小鼠胚胎干细胞建系新方法的初步研究

通过对小鼠胚胎着床初期子宫组织块的培养及内细胞团的分离，探讨利用该方法获得胚胎干细胞的可能性，我们用这种方法已建立了一株小鼠胚胎干细胞系，传至第10代，AKP染色细胞呈强阳性，RT—PCR证实Qct-4表达强阳性。结果表明，利用这种方法获得胚胎干细胞是可行的，与传统方法相比，这种新方法极大简化了实验步骤，降低了实验技术难度。     

人胚胎干细胞的研究进展及临床应用

目的探讨人类胚胎干细胞的研究进展和应用前景.方法对人类胚胎干细胞的来源、建系、生物学特性及应用前景作一综述.结果人类胚胎干细胞在临床上有广泛的应用前景.结论人类胚胎干细胞的研究是人类发育生物学的重大突破,揭示了人体发生发展奥秘的进程,可能为现代临床医疗模式带来革命性的变化.     

人胚胎干细胞的研究进展及临床应用

目的探讨人类胚胎干细胞的研究进展和应用前景.方法对人类胚胎干细胞的来源、建系、生物学特性及应用前景作一综述.结果人类胚胎干细胞在临床上有广泛的应用前景.结论人类胚胎干细胞的研究是人类发育生物学的重大突破,揭示了人体发生发展奥秘的进程,可能为现代临床医疗模式带来革命性的变化.     

人胚胎干细胞的研究进展及临床应用

目的探讨人类胚胎干细胞的研究进展和应用前景。方法对人类胚胎干细胞的来源、建系、生物学特性及应用前景作一综述。结果人类胚胎干细胞在临床上有广泛的应用前景。结论人类胚胎干细胞的研究是人类发育生物学的重大突破,揭示了人体发生发展奥秘的进程,可能为现代临床医疗模式带来革命性的变化。     

胚胎干细胞体外定向诱导分化的研究进展与存在的问题

胚胎干细胞的体外定向诱导分化研究已成为发育生物学和临床细胞移植治疗的研究热点.本文介绍了胚胎干细胞向多种组织细胞分化的研究情况及未来研究前景,并分析了胚胎干细胞应用方面主要存在的问题.     

绵羊胚胎干细胞的分离与增殖培养

研究了囊胚(胚龄、处理方法)、传代方法(机械法和酶法)及培养液对绵羊类胚胎干细胞生长的影响,建立了绵羊类胚胎干细胞的分离培养体系.结果表明,实验获得的体外受精胚用于类胚胎干细胞的分离,具有较好的增殖及传代能力;囊胚的质量和胚龄影响绵羊类胚胎干细胞的贴壁及增殖;机械切割(半胚法)处理囊胚,可获得跟免疫法相近的内细胞团贴壁率(半胚法46%,免疫法53.6%);添加了一定浓度的胎牛血清、细胞生长因子、胰岛素及维生素C的DMEM高糖培养液可一定程度地促进类胚胎干细胞的增殖,适于绵羊类胚胎干细胞的培养.     

中国科技，日新月异（下）

老鼠“小小”，推动医学进展 “小小”是我国科学家利用iPS细胞（被通俗地称为皮肤干细胞，是由皮肤细胞改造成的几乎可与胚胎干细胞相媲美的干细胞）通过相关技术获得的成活且具有繁殖能力的小鼠。2009年，我国干细胞研究因“小小”而受到国际干细胞研究人员的关注。因为“小小”证实了iPS细胞与胚胎干细胞具有相似的多能性，并提示了科研人员利用iPS细胞替代胚胎干细胞应用于器官移植、基因治疗等方面的可能。     

神经干细胞进展与移植

本书是由14位专家撰写的关于神经干细胞研究进展与移植方面的专著，介绍了发育与疾病中的神经干细胞模型，提供了有关的背景知识，讨论了干细胞谱系及决定其命运方面的内容，包括各个阶段特异性标志物及细胞命运标志物。传统来源及胚胎和神经干细胞特性在本书中也有所涉及。     

