桑天牛成虫神经系统的解剖

桑天牛成虫中枢神经系统由脑、咽下神经节、腹神经索组成、前、中、后脑分化明显。腹神经索包括三对胸神经节、三对腹神经节及纵贯各神经节的神经索。后胸神经节由后胸,第１、２腹节神经节合并而成。第三腹神经节由第５￣９腹节神经节合并而成。口交感神经系统由前走神经、上唇神经、额神经节、逆走神经、嗉囊神经节,前肠神经等组成,无脑下神经节。腹交感神经并入腹神经节及其侧神经。尾交感神经源于腹末最后一个神经节,包括１６     

黄脸油葫芦中枢神经系统的组织解剖学研究

应用解剖镜和光镜观察了黄脸油葫芦(Teleogryllus emma (Ohmachi and Matsuura))中枢神经系统的组织解剖学结构，并对脑和各体神经节的组织学结构进行了比较．结果表明，黄脸油葫芦的中枢神经系统由脑、食道下神经节和腹神经索组成；前、中、后脑分化明显，腹神经索包括三对胸神经节、五对腹神经节及纵贯各神经节的神经索；脑和各体神经节的组织学结构相似，由外向内依次是神经鞘、神经细胞层和髓质层；脑的髓质层复杂，其中含有四种由神经细胞球体和神经纤维束形成的脑体，一对蕈状体、一个脑桥体、一个中央体及一对脑腹体。     

锯缘青蟹胸神经团的组织学研究

锯缘青蟹胸神经团食道下神经节、胸神经节和腹神经节高度愈合而成，胸神经团具有3种类型的神经分泌细胞（NSC），食道下神经节腹面NSC的数量多于背面，胸神经节背面的NSC靠近步足神经分布；腹面的NSC较多，靠近胸动脉孔发布，腹神经节的NSC聚集成群，主要位于腹面，不同类型的NSC通常参杂分布。     

蜚蠊腹神经索中的通路

蜚蠊尾须毛形振动感受器的上行冲动直通或横过腹神经索第Ⅴ至第Ⅰ腹神经节。此外冲动沿第Ⅰ至第Ⅵ腹节的返回神经回到尾须。根据电生理学研究,假定上述直通、横过和返回三种通路在蜚蠊腹神经索第Ⅰ至第Ⅴ腹神经节巨大神经纤维间构成无化学突触的神经网络系统。     

威廉环毛蚓Pheretima guillelmi(Michaelsen)神经内分泌系统的研究

以威廉环毛蚓为实验材料,对其神经内分泌系统的显微、亚显微结构及其对体表水交换的影响作了初步研究.通过大量的实验,说明在威廉环毛蚓的中枢神经系统中存在三种不同类型的细胞,即A、B和C三种细胞.A细胞数量最多,位于脑神经节、咽下神经节和腹神经索中.B细胞主要位于咽下神经节.C细胞主要位于咽下神经节和腹神经索中.神经内分泌活动与季节有关,A细胞和C细胞的分泌活动随季节变化而不同,B细胞的内分泌活动受季节的影响不大.蚯蚓体表的水交换受神经内分泌调控,这种因子仅存在于脑神经节内.     

缢蛏和长竹蛏中枢神经系统的显微观察

采用甲苯胺蓝染色法，对缢蛏和长竹蛏中枢神经系统进行了显微观察．结果表明，两种蛏中枢神经系统结构相似，均由脑神经节、脏神经节和足神经节各1对以及脑脏和脑足神经索组成，其中左右脏神经节及足神经节分别愈合．各神经节均由表面的神经节被膜、周边的胞体层和中央纤维网构成．胞体层分层和分区现象不明显，神经元胞体发出的突起均进入中央神经纤维网．胞体根据其大小可分为直径30—45μm的大型细胞、15—30μm的中型细胞和6—15μm的小型细胞3种类型．缢蛏3对神经节内3种类型的细胞均有，且均为大型细胞的数量最少，其中脑神经节内中型细胞最多，脏神经节和足神经节内小型细胞最多．长竹蛏脑神经节内的神经元胞体主要为中型细胞，小型细胞很少，无大型细胞；脏神经节内中型和小型细胞较多，大型细胞较少；足神经节内中型细胞较多，大型和小型细胞较少．     

Wistart大鼠利美尼定(Rilmenidine)对基础和反射激活肾交感神经活动的影响

观察在Wistar大鼠给予利美尼定对基础和反射激活肾交感神经活动(renal sympathetic nerveactivity,RSNA)的影响.记录并分析对照组及实验组大鼠在基础状态以及在动物前肢神经给予0.8Hz和1.6Hz(15V,0.2ms)的电刺激时血压(blood pressure,BP)、心率(heart rate,HR)和肾神经活动的变化.结果表明实验组大鼠给利美尼定后可见不仅存在着与剂量相关的血压、心率和肾神经活动幅值的下降(P<0.05),而且功率谱分析结果显示电刺激同样改变了实验组大鼠肾神经活动能量的分布.肾神经活动的功率谱特征的改变虽然提示了利美尼定对肾交感神经活动可能具有某种程度的影响,但是它不通过体感系统影响肾交感神经活动的反射活性.     

