具有AP2结构域的转录因子家族的研究进展

具有AP2结构域的转录因子是一种被认为只存在于高等植物中的转录因子,但根据最新的研究发现在一些低等的生物中同样存在该转录因子。这是一种基因的入侵,具有AP2结构域的转录因子在高等植物中存在有几百个。本文综述了具有AP2结构域的转录因子的研究进展,包括三个方面:1、具有AP2结构域的转录因子是一个从低等生物到高等生物进化上的入侵基因;2、具有AP2结构域的转录因子的分子结构及功能;3、在高等植物中该转录因子的研究进展情况。此外还展望了一下这个基因家族的研究前景。     

拟南芥中一个经典阿拉伯半乳糖蛋白的亚细胞定位

为确定拟南芥中一个经典阿拉伯半乳糖蛋白(arabinogalactan-protein,AGP)的亚细胞定位,克隆了这个基因的编码区,与绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因构建融合表达载体,经农杆菌介导转化烟草BY-2悬浮细胞.利用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜,在稳定转化的BY-2细胞表面观察到绿色荧光.研究结果表明,此AGP分布在细胞膜表面.     

果蝇锌离子转运蛋白Catsup亚细胞定位分析

Catsup是果蝇体内一个功能重要的基因,其突变会导致体内多巴胺含量过高,引起果蝇致死及生殖障碍.绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)在确定蛋白的亚细胞定位进而在研究蛋白功能方面起着重要的作用.为了探索Catsup的亚细胞定位进而能够更好地研究Catsup的功能,文章利用基因工程技术和生物学方法,聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)扩增Catsup基因全长,与GFP一起连接至pUAST质粒,构建载体pUAST-Catsup-GFP,通过显微注射技术导入果蝇,获得UAS-Catsup-GFP转基因果蝇.通过克隆验证了转基因果蝇构建成功.利用该果蝇进行Catsup的亚细胞定位,确定其定位在高尔基体上,为进一步研究该基因的功能奠定基础.     

一个与ABA信号通路相关未知基因AB的亚细胞定位研究

本研究通过构建一个与脱落酸（ABA）信号传导途径相关的未知基因AB和绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）编码基因的重组质粒,利用基因枪技术将该重组质粒成功转入洋葱表皮细胞,观察并确定了该基因编码蛋白细胞核和细胞质的亚细胞定位,为进一步研究该未知基因的生物学功能及其分子机制提供了思路.     

紫花苜蓿转录因子MsDREB1基因表达产物的亚细胞定位

利用生物信息学方法对紫花苜蓿MsDREBl进行了生物信息学分析．结果表明,该序列舍有AP2典型结构域,在N端存在核定位信号．为进一步验证该基因功能,构建MsDREBl与绿色荧光蛋白（GreenFluorescentProtein,GFP）基因融合的植物表达载体pCAMBIAl302-MsDREBl,再利用基因枪将其转入洋葱表皮细胞,在共聚焦扫描显微镜下观察MsDREBl基因表达产物在洋葱表皮细胞中的亚细胞定位．结果表明,MsDREBl基因表达产物定位于细胞核中,符合DREB家族转录因子特性．     

马铃薯StHb1蛋白的亚细胞定位

为了研究马铃薯StHb1蛋白的亚细胞定位情况,采用RT-PCR技术克隆到马铃薯StHb1基因cDNA序列,并成功构建了StHb1基因与绿色荧光蛋白基因的融合表达载体pBI121-StHb1-GFP.利用农杆菌介导法将重组载体转化洋葱内表皮细胞,通过荧光显微镜观察融合蛋白的瞬时表达以确定StHb1蛋白在细胞内的分布.结果表明StHb1蛋白主要分布于细胞核中.     

日本沼虾感光细胞中Gq蛋白α亚基的鉴定与亚细胞定位

Gq蛋白是大多数无脊椎动物感光器中光信号传导中酶反应链的第二信使．本文用免疫印迹的方法研究了日本沼虾感光器中Gqa的存在，并应用免疫电镜技术观察了Gq蛋白在其感光器中亚细胞的分布，为研究Gq蛋白在光信号传导中的作用提供新的依据．     

水稻OsRRK1蛋白的进化分析及其亚细胞定位

水稻(Oryza sativa L.)OsRRK1(Rop-interacting receptor-like kinase 1)蛋白,属于类胞质受体激酶RLCK VI家族成员。通过将水稻的OsRRK1蛋白序列与小米、高粱、玉米、二穗短柄草、葡萄、苜蓿、大豆、棉花和拟南芥等9个物种的同源蛋白序列进行比对,发现OsRRK1蛋白与大多数植物的同源蛋白序列相似性都很高,特别是单子叶植物,相似性高达75%以上。依据NCBI公布的水稻OsRRK1的ORF(open reading frame)序列设计引物,从水稻籼稻品种Kasalath叶片cDNA中扩增得到目的片段,构建了OsRRK1:GFP融合瞬时表达载体,转化水稻原生质体对其进行亚细胞定位。激光共聚焦观察结果表明,水稻OsRRK1蛋白定位在细胞质中。     

玉米特有转录因子ZmTF10的克隆及抗逆功能分析

目前已有人通过玉米全基因组序列和生物信息学分析计算,获得了玉米特异的转录因子库.本文通过克隆得到转录因子ZmTF10 CDS序列,对克隆出来的ZmTF10转录因子进行亚细胞定位发现其在细胞核中表达.为了分析激素处理与各种胁迫条件下的基因表达模式,进而研究其功能,对玉米q319进行(H2O、NaCl、PEG、ABA、GA、SA)六种不同处理,然后分别提取RNA,通过Real-Time PCR分析发现ZmTF10可能和抗旱、抗盐有一定的关系,为下一步工作奠定一定的实验基础.     

