中国云南地区地面紫外辐射观测

 在云南丽江(26°52′N,100°13′E)和勐腊(21°29′N,101°34′E)两地分别对以254nm和297nm为中心波长的太阳紫外辐射作了地面观测.观测时间为1999年7月～2000年5月.本文分析了两地紫外辐射的时空变化并初步讨论了与云量、臭氧总量的相关关系.研究结果表明:297nm波段的紫外辐射夏季强,冬季弱,具有明显的季节变化.丽江地区的紫外辐射在同一云量条件下高于勐腊地区,这可能是由海拔高度的差异引起.云量对两地的紫外辐射变化有强烈的影响,而当剔除云量、季节和随机变化等影响因素后,紫外辐射和臭氧总量呈现出了负的相关关系.     

Surface ozone monitoring and background characteristics at Zhongshan Station over Antarctica

Seasonal variation in surface ozone and the relationship between the background ozone concentration and wind were evaluated at Zhongshan Station,Antarctica using 2008 data.The wind frequency from the station area was only 2%,while the prevailing wind frequency was much larger (79.2%).This indicates that the surface ozone observations were not affected by the human activities at the station,and therefore could be counted as background concentrations of surface ozone along Antarctic coast.The concentration of surface ozone shows a distinct annual variation with the yearly mean of 25.0 nmol mol-1 and the maximum in winter,the minimum in summer.The surface ozone concentration had a strong negative correlation with ultraviolet radiation,and the mean values during polar night were one to two times higher than those in summer.These results imply that photochemical destruction of ozone dominates over Antarctica.The ozone depletion events at Zhongshan Station were obviously related to lower temperatures and higher BrO concentrations.Backward trajectory analysis reveals that the ozone depletion events are predominately caused by the high BrO concentrations.     

青藏高原太阳紫外线辐射及其生物学效应研究现状

青藏高原是世界上紫外辐射最强烈的地区之一,受臭氧层减薄及夏季臭氧低谷效应的影响,使得该地区紫外辐射更加强烈,这引起了人们对该地区紫外辐射研究的关注。紫外辐射具有强烈的生物学效应,能够对人体、动物、植物、微生物造成普遍的影响甚至伤害。青藏高原强烈的紫外辐射为研究紫外辐射的生物学效应提供了天然实验场地及材料,为寻求生物抗紫外辐射的遗传响应、相关生理生化机制提供了可能。通过对这一地区生物群落和生态系统开展紫外辐射相关研究,有可能在强紫外辐射生态学研究上取得突破性进展。     

平流层极地臭氧损耗影响对流层气候的研究进展

大气平流层臭氧的严重损耗将导致到达地面的太阳紫外辐射增加已经是公共社会普遍关切的问题。最近几年,平流层臭氧损耗能否对对流层大气环流和气候产生重要影响也引起了广泛的重视,并且已成为大气科学的一个热点问题。观测研究表明近二三十年来在两极臭氧严重损耗的季节,地表气温有明显的变暖趋势,也就是欧亚大陆1—3月份和南极半岛12—5月份的地面温度呈现显著增温。这些增温趋势很可能是平流层两极的严重臭氧损耗造成的。当然,这些增温并非是由臭氧损耗的辐射效应直接造成的,而是通过波－流相互作用以及平流层－对流层相互作用等动力学过程实现的。大量的数值模拟工作也对此问题进行了研究,一些模拟结果与观测结果基本一致,另一些则发现平流层臭氧损耗的强迫作用较弱,也有模拟工作认为其他外界强迫如温室气体增加和热带海面温度升高也非常重要。作者综述了这一研究领域在近几年的最新研究进展,总结有关的观测分析和数值模拟结果,阐述平流层极地臭氧损耗可能影响地面温度的物理机制,以及澄清各种争论要点。     

紫外线和臭氧在屏障设施消毒中的应用及职业防护

紫外线消毒灯和臭氧空气消毒机在屏障设施物体表面消毒、水的消毒、空气消毒除臭等方面有一定的应用。本文阐述了紫外线消毒和臭氧消毒、除臭的原理,分析了影响消毒效果的众多因素并提出相应对策,重视"紫外线辐射强度"监测,加强职业防护,并提出在屏障设施如何正确使用紫外线灯值得商榷。     

An influence of solar spectral variations on radiative forcing of climate

The thermal structure and composition of the atmosphere is determined fundamentally by the incoming solar irradiance. Radiation at ultraviolet wavelengths dissociates atmospheric molecules, initiating chains of chemical reactions-specifically those producing stratospheric ozone-and providing the major source of heating for the middle atmosphere, while radiation at visible and near-infrared wavelengths mainly reaches and warms the lower atmosphere and the Earth's surface. Thus the spectral composition of solar radiation is crucial in determining atmospheric structure, as well as surface temperature, and it follows that the response of the atmosphere to variations in solar irradiance depends on the spectrum. Daily measurements of the solar spectrum between 0.2?μm and 2.4?μm, made by the Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SIM) instrument on the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) satellite since April 2004, have revealed that over this declining phase of the solar cycle there was a four to six times larger decline in ultraviolet than would have been predicted on the basis of our previous understanding. This reduction was partially compensated in the total solar output by an increase in radiation at visible wavelengths. Here we show that these spectral changes appear to have led to a significant decline from 2004 to 2007 in stratospheric ozone below an altitude of 45?km, with an increase above this altitude. Our results, simulated with a radiative-photochemical model, are consistent with contemporaneous measurements of ozone from the Aura-MLS satellite, although the short time period makes precise attribution to solar effects difficult. We also show, using the SIM data, that solar radiative forcing of surface climate is out of phase with solar activity. Currently there is insufficient observational evidence to validate the spectral variations observed by SIM, or to fully characterize other solar cycles, but our findings raise the possibility that the effects of solar variability on temperature throughout the atmosphere may be contrary to current expectations.     

环境条件对园林植物有害生物的影响＇

从环境变化包括温度、CO：浓度升高、臭氧、紫外线B-辐射的加剧对园林植物以及园林植物病虫害的影响进行了分析，对气候温度的升高在园林植物上发生新的虫害以及生物入侵的条件可能性进行阐述，着重介绍了环境变化（CO：的增加、全球变暖、臭氧、紫外线B-辐射）对园林植物病害的影响。     

关于大气臭氧问题的主要研究进展

大气臭氧是非常重要的温室气体,其在全球的分布具有不均匀性,受到人类活动的显著影响,近几十年来由于对流层臭氧增加造成正的辐射强迫会增加大气温室效应,而平流臭氧减少会使其吸收的紫外线辐射减少,为负的辐射强迫,使得平流层大气降温。因此关于大气臭氧浓度变化及其对气候的影响是非常复杂的,一直是科学界研究的热点和难点问题。自从20世纪50年代末到70年代就发现臭氧浓度有减少的趋势。1985年英国南极考察队在南纬60°地区观测发现存在大气臭氧层空洞;自此开始,大气臭氧问题引起了世界各国的极大关注,并给予很多研究。目前,平流层和对流层臭氧浓度的观测仍然是研究的重点。鉴于对流层臭氧浓度持续升高和平流层臭氧浓度的不断下降,以及他们在对流层和平流层大气温度中所起的不同作用,本文将主要针对近五年来大气臭氧相关的研究进展进行简要的综述,包括对流层和平流层臭氧浓度及其观测研究,和人类活动的影响等方面进行分述。最后给出目前研究工作的不足和未来工作展望。     

紫外辐射时空变化规律研究进展

紫外辐射(ultraviolet radiation, UVR)会对人体健康,陆生及水生有机体产生伤害作用。因此,了解紫外辐射在全球及中国的分布及变化状况十分重要。综述了UVR在全球和中国地表分布状况,及影响因素。从全球而言,赤道附近南北纬23°之间UVR最强,亚马孙热带雨林地区低于周边地区,一些高海拔地区也是UVR高值区。中国UVR分布从南向北逐渐减小,从东向西增加,青藏高原一直是高值区;从时间分布来看,北半球和中国紫外辐射强度基本一致,1—7月紫外线逐渐增强,7月达到最大值,后逐渐减弱,12月达最小值。南半球时间变化与之相反,最高值出现在1月份。且因人类活动排放的消耗臭氧层物质作用,臭氧层仍持续减少,因此到达地表UVR强度最大将增加。从影响地表UVR分布因素而言,天文因素、臭氧、云、气溶胶及大气污染物、海拔高度、地表反照率等因素均对地表UVR产生重要影响。因此,加强UVR监测与预报,以及加强UVR对陆生与水生生态系统研究对生产、生活及科学研究等领域均十分重要。     

兰州城区太阳紫外辐射及其与空气污染的关系

利用太阳辐射观测及环境空气质量监测资料，分析了各种天气状况下兰州城区太阳总辐射、紫外辐射的变化特征及其与空气污染的关系．结果表明：自1960-1998年地面接收的太阳辐射总体呈下降趋势，平均下降约12％．晴天紫外辐射占总辐射的4％-5％，紫外辐射的变化趋势与总辐射相同：兰州城区NOx，TSP质量浓度总体上呈下降趋势，O3质量浓度从1985-1989年有所下降，之后又呈上升趋势；紫外辐射与总辐射的比值与大气浑浊度因子S／D相关性较好，二者满足指数关系，相关系数蜘-0.79．兰州城区机动车NOx排放量随汽车保有量的快速增加而呈上升趋势．     

Effect of climate change relative to ozone depletion on UV exposure in subarctic lakes

The effect of stratospheric ozone depletion on increases in ambient levels of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation in high-latitude regions' has raised concerns about the response of northern ecosystems to environmental change. The concentration of coloured dissolved organic material, which is derived from terrestrial vegetation and acts as a screen for ultraviolet radiation, is low in high-latitude lakes. The underwater light environment in these lakes is therefore likely to be sensitive to small variations in the supply of this material, in addition to the effects of ozone depletion. Here we use fossil diatom assemblages in combination with bio-optical models to estimate the magnitude of past variations in the underwater light regime of a lake at the boreal tree line. We find large shifts in underwater UV-B, UV-A and photosynthetically available radiation associated with changes in the input of coloured dissolved organic material into subarctic lakes during the Holocene. The inferred changes in biological exposure to UV radiation were at least two orders of magnitude greater than those associated with moderate (30%) ozone depletion. Our findings indicate that freshwater ecosystems at present located across vegetation gradients will experience significant shifts in underwater spectral irradiance through the effects of climate change on catchment vegetation and the export of coloured dissolved organic material.     

城市污水消毒技术的研究进展

城市污水消毒是保障水质安全必不可少的环节。目前,城市污水消毒方法主要为氯消毒、二氧化氯消毒、紫外消毒和臭氧消毒等,传统氯消毒由于产生有毒副产物而逐步为其他消毒方法所取代,阐述了各种消毒方式的消毒原理及应用,联合消毒技术将成为近几年发展较快的城市污水消毒技术。     

O_3/H_2O_2降解活性黄X-RG优化设计及动力学研究

采用O_3/H_2O_2工艺处理活性黄X-RG,考察废水的pH、O_3流量、染料的初始质量浓度及温度对活性黄X-RG脱色率的影响,并进行反应动力学研究,建立了动力学模型。通过对染料紫外可见光谱和红外光谱的分析,探究活性黄X-RG的矿化程度。结果表明:pH的增加、O_3流量和温度的提高有利于染料的降解,而染料初始质量浓度的增加则导致降解率降低,其中O_3流量变化对结果的影响相对较小。当H_2O_2投加量为1 mmol、pH为 6.5、O_3流量为 60 L/h、染料初始质量浓度为300 mg/L、温度为293 K时,活性黄X-RG脱色率达到95.03%。在实验范围内,该降解过程符合一级动力学。     

地表水的臭氧化处理研究

对地表水臭氧化的效果进行研究。臭氧氧化反应所需的时间较短，在2min之内反应基本完成。臭氧处理地表水后，水质可以产生显著的变化，除了直接降低CODMn，负荷、芳香族有机污染物的含量、有效杀灭藻类外，还可通过溶解氧的增加及水的可生化性的增强来改善水质。     

两种紫外线杀菌灯对甲基橙染料的脱色作用

以产生臭氧和不产生臭氧两种紫外线杀菌灯为光源,以甲基橙染料为对象,染料脱色率为指标,研究了两种光源对甲基橙的脱色作用.结果表明:甲基橙在产生臭氧和不产生臭氧两种光源照射下脱色率不同,光照3h后甲基橙脱色率分别为79.1%和7.9%.造成高脱色率的因素不是紫外线杀菌灯产生的臭氧,可能是紫外线杀菌灯产生的真空紫外线对甲基橙作用的结果.     

