均匀化处理温度对6082铝合金组织和性能的影响

采用硬度、电导率测试、金相显微镜、X线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜和能谱分析技术,研究均匀化温度对合金组织和性能的影响.研究结果表明:铸态合金由α-Al固溶体和非平衡共晶相组成;490～510℃均匀化,Mg2Si相从过饱和固溶体中析出,在510℃以上均匀化,随着温度的升高,Mg2Si又逐步回溶到基体中,560℃均匀化,Mg2Si相和过剩单质Si完全溶解;随着均匀化温度的升高,非平衡析出物鱼骨状共晶形态逐渐消失,针状β-AlMnFeSi溶解、断裂,转变为具有更高(Mn+Fe)/Si比值颗粒状α-Al(MnFe)Si相,析出相在高温均匀化过程中聚集、球化;560℃均匀化,析出物的连续网状结构转变成链状结构,析出物演化为等轴粒状α-Al(MnFe)Si相.均匀化过程中合金中析出弥散α-Al(MnFe)Si相;在490～560℃保温6h均匀化处理,温度升高,合金的硬度和电导率分别升高和降低.     

时效对Ti_3Al—Nb合金显微组织与拉伸性能的影响

研究了Ti_3Al-Nb(Ti-24Al-14Nb-3V-0.5Mo)(at％)合金时效过程中组织与性能的变化。结果表明,合金经α_2 β两相区1000℃lh/WQ固溶处理后,分别在650、750和850℃时效24h空冷,会使其析出二次针状α_2相和大量“O”相。随着时效温度的升高,初生α_2相长大,二次针状α_2相和“O”相球化。“O”相除以块状形式存在于初生α_2相周围外,还成片分布于初生α_2相内部。时效温度降低,室温,高温拉伸强度减小,而延伸率逐渐升高。时效态室温拉伸断口形貌为混合型断口。     

高硅铝合金高温微观力学行为研究

高硅铝合金以其优异的性能在电子封装领域具有广阔的应用前景,准确地测量其高温微观力学行为具有重要意义.本文基于数字图像相关(DIC)方法,对Al-27%Si、Al-42%Si、Al-60%Si3种不同硅含量高硅铝合金的拉伸试样开展了扫描电子显微镜(SEM)下的高温原位拉伸实验研究.分析了在20～300℃下测得的3种合金的应力-应变曲线、微尺度全场应变分布规律以及拉伸试样的断口形貌.结果表明,硅的含量和温度对高硅铝合金拉伸力学行为具有显著的影响.随着温度的升高,3种合金的应变量均逐渐增大,其中Al-27%Si的应变量变化最大.3种合金的抗拉强度随温度的升高均近似呈线性趋势降低,常温下Al-27%Si最高,200℃以上时Al-42%Si最高,Al-60%Si合金的抗拉强度最低.在Al-27%Si与Al-42%Si合金的应变场中的铝基体相内部出现了明显的应变集中现象,而Al-60%Si的应变分布较均匀.温度对3种合金的微尺度拉伸变形场分布规律影响不大.合金的拉伸断口形貌表明,随着硅含量的增加,高硅铝合金主要的拉伸断裂机制由铝相的韧性断裂逐渐转变为硅相的脆性断裂,而温度对其影响较小.3种高硅铝合金在不同温度下拉伸时均无明显的屈服现象,也未出现颈缩现象.     

工艺参数对Al-Zr中间合金中初生Al3Zr相的影响

以Al-K2ZrF6为反应体系，采用Al热还原法，研究了不同工艺参数对Al-Zr中间合金凝固过程中初生Al3Zr相的形貌、尺寸、数量及分布状态的影响.结果表明:随着熔体反应温度的增加，Al3Zr晶体的形貌由小块状逐渐长成长条状，尺寸增加，数量减少；当温度低于1000℃，晶体呈现小块状；温度高于1000℃时，晶体呈现长条状；温度为1000℃时，晶体呈现块状和长条状的混合态.与使用铁模相比，采用耐火材料模时，Al3Zr相尺寸增大，数量减小.随着K2ZrF6加入量的增加，Al3Zr相的体积分数增多，尺寸更细小，分布更均匀.     

半固态等温热处理对AZ91D镁合金组织的影响

研究了 AZ91 D镁合金在半固态等温热处理过程中 ,等温时间、等温温度对其组织形态和初生相尺寸的影响 .研究发现 :在升温过程中 ,晶界处的共晶组织 (δ+γ)中的 γ相先发生溶解 ,之后 ,随着温度进一步升高 ,δ相又发生熔化分离 ,并在等温处理过程中逐渐变为球状 .当等温时间过长时 ,球状颗粒有长大的趋势 ,结果表明 :在 570℃时保温 60 min,可得到初生相尺寸在 50～ 80 μm的球状组织 .     

浇铸法制备铜铝复合材料及其性能研究

采用浇铸法制备铜铝复合材料,并对铜铝复合材料的组织、导电性以及结合性能进行了研究.采用扫描电子显微镜和偏光显微镜观察双金属结合界面微观组织形貌,用能谱仪进行化学成分分析,用X射线衍射仪进行物相分析.结果表明:随着铝液浇铸温度的升高,铜铝复合材料结合强度呈现出先升高后降低的趋势;复合材料导电性则出现先缓慢下降再急剧下降的趋势.在浇铸温度为720 ℃时,铜铝复合材料组织分布均匀,结合强度较好,导电性下降较缓慢.     

均匀化处理对7A52铝合金组织和性能的影响

采用硬度、电导率测量、金相和高温原位X射线衍射分析技术研究不同均匀化处理条件下7A52铝合金组织与性能的变化规律，着重讨论不同均匀化处理条件下合金的物相组成及其演变、基体固溶体固溶度的变化与合金硬度和电导率的关系。研究结果表明：铸态合金由α-Al过饱和固溶体及少量平衡相MgZn2组成；在均匀化处理过程中，铸态合金显微组织结构发生了2个方面的变化：一方面，在300℃以下均匀化，过饱和固溶体分解，析出MgZn2平衡相；在400℃以上均匀化，上述平衡相又逐步回溶到基体固溶体中；另一方面，在400℃以上均匀化，铸态合金枝晶组织和枝晶间粗大的平衡相随均匀化温度的升高而逐步消失，与此同时，铸态合金的硬度先降低然后升高，电导率则先升高然后降低。这种性能的变化与铸态合金的组织结构变化一一对应。7A52合金铸锭适宜的均匀化处理工艺为470℃／24h。     

Mo对650℃高温钛合金组织和性能的影响

研究了Mo对650℃高温钛合金组织和性能的影响。研究表明：Mo可以细化钛合金的显微组织,且能在较小幅度降低其室温塑性的前提下,显著提高其室温强度;Mo对钛合金650℃高温强度和塑性影响不显著;合金的高温持久性能和蠕变性能具有强烈的组织和温度敏感性,初生α相含量和温度对钛合金高温持久性能和蠕变性能的影响远大于Mo;在较高温度下（初生α相体积分数约为15%）,Mo的质量分数为0.6%时,对钛合金热稳定性能有很好的改善作用。     

热力交变作用下WC-12Co硬质合金变形机理

采用Gleeble 1500对WC-12Co硬质合金进行不同温度和应力场的压缩疲劳实验,测量疲劳前后合金硬度的变化,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)等手段观察其组织结构的变化并分析其变形失效机理.结果表明:随着实验温度与加载载荷的升高,WC-12Co合金硬度呈下降趋势,WC晶粒发生圆化,WC晶粒骨架的完整程度下降.WC-12Co合金的疲劳变形失效机理为:在较低变形温度和变形载荷下,塑性变形由WC相中的位错滑移和黏结相马氏体转变所提供,随着变形温度和变形载荷的升高,塑性变形则通过硬质相的层错运动和WC/WC的界面滑动形成黏结相条带来实现.     

NdFeB磁性材料化学镀非晶态Ni—W—P合金及其相转变行为

采用化学镀方法在NdFeB磁性材料表面施镀非晶态Ni—W—P合金,利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）及X射线衍射仪对Ni—WP合金镀层的组织形貌、结构及其相转变行为进行了分析．结果表明,非晶态Ni—W—P合金镀层是由大量不同尺寸的颗粒状或胞状突起组成,随着热处理温度逐渐升高,镀层结构由非晶结构逐渐转变为晶态结构,非晶态Ni—W—P合金镀层的晶化转变温度范围为350～380℃．     

Effects of alloying and high-temperature heat treatment on the microstructure of Nb–Ti–Si based ultrahigh temperatur e alloys

The phase co mpositions, microstructure and especi ally phase i nterfaces in the as-cast and heat-treated Nb– Ti–Si based ultrahigh temperature alloys have been investigated. It is shown that β(Nb,X)5Si3 and γ(Nb,X)5Si3 are the primary p hase s in the Nb–22Ti–16Si–5Cr–5Al (S1) (at%) and Nb–20Ti–16Si–6C r–4Al–5Hf–2B–0.06Y (S2) (at% ) alloys, respectively. The Nb solid solution (Nbss) is the primary phase in Nb–22Ti–14Si–5Hf–3Al–1. 5B –0.0 6Y (S3) (at%) alloy . An orientation relationship between Nbss and γ(Nb,X)5Si3 was determine d to be (1-10)Nb//(101-0)γ and [111]Nb//[0001]γ in the as-cast S2 and S3 alloys. Some original β(Nb,X)5Si3 transfor med into α(Nb,X)5Si3 because Al and Cr diffused from the β(Nb,X)5Si3 to Nbss during heattreatment at 1500 °C for 50 h in the S1 alloy. Mean while, Ti diffused from Nbss to β(Nb,X)5Si3, which induced a Ti to generate near the interface between Nbss and Ti-rich β(Nb,X)5Si3. The orientation relationship between the newl y-formed a Ti and previous Nbss was (110 )Nb//(1-10-1) αTi and [001]Nb//(12-3-1)αTi. Among the ( Nb,X)5Si3 phases , the contents o f Cr and Al in β(Nb,X)5Si3 are n earl y the same as those in γ(Nb,X)5Si3 but obviously hi gher than those in the α(Nb,X)5Si3, where as the content of Si in α(Nb,X)5Si3 is nearly the same a s that in γ(Nb,X)5Si3 but higher than that in the β(Nb,X)5Si3     

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Nb-Si-Cr ternary alloys with a tri-phase Nb/Nb5Si3/Cr2Nb microstructure fabricated by spark plasma sintering

In this work, pure Nb, Nb₅Si₃ and Laves Cr₂Nb compound powders were used as raw materials to prepare Nb-Si-Cr ternary alloys by spark plasma sintering (SPS). A comprehensive estimation of the microstructure and properties, including room temperature fracture toughness, high temperature strength and oxidation resistance, of the Nb-Si-Cr ternary alloys as a function of the Nb/Nb₅Si₃/Cr₂Nb phase volume fraction combinations was conducted. The results showed that Nb-Si-Cr ternary samples with the relative density larger than 98.42% were obtained by SPS processing, and the samples all consisted of Nb, Nb₅Si₃ and Cr₂Nb phases that were distributed homogeneously. The fracture toughness K_Q of the Nb/Nb₅Si₃/Cr₂Nb microstructure, which was dominated by the Nb phase, naturally increased with the Nb fraction. As expected, the room-temperature Vickers hardness and the high-temperature strength of the bulk alloys increased monotonically with the increasing of the stiffening Nb₅Si₃ fraction. Interestingly, the binary Cr₂Nb phase played a positive role in the high temperature strength and oxidation resistance. Finally, the fracture modes of the typical Nb/Nb₅Si₃/Cr₂Nb microstructures under bending and compression conditions at room and high temperatures as well as the oxidation mechanism are described and discussed.     

Effects of minor B additions on tensile strength,fracture toughness and oxidation resistance of Nb–Si based alloys

The effects of minor additions of B on microstructure, ambient tensile strength, fracture toughness and high-temperature oxidation resistance of Nb–Si based alloys were investigated. The added contents were designed as 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 ?at.%. The results show constituent phases in 0.05B and 0.20B alloys were Nbss, α-Nb₅Si₃; while only 0.10B alloy consisted of γ-Nb₅Si₃. Minor B was prioritized into Nbss and redundant one dissolved into silicide enhanced volume fraction of the silicide. With increasing concentrations of boron, the microstructure was refined at first and then coarsened, while the tensile strength was enhanced remarkably. Compared with other two alloys, the 0.10B alloy containing γ-Nb₅Si₃ shows both the best fracture toughness and oxidation resistance. The important roles of γ-Nb₅Si₃ in balancing overall properties are emphasized.     

Vapor phase codeposition of Cr and Si on Nb-base in situ composites by pack cementation process

In order to identify suitable halide activators and pack compositions for codepositing Cr and Si to form diffusion coatings on Nb-base in situ composites by the pack cementation process, thermochemical calculation was taken to analyze the vapor pressure of halide species generated at high temperatures. NH4Cl, NaF and CrCl3·6H2O were selected as the halide salts. The results of thermochemical calculations suggested that the pack powder mixtures, which contained Cr, Si, halide salts and Al2O3, may be activated by NH4Cl and NaF. According to the thermochemical calculations, the pack powder mixture of 12Cr-6Si-5NH4Cl-77Al2O3 (wt%) activated by NH4Cl was formulated and coating deposition experiments were carried out at 1200 and 1300℃. With adequate control of pack compositions and deposition conditions, it was found that codeposition of Cr and Si could indeed be achieved at these temperatures. The coating has a three-layer structure, of which was mainly composed of Cr2(Nb,X) (X represents Ti and Hf elements), Nb5Si3 and (Nb,Cr)3Si. Then the kinetics of coating growth process affected by temperature was studied. The experimental results of the oxidation showed that the coating can efficiently prevent substrate from oxidizing.     

The giant magnetocaloric effect in Gd<Subscript>5</Subscript>Si<Subscript>2</Subscript>Ge<Subscript>2</Subscript> with low purity gadolinium

The giant magnetocaloric effect Gd5Si2Ge2 alloy was prepared with 99wt% low purity commercial Gd. Powder XRD and magnetic measurements showed that the Gd5Si2Ge2 alloy annealed at 1200℃ for 1h had a significant magnetic- crystallographic first order phase transition at about 270 K. The maximal magnetic entropy change is 17.55 J· kg^-1· K^-1 under a magnetic field change of 0-5 T. The distinct increase of magnetic entropy change belongs to the first-order phase transition from the orthorhombic Gd5Si4-type to the monoclinic Gd5Si2Ge2-type after high temperature heat-treatment.     

High-throughput synthesis of oxidation-resistant Nb–Si based alloy thin film by magnetron co-sputtering

A high-throughput method was applied to study oxidation behavior of Nb–Si based alloy using composition spread alloy film as combinatorial libraries. An extended range of composition gradients of Nb–Si based alloy film was deposited by (multi)magnetron co-sputtering. The as-deposited film was composed of amorphous phase. Cr₂Nb, Nb₅Si₃ and Nb_ss could be detected after annealing treatment. After oxidation at 1250 ?°C for 10 ?min and 20 ?min, the film composition space was divided into three regions of the distinct oxide scales. The compositions for establishment of the different oxides on Nb–Si based alloy was defined efficiently across the entire composition space by the combinatorial libraries.     

Effect of trace Zn, P and Mg additions on microstructure and mechanical properties of Nb-Si-Ti alloys

The effects of Zn,P and Mg additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Nb-22Ti-3Si alloys were studied. The phases of Nbss and Nb_3Si presented in Nb-22Ti-3Si(AC1),Nb-22Ti-3Si-0.2Zn(AC2) and Nb-22Ti-3Si-0.2Mg alloys(AC3). The Nb-22Ti-3Si-0.2P(AC4) alloy consisted of Nbss,Nb_3Si network and eutectic cell of Nbss/α-Nb_5Si_3.By the addition of Zn,the Nb_3Si network was broken and the volume fraction of Nbss increased from 92%to 96%.The values of fracture toughness of the alloy AC2 at ambien...     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of directionally solidified multi-element Nb-Si alloy

Nb-Si system in-situ composites with nominal composition of Nb-21Ti-16Si-7Cr-3Al-2Hf(mole fraction,%) were prepared by directional solidification technology in an optical floating zone furnace at the growth rates of 3,5,8 and 12 mm/h.The microstructures and mechanical properties were investigated as a function of the growth rate.The results show that the solidification microstructures consist of Nb solid solution(Nbss),α-Nb_5Si_3 andβ-Nb_5Si_3.Silicides with high aspect ratio grow continuously and straig...     

Experimental studies and modeling for the transition from internal to external oxidation of three-phase Nb-Si-Cr alloys

A modified oxidation model, which assumes the cylindrical-like morphology of Cr_2Nb phase, has been proposed to examine the conditions to form external scale of three-phase Nb-base alloys in this paper. The oxidation behavior of three-phase Nb-base alloys was tested at 1250 ℃ for 1 h and 7 h, and the experimental results were compared with the simulated results. The results show that the external CrNbO_4 scale can be achieved by lengthradius ratio and volume fraction increasing for Cr_2Nb phase. The simulated results are consistent with the experimental results.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Nb–Si alloys fabricated by spark plasma sintering

This paper deals with microstructural evolutions and mechanical properties of Nb-Si binaries containing dual-phase Nb/Nb5Si3 with Nb to Nb5Si3 fraction ratios of 90:10,80:20,70:30 and 50:50,prepared by spark plasma sintering(SPS).Dense Nb/Nb5Si3 samples with a relative density larger than 99.5% were obtained by SPS processing.The SPS samples consist of the Nb and Nb5Si3 phases with less than 3% fraction of NbO oxide.Hv at room temperature,and compressive strength at 1150℃ and 1250 1C of the bulk SPS alloys increase monolithically by enhancing fraction of the stiffening Nb5Si3 phase.For example,0.2% yield strength,σ0.2,increases from 175 MPa to 420 MPa at 1150℃ and from 110 MPa to 280 MPa at 1250℃,when the Nb5Si3 fraction increases from 10% to 50%.It is interesting that the fracture toughness,KQ,of the bulk SPS samples seems not to be sensitive to phase fraction.Heat treatment,however,plays a key role on the KQ as compared with that of the as-sintered state,at the corresponding Nb5Si3 fraction and considerably improves the KQ by about 100% for samples with the Nb5Si3 fractions of 10%-30%,and by about 50% for the sample with 50% Nb5Si3 fraction.