平角涡虫（Planocera reticulata）脑神经节胆碱酯酶？…

研究卫平角涡虫（Ｐｌａｎｏｃｅｒａ ｒｅｔｉｃｕｌａｔａ）脑神经节胆碱酯酶的组织化学定位。结果表明，胆碱酯酶阳性细胞分别分布于脑神经节的吻端腹侧面、前腹侧面、中央腹侧面和后背侧面的细胞层中，各阳性细胞在脑神经节中均为左右对称分布。前腹侧面阳性细胞的突起向背内侧延伸，经交叉后进入对侧纤维网中；中央腹侧面阳性细胞的突起向中线延伸形成联系；后背侧阳性细胞的突起向腹外侧延伸进入同侧纤维网中。神经节中央的神     

中国对虾眼柄的神经分泌结构

研究了中国对虾眼柄神经分泌结构特征。眼柄神经分泌结构由神经分泌细胞和窦腺两部分组成。依据细胞及其核直径和细胞质特征等将神经分泌细胞分为６种类型,它们多以集群方式分布,少数则分布较为分散。窦腺位于眼柄视神经节内髓外侧,呈椭圆囊状。依据神经分泌细胞轴突末梢直径和其内颗粒特征将窦腺内轴突末梢分为４种类型。     

白蜡虫(Ericerus pela Chavannes)雌虫神经分泌系统的形态及组织学研究

应用Ewen’s改良多聚醛品红染色方法,对雌性白蜡虫(Ericerus pela Cha-vannes)成虫神经分泌系统的形态及组织学进行了研究.确定了在前脑中存在有两群属于“A”型神经分泌细胞.愈合腹神经节中亦有分散的“A”型神经分泌细胞.脑神经分泌细胞中的神经分泌粒通过其轴突传送到心侧体中释放.心侧体为神经血器官.虫体在进入成体阶段后到产卵期间,其脑中的神经分泌细胞在形态及染色性上都没有明显差异.     

东方簇盾吸虫神经系统的研究

应用乙酰胆碱酯酶定位方法对东方簇盾吸虫(Lophotaspis orientalis Faust and Tang,1936)成虫的神经系统进行了研究.成虫的神经系统十分复杂,包括中枢神经结、脑神经联合、纵行的神经干、横向的神经连合.中枢神经结位于咽前部两侧,有1粗大的脑神经联合连接.在脑神经联合的下方有1个小的环形的结构.中枢神经结向前发出1对前背神经干和1对前侧神经干,这2对神经干向前的分支汇入围口腔的神经环.中枢神经结向后发出1对后背神经干和1对后腹神经干.后背神经干之间有横向的神经相连,在体末端与后腹神经干相汇合.后腹神经干最为粗大,并在虫体末端汇合,它在腹盘处有2对分支进入腹盘,前1对与腹盘边缘神经相连,后1对贯穿腹盘,其分支构成腹吸盘内复杂的神经网.腹吸盘的指状突起内也有神经分支.     

A circadian oscillator in cultured cells of chicken pineal gland

The activity of serotonin N-acetyltransferase, the key enzyme of melatonin synthesis, shows a marked circadian rhythm in the pineal glands of various animal species. The regulation mechanism of the N-acetyltransferse rhythm in birds is different from that in mammals. N-Acetyltransferase activity in rat pineal gland is controlled by the central nervous system through the sympathetic nerves from the superior cervical ganglion, while in chicken the endogenous oscillator for N-acetyltransferase rhythm is presumably located in the pineal gland. Recently it has been shown that N-acetyltransferase activity oscillates in a circadian manner in the organ culture of chicken pineal glands. When chicken pineal glands were organ-cultured under continuous illumination, the nocturnal increase of enzyme activity was suppressed. These observations suggested that chicken pineal gland contains a circadian oscillator, a photoreceptor and melatonin-synthesising machinery. A central question arises whether the circadian oscillation of N-acetyltransferase activity and its response to environmental lighting are generated within the cell or are emergent properties of interaction between different types of pineal cells. I report here that in the dispersed cell culture of chicken pineal gland, N-acetyltransferase activity exhibits a circadian rhythm and responds to environmental lighting in the same manner as in the organ culture.     

Muscarinic inhibitory transmission in mammalian sympathetic ganglia mediated by increased potassium conductance

Slow muscarinic inhibition may be a powerful influence on membrane properties in the peripheral and central nervous system. But the location of the muscarinic receptors in sympathetic ganglia, either on interneurones or on the postganglionic membrane, and the underlying mechanism of the inhibitory response, remains controversial. In mammalian sympathetic ganglia synaptic activation of muscarinic receptors located on inhibitory interneurones was thought to release catecholamines leading to a membrane hyperpolarization called the slow inhibitory postsynaptic potential, or s.-i.p.s.p.. However, the s.-i.p.s.p. in parasympathetic ganglia and in amphibian sympathetic ganglia is due to direct monosynaptic activation of muscarinic receptors, accompanied by an increased potassium conductance (but see ref. 11), and is not mediated by catecholamines. The situation is less clear in mammalian sympathetic ganglia and monosynaptic s.-i.p.s.ps observed in other ganglia could be exceptions to the hypothesis. We showed earlier that the s.-i.p.s.p. in rabbit superior cervical ganglia is not affected by catecholamine antagonists. We now show that the s.-i.p.s.p. in a mammalian sympathetic ganglion is due to the monosynaptic activation of muscarinic receptors, probably by an increase in potassium conductance.     

斜纹夜蛾前胸腺的生长发育研究

 通过解剖观察4龄至蛹期斜纹夜蛾前胸腺,对其形态特点和生长发育规律进行了研究,主要结果如下：发现斜纹夜蛾前胸腺由53个左右的圆形或椭圆型细胞成串组成,Y型,成对,外围包裹一层透明鞘膜,位于胸部第一气门的气管丛内;在斜纹夜蛾4龄到蛹期的发育过程中,前胸腺不发生有丝分裂,细胞数量基本恒定;前胸腺细胞直径在幼虫发育期间不断增大,斜纹夜蛾幼虫在4龄第1天的前胸腺直径为(28.80±0.47) μm,而到了6龄末期,则增加到(92.22±2.43) μm;幼虫期的斜纹夜蛾前胸腺细胞直径和虫体体质量呈显著相关,r=0.826,P=0.000,拟合曲线方程为Y=82.1X ^0.263;此外,幼虫期的斜纹夜蛾前胸腺细胞直径和虫体体长也呈现出显著相关,r=0.886,P=0.000,拟合曲线方程： Y=e^{(4.781-1.863/Z)}。     

Peptidergic transmitters in synaptic boutons of sympathetic ganglia

In sympathetic ganglia of the bullfrog, a slow synaptic potential lasting for minutes--the late slow excitatory postsynaptic potential (e.p.s.p.)--was discovered. This slow response, unlike other previously known synaptic potentials in the autonomic nervous system, is not mediated by acetylcholine or monoamines. Similar non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic slow synaptic potentials have since been found in several other vertebrate autonomic ganglia. We found that the late slow e.p.s.p. is probably mediated by a peptide that is identical to, or closely resembles, mammalian luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), because (1) when applied directly to sympathetic neurones, LHRH and its agonists elicit a slow depolarization, associated with similar changes in membrane conductance and excitability as those occurring during the late slow e.p.s.p. Furthermore, both peptide-induced and nerve-evoked responses are blocked by antagonists of LHRH; and (2) radioimmunoassays indicate that a chain of sympathetic ganglia contains 100-800 pg of a LHRH-like peptide. Its distribution among spinal nerves, the great reduction of this substance following denervation, and its release from ganglia following isotonic KCl treatment or nerve stimulation suggest that the LHRH-like material is contained in preganglionic nerve fibres. Here we report that immunohistochemical staining of sympathetic ganglia shows that LHRH-like immunoreactivity is indeed present in synaptic boutons. We also show that the two types of ganglion cells (B cells and C cells) receive strikingly different patterns of peptidergic innervation.     

Endothelins are vascular-derived axonal guidance cues for developing sympathetic neurons

During development, sympathetic neurons extend axons along a myriad of distinct trajectories, often consisting of arteries, to innervate one of a large variety of distinct final target tissues. Whether or not subsets of neurons within complex sympathetic ganglia are predetermined to innervate select end-organs is unknown. Here we demonstrate in mouse embryos that the endothelin family member Edn3 (ref. 1), acting through the endothelin receptor EdnrA (refs 2, 3), directs extension of axons of a subset of sympathetic neurons from the superior cervical ganglion to a preferred intermediate target, the external carotid artery, which serves as the gateway to select targets, including the salivary glands. These findings establish a previously unknown mechanism of axonal pathfinding involving vascular-derived endothelins, and have broad implications for endothelins as general mediators of axonal growth and guidance in the developing nervous system. Moreover, they suggest a model in which newborn sympathetic neurons distinguish and choose between distinct vascular trajectories to innervate their appropriate end organs.