The decline and fate of an iron-induced subarctic phytoplankton bloom

Iron supply has a key role in stimulating phytoplankton blooms in high-nitrate low-chlorophyll oceanic waters. However, the fate of the carbon fixed by these blooms, and how efficiently it is exported into the ocean's interior, remains largely unknown. Here we report on the decline and fate of an iron-stimulated diatom bloom in the Gulf of Alaska. The bloom terminated on day 18, following the depletion of iron and then silicic acid, after which mixed-layer particulate organic carbon (POC) concentrations declined over six days. Increased particulate silica export via sinking diatoms was recorded in sediment traps at depths between 50 and 125 m from day 21, yet increased POC export was not evident until day 24. Only a small proportion of the mixed-layer POC was intercepted by the traps, with more than half of the mixed-layer POC deficit attributable to bacterial remineralization and mesozooplankton grazing. The depletion of silicic acid and the inefficient transfer of iron-increased POC below the permanent thermocline have major implications both for the biogeochemical interpretation of times of greater iron supply in the geological past, and also for proposed geo-engineering schemes to increase oceanic carbon sequestration.     

A massive phytoplankton bloom induced by an ecosystem-scale iron fertilization experiment in the equatorial Pacific Ocean

The seeding of an expanse of surface waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean with low concentrations of dissolved iron triggered a massive phytoplankton bloom which consumed large quantities of carbon dioxide and nitrate that these microscopic plants cannot fully utilize under natural conditions. These and other observations provide unequivocal support for the hypothesis that phytoplankton growth in this oceanic region is limited by iron bioavailability.     

电磁搅拌对大方坯结晶器流场和液面波动的影响

针对260 mm×300 mm大方坯结晶器,采用有限元和有限体积法相结合的方法研究了电磁搅拌对结晶器流场和液面波动的影响.磁场模拟结果与现场实测数据一致.电磁搅拌使结晶器内钢液在水平截面呈旋转流动,在纵截面上形成两对回流方向相反的环流区,最大切向速度随电流和频率的增加而增大,结晶器自由液面的波动随电流和频率的增加而加剧.对于260 mm×300 mm大方坯轴承钢连铸,合理的结晶器电磁搅拌电流和频率分别是300 A和3 Hz.     

Model prediction of the effect of in-mold electromagnetic stirring on negative segregation under bloom surface

Aiming at the problem of negative segregation under a bloom surface, a coupling macrosegregation model considering electromagnetic field, flow, heat, and solute transport was established based on the volume average method to study the effect of in-mold electromagnetic stirring(M-EMS) on the negative segregation under the bloom surface. In the model, the influence of dendrite structure on the flow and solute transport was described by the change of permeability. The model was validated by the magnetic induction intensity of M-EMS and carbon segregation experiment. The results show that the solute C in the solidified shell in the turbulent zone of the bloom undergoes two negative segregations, whereby the first is caused by nozzle jet, and the second by the M-EMS. The severities of the negative segregation caused by M-EMS at different currents and frequencies are also different, and the larger the current is, or the smaller the frequency is, the more serious will be the negative segregation.With the M-EMS, the solute C distribution in the liquid phase of the bloom is more uniform, but the mass fraction of C in the liquid phase is higher than that without M-EMS.     

A mesoscale phytoplankton bloom in the polar Southern Ocean stimulated by iron fertilization

Changes in iron supply to oceanic plankton are thought to have a significant effect on concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide by altering rates of carbon sequestration, a theory known as the 'iron hypothesis'. For this reason, it is important to understand the response of pelagic biota to increased iron supply. Here we report the results of a mesoscale iron fertilization experiment in the polar Southern Ocean, where the potential to sequester iron-elevated algal carbon is probably greatest. Increased iron supply led to elevated phytoplankton biomass and rates of photosynthesis in surface waters, causing a large drawdown of carbon dioxide and macronutrients, and elevated dimethyl sulphide levels after 13 days. This drawdown was mostly due to the proliferation of diatom stocks. But downward export of biogenic carbon was not increased. Moreover, satellite observations of this massive bloom 30 days later, suggest that a sufficient proportion of the added iron was retained in surface waters. Our findings demonstrate that iron supply controls phytoplankton growth and community composition during summer in these polar Southern Ocean waters, but the fate of algal carbon remains unknown and depends on the interplay between the processes controlling export, remineralisation and timescales of water mass subduction.     

大方坯连铸结晶器电磁搅拌三维电磁场的数值模拟

借助ANSYS有限元分析软件对240mm×280mm大方坯结晶器电磁搅拌磁场进行了数值模拟,系统研究了电磁搅拌参数对结晶器内磁场和电磁力的影响规律.结果表明:磁场在结晶器电磁搅拌器内产生的旋转电磁力在水平截面上形成一对力偶,驱使钢液顺时针旋转;结晶器高度方向上磁场分布呈"两端小中间大"分布特征.数值计算的磁感应强度与实测结果基本吻合.提出了杭钢大方坯45#钢电磁搅拌优化后的工艺参数为电流350A和频率3Hz,实验表明在此工艺参数下铸坯质量得到显著提高.     