Detection of stratospheric ozone intrusions by windprofiler radars

Stratospheric ozone attenuates harmful ultraviolet radiation and protects the Earth's biosphere. Ozone is also of fundamental importance for the chemistry of the lowermost part of the atmosphere, the troposphere. At ground level, ozone is an important by-product of anthropogenic pollution, damaging forests and crops, and negatively affecting human health. Ozone is critical to the chemical and thermal balance of the troposphere because, via the formation of hydroxyl radicals, it controls the capacity of tropospheric air to oxidize and remove other pollutants. Moreover, ozone is an important greenhouse gas, particularly in the upper troposphere. Although photochemistry in the lower troposphere is the major source of tropospheric ozone, the stratosphere-troposphere transport of ozone is important to the overall climatology, budget and long-term trends of tropospheric ozone. Stratospheric intrusion events, however, are still poorly understood. Here we introduce the use of modern windprofiler radars to assist in such transport investigations. By hourly monitoring the radar-derived tropopause height in combination with a series of frequent ozonesonde balloon launches, we find numerous intrusions of ozone from the stratosphere into the troposphere in southeastern Canada. On some occasions, ozone is dispersed at altitudes of two to four kilometres, but on other occasions it reaches the ground, where it can dominate the ozone density variability. We observe rapid changes in radar tropopause height immediately preceding these intrusion events. Such changes therefore serve as a valuable diagnostic for the occurrence of ozone intrusion events. Our studies emphasize the impact that stratospheric ozone can have on tropospheric ozone, and show that windprofiler data can be used to infer the possibility of ozone intrusions, as well as better represent tropopause motions in association with stratosphere-troposphere transport.     

Monitoring of the 2011 spring low ozone events in the Arctic region

Data from FY-3B SBUS and NOAA SBUV/2 were used to monitor ozone levels in the Arctic region from March 1 to April 5, 2011. Results revealed a significant ozone depletion in the area, with total ozone levels between 200–250 DU. The ozone levels recorded were 100–200 DU below normal, and in some parts the levels were as low as 200 DU, indicating a mini ozone-hole. During the sampling period, the ozone depletion area underwent identifiable expansion and detraction, a rotation around the North Pole from the west to the east, and a longitudinal movement from the Pole, spreading to the mid latitudes. The effects of these rare low ozone events were not only felt in the Arctic, but also extended to densely populated areas between Europe and the middle of Russia. In this region, rapidly increasing levels of ultraviolet radiation were detected at the Earth’s surface. Given the significant risk that this poses to both the environment and people’s health, this occurrence has significant global implications.     

Sulphur isotope evidence for an oxic Archaean atmosphere

The presence of mass-independently fractionated sulphur isotopes (MIF-S) in many sedimentary rocks older than approximately 2.4 billion years (Gyr), and the absence of MIF-S in younger rocks, has been considered the best evidence for a dramatic change from an anoxic to oxic atmosphere around 2.4 Gyr ago. This is because the only mechanism known to produce MIF-S has been ultraviolet photolysis of volcanic sulphur dioxide gas in an oxygen-poor atmosphere. Here we report the absence of MIF-S throughout approximately 100-m sections of 2.76-Gyr-old lake sediments and 2.92-Gyr-old marine shales in the Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. We propose three possible interpretations of the MIF-S geologic record: (1) the level of atmospheric oxygen fluctuated greatly during the Archaean era; (2) the atmosphere has remained oxic since approximately 3.8 Gyr ago, and MIF-S in sedimentary rocks represents times and regions of violent volcanic eruptions that ejected large volumes of sulphur dioxide into the stratosphere; or (3) MIF-S in rocks was mostly created by non-photochemical reactions during sediment diagenesis, and thus is not linked to atmospheric chemistry.     

气温变化的层次结构的外部成因浅析

利用近百年来大气中CO₂含量、太阳活动和强火山活动的历史资料,对照南北半球气温变化的层次结构,发现北半球在1924年、南半球在1939年发生的大尺度冷暖突变,CO₂气体的温室效应不是主要的强迫因素,也不太可能是由太阳常数的较大天文改变引起的,它与强火山活动有着密切关系。北半球1924年前的大冷期内中等冷期对应着中低纬强火山爆发,中等暖期对应着中高纬强火山爆发,对应关系明显。南半球中等尺度的冷暖突变与年平均相对黑子数准11.2年的周期有着明显的对应关系。     

FY-3 satellite Ultraviolet Total Ozone Unit

FY-3 satellites are Chinese second-generation polar orbit meteorological satellite series. Ultraviolet Total Ozone Unit (TOU) is one of the main payloads on FY-3 satellite and the first instrument for daily global coverage of total ozone monitoring in China. The main purpose of TOU is to measure the Earth backscatter ultraviolet radiation for retrieving daily global map of atmospheric ozone. TOU will provide the important parameters for environmental monitoring, climate forecasting and global climate changi...