走向智能自主的无人机控制技术

 干细胞具有再生各种生物组织器官的潜能，在医学界被称为“万用细胞”。近几年来，干细胞领域重要的进展是培养人体的类器官，目前已经培养出人类大脑、心脏等多种器官。胚胎干细胞由于能被诱导分化为机体几乎所有的细胞类型而在治疗疾病方面有着极其诱人的前景。但是，之前科学家却一直未能在实验室中使胚胎干细胞独自发育成具有复杂的三维结构的组织。近期，这一领域取得了突破--英国剑桥大学的研究人员采用两种干细胞成功培育出与正常胚胎非常相似的小鼠胚胎。     

胚胎干细胞的培养体系综述

综述胚胎干细胞培养基，有饲养层培养体系和无饲养层培养体系的主要成分，以及无血清胚胎干细胞培养基。     

Continuous in vitro generation of multipotential stem cell clones from src-infected cultures

A molecular recombinant of Rous sarcoma virus and murine amphotropic leukaemia virus, src(MoMuLV), where the avian src oncogene has been placed under the influence of a murine virus promoter sequence, has been reported. Infection of long-term marrow cultures with this virus led to a dramatic change in the relative numbers of stem cells, granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells and mature cells found in normal haematopoietic cell development. However, although the balance between self-renewal, differentiation and development was disturbed, injection of the cultured cells into irradiated syngeneic recipients did not lead to the development of leukaemia. Thus, although the control had been 'loosened', the host regulatory mechanisms were sufficient to impose a restraint on unlimited growth of the cells. We now show that the stem cells from the src-infected cultures show a remarkably increased capacity for self-renewal in vitro in situations which are inimical to the maintenance of self-renewal in normal uninfected stem cells and that self-renewal/differentiation can be modified by the culture conditions.     

干细胞的研究和应用

干细胞是一类具有自我更新和多向分化潜能的细胞群体,它能长期地自我更新,在特定的条件下具有分化形成多种终末细胞的能力,不同来源的干细胞分化潜能各异。近年来干细胞的研究与应用几乎涉及到所有生命科学和生物医学领域。本文概述了干细胞的生物学特性和它的可塑性,综述了分离培养技术及其在基础研究和临床上应用的研究进展,最后,提出了问题和展望。     

RhoGTPases in stem cells

RhoGTPases are small molecules that control a wide variety of signal transduction pathways. Their profound function in regulating the actin cytoskeleton is well recognized. Stem cells are unique in their ability to self-renew and produce progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. RhoGTPases influence stem cell morphology and cell migration as well as stem cell self-renewal, proliferation, transplantation, homing and differentiation. In this review, the multiple roles of the RhoGTPases in stem cells are discussed.     

干细胞与心肌再生

由于成年心肌细胞通常不能再生,严重的心肌损伤会导致心肌不可逆的重构坏死, 从而发生心功能失调. 干细胞再生治疗为心肌再生提供了很好的策略. 为了寻找合适的干细胞类型, 促进心肌再生, 有效改善心功能, 需要更好地了解心肌修复和再生的分子基础. 已有研究发现多种干细胞可促进心肌再生. 描述了骨髓干细胞的促血管新生及心肌分化的能力在心梗治疗中的作用, 还讨论了心脏侧群干细胞以及诱导型多能干细胞在心肌再生中的作用和分子机制. 所阐述的最新数据有利于拓展干细胞治疗的有效潜能及临床影响.     

Advances in studies on hepatic stem cells

The question whether hepatic stem cells exist or not has been debated for several decades. Current researches confirm that there are hepatic stem cells in the liver. Oval cells, putative bipotential hepatic stem cells, are probably located within canals of Hering, portal tracts or branches of biliary trees. Bone marrow is a potential source of oval cells, indicating that there exists a close relationship between liver and hematopoiesis in adulthood. Hepatic stem cells are able to proliferate in vitro and can be induced to differentiate into hepatocytes. This will provide a promising approach of cell transplantation, tissue engineering and gene therapy for liver diseases. In this review, the evidence of their presence, origin, identification, proliferation in vitro, differentiation by induction, application prospects of hepatic stem cells and future directions for the field are discussed.     

干细胞与再生医学发展前瞻

 干细胞与再生医学是当今生命科学领域研究的前沿与热点。近年来,涌现出一系列突破性的研究成果,将干细胞研究推向新的历史阶段,为再生医学的发展带来深刻变革。本文分析体内外不同来源的干细胞在再生医学的治疗应用、小分子化合物在细胞命运转变机理研究和功能性细胞获取方面的研究现状与前景,讨论了干细胞与再生医学在临床治疗应用的安全性与规范性。     

Somatic control over the germline stem cell lineage during Drosophila spermatogenesis

Stem cells divide both to produce new stem cells and to generate daughter cells that can differentiate. The underlying mechanisms are not well understood, but conceptually are of two kinds. Intrinsic mechanisms may control the unequal partitioning of determinants leading to asymmetric cell divisions that yield one stem cell and one differentiated daughter cell. Alternatively, extrinsic mechanisms, involving stromal cell signals, could cause daughter cells that remain in their proper niche to stay stem cells, whereas daughter cells that leave this niche differentiate. Here we use Drosophila spermatogenesis as a model stem cell system to show that there are excess stem cells and gonialblasts in testes that are deficient for Raf activity. In addition, the germline stem cell population remains active for a longer fraction of lifespan than in wild type. Finally, raf is required in somatic cells that surround germ cells. We conclude that a cell-extrinsic mechanism regulates germline stem cell behaviour.     

Regulatory networks define phenotypic classes of human stem cell lines

Stem cells are defined as self-renewing cell populations that can differentiate into multiple distinct cell types. However, hundreds of different human cell lines from embryonic, fetal and adult sources have been called stem cells, even though they range from pluripotent cells-typified by embryonic stem cells, which are capable of virtually unlimited proliferation and differentiation-to adult stem cell lines, which can generate a far more limited repertoire of differentiated cell types. The rapid increase in reports of new sources of stem cells and their anticipated value to regenerative medicine has highlighted the need for a general, reproducible method for classification of these cells. We report here the creation and analysis of a database of global gene expression profiles (which we call the 'stem cell matrix') that enables the classification of cultured human stem cells in the context of a wide variety of pluripotent, multipotent and differentiated cell types. Using an unsupervised clustering method to categorize a collection of approximately 150 cell samples, we discovered that pluripotent stem cell lines group together, whereas other cell types, including brain-derived neural stem cell lines, are very diverse. Using further bioinformatic analysis we uncovered a protein-protein network (PluriNet) that is shared by the pluripotent cells (embryonic stem cells, embryonal carcinomas and induced pluripotent cells). Analysis of published data showed that the PluriNet seems to be a common characteristic of pluripotent cells, including mouse embryonic stem and induced pluripotent cells and human oocytes. Our results offer a new strategy for classifying stem cells and support the idea that pluripotency and self-renewal are under tight control by specific molecular networks.     

体细胞核移植技术和诱导多功能干细胞技术的研究比较

本文主要对体细胞核移植技术和诱导多功能干细胞技术的具体操作过程、两种技术当前面临的问题以及他们的应用前景进行了简要说明.     

Paneth cells constitute the niche for Lgr5 stem cells in intestinal crypts

Homeostasis of self-renewing small intestinal crypts results from neutral competition between Lgr5 stem cells, which are small cycling cells located at crypt bottoms. Lgr5 stem cells are interspersed between terminally differentiated Paneth cells that are known to produce bactericidal products such as lysozyme and cryptdins/defensins. Single Lgr5-expressing stem cells can be cultured to form long-lived, self-organizing crypt-villus organoids in the absence of non-epithelial niche cells. Here we find a close physical association of Lgr5 stem cells with Paneth cells in mice, both in vivo and in vitro. CD24(+) Paneth cells express EGF, TGF-α, Wnt3 and the Notch ligand Dll4, all essential signals for stem-cell maintenance in culture. Co-culturing of sorted stem cells with Paneth cells markedly improves organoid formation. This Paneth cell requirement can be substituted by a pulse of exogenous Wnt. Genetic removal of Paneth cells in vivo results in the concomitant loss of Lgr5 stem cells. In colon crypts, CD24(+) cells residing between Lgr5 stem cells may represent the Paneth cell equivalents. We conclude that Lgr5 stem cells compete for essential niche signals provided by a specialized daughter cell, the Paneth cell.