The biogeochemical behavior of dissolved aluminum in the southern Yellow Sea: Influence of the spring phytoplankton bloom

Many recent studies have investigated the nutrient-type profiles of dissolved aluminum(Al) in the ocean.Significant scavenging of dissolved Al can occur during phytoplankton blooms,but the mechanism remains unclear.The distribution of dissolved Al in the southern Yellow Sea(SYS) was investigated in winter and spring 2009.Following measurements at grid stations during the spring sampling cruise,two drifting anchor surveys of more than 100 h were conducted to trace the variation of dissolved Al concentration during the spring phytoplankton bloom(SPB).The concentration of dissolved Al in the SYS decreased from 40 nmol/L in February to 30 nmol/L in March and 10-20 nmol/L in April,while the concentration of Chl a increased from < 2 μg/L in March to > 4 μg/L in April.The concentration of dissolved Al in the SYS decreased significantly with the development of the phytoplankton bloom,which indicated biological scavenging of dissolved Al from water column.The proportion of dissolved Al scavenged from water column by different phytoplankton species differed at the two drifting stations,with greater removal efficiency demonstrated by diatoms than dinoflagellates.Phytoplankton samples collected from the Chl a maximum layer were washed with trace metal clean reagent(oxalate-EDTA-citrate,abbreviate as oxalate solution,Tovar-Sanchez et al.,2003) to enable the surface-scavenged(extracellular) and intracellular Al pools associated with phytoplankton to be differentiated.Thirty-nine to ninetysix percent of the total Al was found to be existed in the interior pools,which indicated that biological absorption was the important way to scavenge dissolved Al during phytoplankton blooms in the SYS.     

深圳沿海浮游植物组成及赤潮发生趋势分析

目的 :为了解深圳海域 ,包括深圳湾、大鹏湾和伶仃洋的 9个站位浮游植物的种类组成及数量分布 .方法 :依据国家海洋局制订的《海洋调查规范》进行调查 .结果 :确认深圳海域共有12 5种 (变种、变型 )浮游植物 ,主要为硅藻 ,占浮游植物总量的 90 %以上 ,以角毛藻 (Chaetoceros)、根管藻 (Rhizosolenia)及海链藻 (Thalassiosira)居多 ;甲藻以原甲藻 (Prorocentrum)为多 .浮游植物的水平分布为 :东部以角毛藻为优势种群 ,西部以骨条藻 (Skeletonemacostatun)占优势 .秋末冬初总体上分析浮游植物数量并不算高 .但个别站位如大鹏湾的盐田海域数量高达 17.2× 10 6 /L ;西部的深圳湾也达 11.7× 10 5/L .叶绿素a含量从 1.10mg·m- 3 (S4 站位 )到 2 .34mg·m- 3 (S2 站位 ) .结论 :浮游植物中有约 2 0种为赤潮生物 ,发现有有毒的塔码亚历山大藻 (Alexandriumtamarense)及短裸甲藻(Gymnodiniumbreve) ,应引起高度重视 .     

全尾砂膏体搅拌剪切过程的触变性

膏体触变性是一种复杂的流变现象,涉及到膏体的搅拌制备、管道输送、采场流动等多方面,但是对膏体的触变性机理目前还缺乏统一的认识,对全尾砂膏体处置技术中出现的各种与触变性相关现象还难以解释。针对全尾砂膏体搅拌剪切过程中的触变行为,对某尾矿全尾砂膏体在不同条件下进行流变测试,研究全尾砂粒级、膏体中固相质量分数、水泥添加量、静置时间等因素对膏体触变的影响规律,分析全尾砂膏体触变行为及其对全尾砂膏体稳定性能的影响。研究结果表明,全尾砂颗粒以三维网状结构弥散于浆体空间,其触变性与屈服应力及膏体料浆稳定性相关,受到料浆中超细成分、灰砂比、固相质量分数等影响,膏体触变特征可划分为剪切破坏及静置恢复两个过程,其流变特性具有随时间而变化的特点。     

分布式环境下改进的Bloom Filter过滤技术

分析了Bloom Filter技术在特殊的分布式系统———P2P系统中的应用.基于Bloom Filter提出了一种新的Division Bloom Filter(DBF)技术,DBF技术采用了一组相互独立的哈希函数来计算数据对象的地址序列,然后使用这组地址序列将数据对象存储到一个分片的位向量中,所以DBF技术可以有效减少数据对象的存储空间.实验证明,DBF不仅可以解决Bloom Filter在分布式环境下的动态更新问题,还可以有效减少BloomFilter的错误率以及改善其稳定性.最后还使用数据压缩技术进一步减少在P2P系统中使用DBF技术的结点间通信代价.     

新艺术时代:素描教学与传统架上绘画存在的价值

近年来,各种以现代、后现代艺术名义出现的艺术样式,对传统绘画产生了某种意义上的冲击,传统架上绘画存在的价值受到怀疑.文章对架上绘画是否已经失去独立存在的意义,作为传统架上绘画重要基础之一的素描,在学院教学中的价值应如何估量等均作了客观的评述.     

Challenges in the development of an HIV-1 vaccine

The development of a safe and effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 vaccine is a critically important global health priority. Despite recent advances in our understanding of HIV-1 pathogenesis and immunology, however, major scientific obstacles remain. Prototype HIV-1 vaccine candidates aimed at eliciting humoral and cellular immune responses have so far failed to protect against HIV-1 infection or to reduce viral loads after infection in clinical efficacy studies. A renewed and coordinated commitment to basic discovery research, preclinical studies and clinical trials will therefore be required to overcome the hurdles currently facing the field. Here I review key challenges and future prospects in the quest to develop a prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine.