沥青路面热反射涂层的降温性能研究综述

传统的沥青路面吸热、储热能力强,容易造成沥青路面车辙问题和加剧城市热岛效应的发展.沥青热反射涂层的使用,可以保护沥青路面稳定性和作为缓解城市热岛效应的措施.分析沥青热反射涂层工作机理和研究方法,结合热反射涂层内外因素对其降温性能的影响进行了研究.最后,分析了沥青热反射涂层对热环境的影响.结果表明,填料折光系数越大,涂层对光的反射能力越强;填料的粒径、体积浓度和涂层的厚度均存在一定最佳范围,在该范围内它们越大涂层降温性能越好;涂层结构的改变可以充分发挥填料的作用,使其降温性能得到提高;着色填料对太阳辐射吸收程度不同,因此不同颜色涂层的降温性能不同;涂层运用在不同类型的路面上,降温效果也不同;在环境因素影响方面,热反射涂层在长期使用中会出现老化、磨损等问题,降温性能也随之降低.各种因素对涂层降温性能影响不同.     

基于不同工况路用降温涂层的耐久性能

为确定不同工况条件下路用降温涂层的耐久性能,制备了两种路用降温涂层,全面评价了路用降温涂层的降温性能,借助耐水性、耐温变、耐化学腐蚀及耐磨耗等性能试验,研究了单一工况下路用降温涂层的耐久性能.在此基础上,模拟道路使用环境和行车荷载,研究了复合工况下路用降温涂层的耐压、耐轮碾及耐磨耗等性能.结果表明:路用降温涂层降温效果最高可达9℃以上;单一工况条件下,路用降温涂层耐水性能、耐温变性能、耐化学腐蚀性能及耐磨耗性能均能满足规范要求;复合工况条件下,路用降温涂层的耐压及耐轮碾系数均在90%以上,磨耗损失量小于0. 2 g,具有良好的复合耐久性能,能够满足道路应用需要.     

彩色反射式沥青路面涂层的路用性能

为提高沥青路面的高温稳定性,缓解城市热岛效应,研发了一种彩色反射式沥青路面涂层.首先确定了涂层各原材料用量及制备工艺,然后试验分析了不同颜色涂层的降温效果,最后测试了涂层对路面表面功能的影响,并提出改善措施.结果表明:当反射填料TiO_2与成膜基料的体积比为2.8%时,降温效果最优;从经济和降温效果的角度考虑,推荐红色、绿色以及黄色的填料与成膜基料的体积比分别为2.7%,2.6%和3.2%;为改善涂层的抗滑和耐磨耗性能,可在涂层中部铺撒撒布量为0.48~0.50 kg·m~(-2)的机制砂,并在涂料中加入其质量30%的轻质碳酸钙.     

相变材料墙体节能效果的实验

目的研究相变材料应用于墙体内侧时,墙体在不同条件下传热系数的大小,提出以传热系数减少率作为节能效果的评价指标,考察墙体的节能效果.方法根据相变材料的节能特性,建立节能测试系统,利用变温法对复合墙体进行传热系数的测试,通过升温、恒温、降温实验,对相变墙体的节能效果进行探讨.结果随着墙体热阻的增大、升温速率的减小、相变材料掺量的增加,相变墙体的节能效果增大.保温层厚度为25 mm、升温速率为1.3℃/h时,相变墙体的节能效果最大,即在节能效果为50%的基准墙体基础上节能38.2%.结论提出了墙体的节能性能评价指标,节能效果β=K基准-K实测K基准×100%.墙体的节能效果与墙体热阻、升温速率、相变材料掺量密切相关,墙体热阻大、升温速率慢、相变掺量高其节能效果好.     

往复荷载下高强砖组合墙体承载力与变形研究

对一种新型高强度烧结砖组合墙体的承载能力与变形能力进行了研究.针对传统组合墙体砌块材料强度较低且墙体高宽比较小的情况,采用新型高强度的烧结页岩粉煤灰砖做材料,设计了高宽比分别为1.4和2.3的2组试件,研究了高宽比、竖向压应力以及纵向和水平配筋率等因素对墙体抗侧力和延性的影响.7片墙体的低周反复荷载试验结果表明在其他参数相同的条件下,高宽比较大的墙体,其抗侧承载力明显低于高宽比较小的墙体,但是其延性明显要好.对2种墙体在低周反复荷载和单向静力荷载作用下的承载能力与延性进行对比,结果表明在低周反复荷载作用下,配筋率越低的墙体延性越好;相反,在单向静力荷载作用下,提高墙体约束柱的配筋率,在一定范围内可以增加墙体的延性;这种墙体具有较高的抗侧能力和良好的变形能力,具有较高的实用价值.     

低温下高盐废水氨氮处理效率研究

针对低温条件对高盐废水氨氮处理效果的影响,分别采用MBR和A/O工艺进行试验研究.试验中主要选择快速降温和缓慢降温两种方式考察氨氮去除率随温度下降的变化趋势.试验结果表明:低温条件下,50%海水比例时,随着温度的降低,两种工艺氨氮去除率都呈明显下降趋势,快速降温比缓慢降温对处理效果的冲击更大.在相同温度变化情况下,MB...     

不同入射方式条件下“智能镜面”利用太阳辐射的实验

选取几种典型天气,对几种主要入射方式下“智能镜面”将太阳辐射定向反射进入建筑室内的照度、紫外线辐射强度和眩光情况进行实测及比较.结果表明:采取不同入射方式改善建筑室内的天然采光效果是可行的.入射俯仰角不佳会产生严重的眩光,但采取侧后方入射方式时,眩光得到改善;而采取水平入射时,其反射光的照度及紫外线辐射强度较高.此外,在大气能见度高的天气条件下,太阳辐射的入射率较高、强度较大;而在多云及阴天的天气条件下,紫外线入射率较高,但绝对值较小.     

干热大气环境中涂层材料失效行为研究进展

 西部干热大气环境中,涂层材料的腐蚀磨损失效行为直接关系到各种机械、车辆等的使用寿命.西部沙漠干热大气环境的典型特点是昼夜温差大、紫外线辐射强度高、沙尘量大风速大等,这种恶劣的环境对涂层材料的耐蚀性提出更高的要求.本文根据西部地区典型气候特征,结合相关研究报道,主要介绍了近几年国内外学者对高温差、高辐照、高沙尘等恶劣自然环境对涂层材料的破坏作用的研究进展,并总结出3种环境条件下涂层材料的失效机制.高温差条件下,涂层材料的主要失效机制为涂层和基体膨胀系数改变、涂层组织结构改变,以及发生热腐蚀等;高辐照条件下涂层材料的主要失效机制为涂层材料分子吸收能量发生降解;高沙尘条件下涂层材料的主要失效机制为风沙切削挤压变形等.本文综述了干热大气环境下涂层材料的失效行为研究进展,以期为涂层材料在干热大气环境中的服役行为进一步研究提供数据支持.     

基于多孔属性的环保型路用涂层性能

为降低路面温度、缓解沥青路面车辙病害的同时兼具净化汽车尾气功效以改善道路使用环境,优选多孔属性材料为功能材料,制备了具有降温和净化空气功效的WEPC(环保型多孔涂层)路用涂层,分析功能材料掺量对涂层基本性能的影响规律,借助室内外测温试验全面评价了不同涂刷量下WEPC涂层的降温效果。借助空气净化性能试验箱对WEPC路用涂层试件在升降温过程中的汽车尾气成分及含量进行了测试,全面评价不同温度下WEPC涂层的净化空气效果。通过表面构造深度和抗滑摆值试验、磨耗试验、车辙试验及耐久性试验等确定了WEPC涂层的路用性能,采用扫描电镜和红外光谱分析手段研究多孔属性的环保型路用涂层材料的微观结构。结果表明:功能材料掺量(质量分数,下同)为20%时WEPC涂层具有良好的基本性能;WEPC涂层具有良好的降低路面温度功效,涂刷量越大降温效果越显著,降温幅度最高可达10℃,综合WEPC涂层基本性能和降温效果,推荐最佳涂刷量为0.8kg/m~2;WEPC涂层在不同温度下均具有一定的净化空气功效,升温区间下的净化效果较好,其对PM2.5和PM10的净化率可达40%以上,CO_x、NO_x及SO_2的净化率在25%左右;WEPC涂层的抗滑、耐磨耗、高温稳定及耐久性等各项路用性能良好,且均满足相关规范要求;功能型材料能够稳定均匀地分散于涂层材料中,并使涂层材料中出现了一些新的官能团。     

相变蓄能建筑墙体研究进展

对相变材料在墙体中的封装方式(直接混合、宏观封装、微观封装和定形相变材料封装)、相变材料的种类和物性等方面的研究进行了归纳总结.从实验和模拟2个方面,对相变材料位于墙体表面和墙体内部影响室内环境和建筑能耗的研究进行了综述和评价.分析表明,微观封装和定形相变材料的封装效果较好;墙体用相变材料的相变温度一般在20~30℃范围内;相变材料层在墙体中的安装位置可分为墙体表面和墙体内部2种,但相变材料层在墙体内的最优位置并不固定,受相变材料物性、墙体材料以及室内外环境工况的影响.通过相变材料与墙体合理高效的结合,可充分发挥相变材料的高蓄热特性,提高墙体的热性能,达到调节室内环境温度、降低建筑能耗的目的.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that