2生成SiO2、与C反应生成SiC、与CO反应生成SiC和SiO2;温度高于1 450 ℃时,SiO2又会与试样中剩余的C反应生成SiO和SiC.整个过程都伴随着方石英化过程.当温度高于1 450 ℃时,会发生硅的挥发.合成温度和原料配比是影响C-Si系原料合成产物的生成速率和生成量的重要动力学因素.     

煤粉孔隙率对四角切圆燃煤锅炉飞灰含碳量及结焦特性的影响

研究煤粉颗粒孔隙率对1 000 MW机组燃煤锅炉飞灰含碳量及结焦特性的影响。选定了25℃、75℃、110℃这三个干燥温度对煤粉进行干燥,测试了煤粉颗粒的水分和孔隙率。采用测试得出的孔隙率范围,利用FLUENT软件对该台四角切圆燃煤锅炉炉内燃烧进行了三维稳态数值模拟,其中,模拟焦炭的燃烧采用了intrinsic模型。研究结果表明:(1)煤粉颗粒的孔隙率、比表面积和孔径都随着煤粉加热温度的升高而增大;(2)煤粉颗粒孔隙率越大,炉膛火焰中心位置越低,燃尽风区域的温度也越低;(3)煤粉颗粒孔隙率越大,煤粉颗粒的碰壁率和炉膛出口的飞灰含碳量都会越小;(4)煤粉颗粒孔隙率越大,水冷壁越不易结焦。研究结果为燃煤锅炉运行实践、设计以及改造提供了依据。     

大佛寺4~#煤水热处理结果对煤润湿性的指示意义

为核定低煤阶镜煤和暗煤的润湿性及主要控制因素,采集大佛寺4~#煤样品并剥离出镜煤和暗煤,进行显微组分分析、工业分析、接触角测定、吸水速率测定、核磁共振测试,并测定不同温度水热处理后样品工业组分、元素含量,分析水热处理煤的分子结构变化,明确镜煤和暗煤的润湿性差异及主要控制因素。结果表明大佛寺4~#煤镜煤相较于暗煤,镜质组、壳质组含量高,挥发分、水分高,而惰质组、矿物质含量低、灰分低,并且H、O含量较高。镜煤和暗煤均表现亲水性,但暗煤的灰分更高,润湿性更好,自由水/结合水呈过渡态,灰分是影响大佛寺4~#煤润湿性的关键因素。水热处理温度增高,煤的灰分、水分、挥发分皆下降,H/C变化不大,O/C降低。煤的低温水热提质本质是减弱煤分子间二级结构的缔合作用,促进灰分重力沉降和羟基等含氧官能团分解脱除,增强煤的疏水性。     

煤加压下炼焦的研究

用低变质程度,高挥发分煤,于高压釜内在煤挥发分本身的压力下焦化。焦炭的机械强度与该煤种所受压力的1/3次方成正比。配合煤以其最大反射率等于1为好,焦化时压力的作用使配合煤生成光学各向异性的焦。炭化条件为升温10℃/min,500～600℃维持2h,然后5℃/min升温到950℃维持1h,能生成高强度的焦炭。     

燃尽风对超超临界锅炉燃烧特性影响的数值模拟

对一台1000MW超超临界前后墙旋流对冲燃烧煤粉锅炉进行数值模拟,研究了燃尽风比例对燃烧、NOx排放及传热特性的影响.采用化学渗透脱挥发分模型替代经验方法,预测煤粉挥发分析出过程中氮的释放量以及挥发分氮转化为HCN与NH3的比例.模拟结果与试验测量值符合较好,随着燃尽风比例增加,飞灰含碳量增加,煤粉燃尽率降低,NOx排放量(浓度)下降;但下炉膛出口烟气温度增加,导致大屏过热器挂渣倾向增加,较优的燃尽风比例为25.7%.     

神东煤镜质组和惰质组热解甲烷生成反应类型分析

采用等密度梯度离心分离方法,对神府东胜矿区马家塔露天煤矿2号煤层煤进行了镜质组和惰质组煤岩显微组分的分离富集。利用TG/MS对两种显微组分热解脱挥发分行为进行了升温速率为20℃/min条件下的测试,获得了热解甲烷生成的速率曲线,并对其热解生成特征进行了分析。采用分峰拟合的方法,将其分为6个峰,计算得到了各基元反应的动力学参数及其热解特征参数,认为神东煤镜质组和惰质组热解甲烷的生成由煤大分子裂解、缩聚过程中的6种反应所致。通过动力学分析,结合煤大分子的热解规律、热解过程中其它挥发分的逸出特征及相关模型化合物的量子化学计算结果,对热解甲烷生成的6种反应类型进行了具体分析。     

煤矸石废弃物的活化及其活性分析

研究徐州煤矸石的活化过程和活化后煤矸石的活性以及活化机理，为煤矸石废弃物的资源化提供理论基础。采用热处理方法活化煤矸石废弃物，并采用在碱溶液中的离子溶出和测定其石英结晶度的方法研究活化煤矸石的活性。研究结果表明，煤矸石废弃物受热后能够由稳定态向介稳态转变的物相成分是高岭石；经热处理活化后可激发产生活性，活性组分是活性SiO2和Al2O3；采用测定石英结晶度的方法判断材料的活性具有一定的准确性；700℃下煅烧是徐州煤矸石热活化的最佳工艺参数。     

利用X射线光电子能谱确定煤及其残焦中硫的形态

利用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)技术分析了宜宾煤及其释放出挥发分后残焦中硫的形态,研究了煤中的硫在挥发分释放过程中的迁移规律.结果表明:XPS能够鉴别出宜宾煤中的硫;宜宾煤的S2p图谱有2个需要解叠的峰,分别位于163～164eV和169～171eV之间,这主要是由煤中的硫化铁和硫酸盐引起的;宜宾煤中含有硫砜,但不含亚砜.残焦的分析结果表明,在900℃加热条件下,宜宾煤在释放挥发分的同时,其中的部分燃料硫能够转化为硫酸盐和亚硫酸盐并被固定在残焦之中.在煤的挥发分释放过程中,也有部分燃料硫与挥发分一起释放出来,其份额与加热温度有关,随温度的升高而增加.     

熔融还原过程硅还原氧化行为

试验研究熔融还原过程条件下SiO2还原氧化行为及对过程的影响。研究表明：喷吹煤粉燃烧温度、煤的灰份组成影响SiO2还原过程。通过适当选择煤种和控制氧煤喷枪的喷吹位置,可以减轻SiO2还原挥发过程的不利影响。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with