Molecular emission from single-bubble sonoluminescence

Ultrasound can drive a single gas bubble in water into violent oscillation; as the bubble is compressed periodically, extremely short flashes of light (about 100 ps) are generated with clock-like regularity. This process, known as single-bubble sonoluminescence, gives rise to featureless continuum emission in water (from 200 to 800 nm, with increasing intensity into the ultraviolet). In contrast, the emission of light from clouds of cavitating bubbles at higher acoustic pressures (multi-bubble sonoluminescence) is dominated by atomic and molecular excited-state emission at much lower temperatures. These observations have spurred intense effort to uncover the origin of sonoluminescence and to generalize the conditions necessary for its creation. Here we report a series of polar aprotic liquids that generate very strong single-bubble sonoluminescence, during which emission from molecular excited states is observed. Previously, single-bubble sonoluminescence from liquids other than water has proved extremely elusive. Our results give direct proof of the existence of chemical reactions and the formation of molecular excited states during single-bubble cavitation, and provide a spectroscopic link between single- and multi-bubble sonoluminescence.     

Parametric dependence of the line emissions in sonoluminescence

Based on a series of spectral measurements of sonoluminescence, this paper investigates parametric dependence of the line emissions in single bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) and multi-bubble sonoluminescence (MBSL). The experiments show that the intensities of the OH* radical line, the sodium line and the noble gas lines in SBSL are relevant to the driving pressure of the acoustic field and the concentration of the noble gases dissolved in host liquids. The intensity of line emissions in total spectrum increases with the decreasing driving pressure and the increasing concentration of noble gases. Parametric dependence of line emissions in MBSL consists with that in SBSL. Line emissions in sonoluminescence should correspond to lower temperature inside the bubbles. SBSL and MBSL share the same spectral structure, and the difference between them found by previous experiments should result from the different temperatures inside bubbles.     

单泡声致发光研究

介绍了作者在研究单泡声致发光SBSL动力学特性和发光特征方面的进展情况。用气泡振子模型，研究了在不可压缩、粘滞流体中气泡近球对称运动的动力学行为；运用Mie散射理论和Dave倒推算法，系统地计算了适用于单泡声致发光的Mie射测量参数；实验给出单泡发光强度的衰减特性、SBSL光强与频率的关系、SBSL与激励电压的关系等结果。     

时辨光子计数法测量单泡声致发光光谱

利用单泡声致发光光脉冲间期短以及与声场精确同步的特点,首次把高时辨的光子计数器用于单泡声致发光光谱的测量,极大程度地提高了信噪比,在较高的灵敏度下亦可达到较高的分辨率.利用该方法得到了稳态单泡声致发光的光谱曲线,并且对原始光谱曲线进行了校准.     

脉冲放电等离子体电子激发温度发射光谱诊断

利用微量Ar的发射光谱,对标准大气压N2脉冲流光放电等离子体特性进行了实验研究.在对所得Ar原子荧光谱线归属的基础上,分别采用谱线相对荧光强度比值法,玻尔兹曼曲线斜率法和费米-狄拉克布居分布模型法3种计算方法,对标准大气压N2脉冲流光放电等离子体电子激发温度进行分析比较.结果表明:采用玻尔兹曼曲线斜率法和费米-狄拉克布居分布模型法计算得到的电子激发温度非常接近,分别为(7 474±500)K和(7 480±500)K,说明本研究所涉及的脉冲流光放电等离子体至少接近局部热平衡.     

气体性质对单泡声致发光平衡参数空间的影响

构造了一个描述气泡宏观运动的均匀非绝热模型,结合气泡的平衡机制,分析了空气和惰性气体的各种特性对单泡声致发光的平衡参数空间的影响．发现气体性质通过对平衡参数空间的影响对单泡声致发光起着重要作用．其中热传导系数起着主要作用,它的减小将导致气泡的平衡半径与压缩比增大,并导致发光亮度的增强．     

Sonoluminescence from non-aqueous liquids

Our understanding of the chemical effects of high-intensity ultrasonic irradiation of liquids is still quite limited. It is generally accepted that sonochemistry results from acoustic cavitation: the creation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles in ultrasonically irradiated liquids. The mechanism of sonoluminescence in aqueous systems has been a matter of some dispute; recent discussions have suggested at least three possible origins: black-body emission, chemiluminescence from radical recombination, and electric discharge. Few studies of non-aqueous sonoluminescence, however, have been conducted. We present here the first spectrally resolved sonoluminescence spectra from hydrocarbon and halocarbon liquids. These spectra originate unambiguously from excited-state molecules created during acoustic cavitation. These high-energy species probably result from the recombination of radical and atomic species generated during the high temperatures and pressures of cavitation.     

Studies on thermally grown oxide as an interface between plasma-sprayed coatings and a nickel-based superalloy substrate

A thermally grown oxide layer formed by hot corrosion was investigated as an interface between plasma-sprayed coatings and a nickel-based superalloy substrate. The hot corrosion mechanism of NiCr-Cr₂O₃ and Al₂O₃-40wt% TiO₂ (A40T) plasma coated Inconel 617 was evaluated. The experiments were carried out at 1000℃ using a combination of Na₂SO₄, NaCl, and ₂O₅ salts to simulate the conditions of a gas turbine in a marine environment. The hot corrosion results revealed the spallation and dissolution of oxides upon prolonged exposure. Optical images and scanning electron micrographs of the exposed samples revealed the formation of oxide scale and provided details of its morphology in NiCr-Cr₂O₃ coated samples. Microstructure characterization of A40T coatings demonstrated a thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer at 1000℃. Increasing the thickness of the TGO layer decreased the corrosion resistance. The elemental analysis and image mapping revealed the migration of active elements from the substrate and coatings toward the corrosive environment.     

脉冲激光烧蚀金属氧化物的发光光谱

研究了３５５ｎｍ脉冲激光烧蚀Ｌａ２Ｏ３,ＭｎＯ２,ＬｉＭｎ２Ｏ４,Ｌａ０．６７Ｃａ０．３３ＭｎＯ３等金属氧化物体系产物的发光光谱,观察到了激发态Ｌａ,Ｌａ＋,ＬａＯ以及Ｍｎ等粒子的发光谱线或谱带。在Ｏ２和Ａｒ气氛中,各谱线（带）的强度迅速下降。激光能量密度的增加可以改变羽状物中Ｌａ＋,Ｌａ和ＬａＯ的相对强度。对多组分金属氧化物攻蚀的结果与单组分金属氧化物类似。     

Up-grading of natural ilmenite ore by combining oxidation and acid leaching

Rutile (TiO₂) is heavily used in pigments and colorants, and the most abundant source of rutile is ilmenite. Upon oxidation of ilmenite, rutile can be formed with modest energy consumption; furthermore, after leaching, only a few byproducts are formed. Unfortunately, one drawback is the necessarily long oxidative process of typically used methods. In this study, we show that a fluidized bed reactor can be used to oxidize ilmenite ore to rapidly form rutile and pseudobrookite (Fe₂TiO₅) phases. Ilmenite was oxidized with 5vol% O₂ in Ar at temperatures of 1173 K or 1223 K and subsequently leached using a diluted H₂SO₄ solution to dissolve the pseudobrookite phase. The effects of acid concentration, temperature, and cooling rate after oxidation were investigated. We show that the ilmenite was rapidly oxidized to form rutile and pseudobrookite phases at 1173 and 1223 K in a 5vol% O₂/95vol% Ar environment within 40 min. The final maximum rutile yield was 84.2mol% after leaching in (1 + 1) H₂SO₄ solution at 393 K for 12 h.     

激光击穿氧气的等离子体光谱时间演化特性研究

在300～900 nm范围内,对激光击穿氧气的等离子体光谱进行了探测,研究了其时间演化特性.发现在等离子体形成的初期,辐射的主要成分是在很强的连续谱背景下混合着O2,O2^＋和O^＋激发的线状谱.在等离子体形成后的5μs,只剩下氧原子谱,其最长寿命可达30μs.实验结果表明：光谱中的不同成份按照不同的时间特性衰减.     

The energy efficiency of formation of photons, radicals and ions during single-bubble cavitation

It is extremely difficult to perform a quantitative analysis of the chemistry associated with multibubble cavitation: unknown parameters include the number of active bubbles, the acoustic pressure acting on each bubble and the bubble size distribution. Single-bubble sonoluminescence (characterized by the emission of picosecond flashes of light) results from nonlinear pulsations of an isolated vapour-gas bubble in an acoustic field. Although the latter offers a much simpler environment in which to study the chemical activity of cavitation, quantitative measurements have been hindered by the tiny amount of reacting gas within a single bubble (typically <10(-13) mol). Here we demonstrate the existence of chemical reactions within a single cavitating bubble, and quantify the sources of energy dissipation during bubble collapse. We measure the yields of nitrite ions, hydroxyl radicals and photons. The energy efficiency of hydroxyl radical formation is comparable to that in multibubble cavitation, but the energy efficiency of light emission is much higher. The observed rate of nitrite formation is in good agreement with the calculated diffusion rate of nitrogen into the bubble. We note that the temperatures attained in single-bubble cavitation in liquids with significant vapour pressures will be substantially limited by the endothermic chemical reactions of the polyatomic species inside the collapsing bubble.     

燃煤在O_2/CO_2方式下SO_2生成特性的研究

研究了合山煤在O2 /CO2 方式下SO2 的生成特性 .结果表明在O2 /CO2 方式下 ,由于燃煤的燃烧特性和钙基吸收剂的煅烧分解特性不同于传统燃烧方式 ,SO2 的生成速度加快 ,生成量较空气气氛下大为减少 ,钙基吸收剂的脱硫率随温度升高而增加 ,表明O2 /CO2 方式有利于钙基吸收剂高温脱硫     

高电荷态离子N~(q+)(q=3,6)与原子、分子碰撞中发射光谱

本实验对N6+—He，N3+—He和N3+—H2碰撞中的发射光谱进行了测量.从测量到的发射光谱分析证明：上述碰撞中存在着三种或四种激发通道：（1）单电子俘获激发通道：（2）双电子俘获激发通道：（3）入射离子直接激发通道；（4）靶直接激发通道。本文还给出了发射截面数据。     

Tb~(3+)掺杂β-Ga_2O_3纳米粉末的结构和光致发光性质的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备Tb3+掺杂β-Ga2O3纳米粉末.用X-射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼(Raman)、光致发光激发谱(PLE)和发光谱(PL)对其进行了一系列的表征. XRD 和 Raman 的结果表明: Tb3+离子的掺入没有改变β-Ga2O3结构.用350 nm的激发光去激发Tb3+掺杂β-Ga2O3纳米粉末,样品的最强峰在543 nm (5D4-7F5)附近,对应着Tb3+离子的绿光发射.此外,还讨论了能量传递机制.     

不同温度下的频率失谐对单泡声致发光影响的实验观察

报道了驱动频率和谐振器本征频率不匹配对单泡声致发光强度的影响．实验结果表明：系统在一定的频率失谐范围内都可以实现单泡声致发光，但在不同的频率驱动下，有着不同的发光强度，并存在一个最佳频率，在该频率驱动下的发光强度达到最强．还对这种频率相关性在不同温度下的表现进行了研究，结果表明随着温度的上升，可发光的上限、下限和最佳频率升高，可发光频率宽度变宽．这些频率的随温度升高而升高，在理论上可以从声速与温度的关系上进行解释．同时，也测定了可发光的频率-声压参数域，以及它随温度的变化关系．     

旋轨耦合作用对Ti3+:Al2O3能级分裂的贡献

运用晶体场理论对钛宝石能级分裂的精细结构进行了计算，结果说明，在不计Jahn-Teller效应的情况下，考虑晶场和自旋一轨道耦合的共同作用能很好的解释其基态能级分裂，解决了Macfarlane认为不能用晶体场理论进行计算的困难．理论数据与实验结果符合得很好．     

KF中FB（Na^＋）的吸收和辐射光谱及其热转换机理

在单电子Ｈａｒｔｒｅｅ－Ｆｏｃｋ近似及扩展离子处理方法（ＳＬＣ方法）的基础上，提出了激发态等效偶极子模型，计算了ＫＦ中ＦＢ（Ｎａ＾＋）的吸收和辐射光谱，研究了产生强Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ位移辐射及激发态热转换现象的可能机制。     

金属铌表面Ar/O2等离子体在线清洗的实验研究

超导铌腔的碳氢污染问题导致铌表面的功函数下降, 引起场致发射, 使超导腔的加速梯度恶化, 运行一段时间后必须对其碳氢污染进行清洗才能保证正常使用. 针对众多清洗装置用等离子体清洗后无法对其清洗效果进行准确、及时地判断从而控制清洗截止点, 而采用离线测试又会造成一定的二次污染的问题,本文提出了基于静电四极等离子体(Electrostatic Quadrupole Plasma, EQP)质谱分析仪及开尔文探针的等离子体清洗及在线监测装置, 成功地将等离子体清洗与残余气体监测集成并投入使用. 实验过程中, 通过在线监测清洗的副产物及功函数的变化, 证明了电感耦合等离子体源产生的密度为1016~1017 m-3的氩、氧混合等离子体, 能有效清除铌样品表面的碳氢污染, 并对铌表面进行一定的氧化改性, 将功函数由4.0 eV提升至5.3 eV左右.