拟南芥中一个镍离子转运蛋白的亚细胞定位

离子的跨膜转运是细胞获取养分的重要环节,亦是植物在组织和器官水平上进行养分吸收运移的基础．在植物中镍（Ni）元素主要以Ni^2＋的形式存在,并通过Ni^2＋转运蛋白将其跨膜转运至相应的组织器官,参与氢酶和脲酶的合成．生物信息学分析表明,拟南芥中一个Ni^2＋转运蛋白AT2G16800含有叶绿体定位信息．克隆该基因5’端编码转运肽的272bp片段,与绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）基因融合后,在拟南芥中高效表达,对其进行了亚细胞定位的研究．转基因植株通过共聚焦扫描显微镜的观察,发现GFP荧光信号只存在于叶绿体中,该结果表明A他G16800为叶绿体蛋白．     

Subcellular localization and functional analyses of structural domains of COP1 in transgenic tobacco

Plants have evolved an extremely exquisite light signal regulatory network to adapt to the changing ambient light conditions, in which COP1 plays a critical role of the light signal transduction. Based on the cloned pea COP1 cDNA sequence and its protein structure, four individual gene fragments encoding different structural domains of the COP1 were designed to fuse to the GFP gene. The plant expression vectors containing these fusion genes as well as the COP1GFP fusion gene were constructed and used to transform tobacco by Agribacterium as confirmed by Southern analyses. Antibodies were raised against the recombinant GFP-COP1 overproduced in Escherichia coli. Immunoblotting results demonstrated that all of the fusion genes were constitutively expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. We systematically investigated the different subcellular localization of these fusion proteins and the resulting phenotypic characteristics of these transgenic plants under light and dark conditions. Our data show that (1) the molecular mass of the tobacco endogenous COP1 protein is 76 kD. It is constitutively expressed in all of the tested tissues and the total cellular content of COP1 protein is not noticeably affected by light conditions. (2) The nuclear localization signal of COP1 plays a critical role in regulation of its nuclear-cytoplasmic partitioning. The subcellular localization of the COP1 protein containing nuclear localization signal is regulated by light in the epidermal cells of leaves, but, it is located in nucleus constitutively in root cells. (3) The coiled-coil domain is very critical to the function of COP1 protein, while the zinc binding RING finger domain only plays a supportive role. (4) The WD-40 repeats domain is essential to the COP1 function, but this domain alone does not affect photomorphogenesis. (5) Overexpression of COP1 protein not only inhibits the photomorphogenesis of the stems and leaves of the transgenic tobacco, but also results in the generation of short and clustered roots. In contrast, overexpression of COP1 protein without WD-40 repeats domain promotes the photomorphogenesis process in the stems and leaves and lead to root elongation and lack of lateral roots. The COP1-COP1 interaction happens not only in the nucleus, but also in cytoplasm.     

Chromosomal localization of a novel retinoic acid induced geneRA28 and protein distribution of its encoded protein

GeneRA28 is a retinoic acid induced novel gene isolated in our laboratory previously. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) was used to induce lung adenocarcinoma cell line GLC-82, andRA28 was obtained by subtractive hybridization. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) has emerged as a unique tool for examining introcellular phenomena in living cells. GFP possesses an intrinsic fluorescence at 488 nm that does not require other co-factors. In this report, an eukaryotic expression plasmid pEGFP-C1-RA28 was constructed and transfected with parental cell line GLC-82 to analyze protein expression and its distribution in living cells. Moreover, radiation hybrid (RH) technique was used to localizeRA28 to the chromosome. The results show that geneRA28 is mapped to the chromosome 19q13.1 region, its encoded protein is distributed on cell membrane. All the results further demonstrate that GFP and RH techniques are accurate, fast, repetitive, and will be powerful methods for investigating the gene and protein localization.     

一种基于最优局部信息融合的蛋白质-亚细胞定位预测方法

 基于蛋白质的合成及分选机制,提出了一种新的蛋白质亚细胞定位预测方法。先采用遍历搜索技术,找出各种亚细胞蛋白质序列分选信号和成熟蛋白质之间的最佳分割位点,把蛋白质序列分为两条子序列,计算这两条子序列中的氨基酸组份并将它们融合起来作为整条蛋白质序列的特征,然后构造用于识别每类蛋白质的最佳子分类器,再根据最大化原则组建集成分类器。在NNPSL数据集上,采用5重交叉验证方法对本文方法进行测试,原核和真核两个蛋白质序列子集分别取得94.1%和87.5%的总体预测精度。同时,此方法在一些蛋白质序列中找到的分割位点与真实生物现象相吻合,能为预测蛋白质序列的剪切位点提供参考信息。     

Subcellular localization of chitosan oligosaccharides in living cells

Chitosan oligosaccharides （COS） is derived from the chemical or enzymatic decomposition of chitosan. The exact mechanisms underlying many biological functions of COS have not been elucidated. Since subcellular localization is very important in determining biological activity in a number of molecules, we used fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled chitosan oligosaccharides （FITC- COS） and investigated the localization of COS in living cells by laser scanning microscopy. We found that COS entered cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and we first showed that COS may enter cells by facilitated passive diffusion and was preferentially localized in the mitochondria. While in high concentration, it was also found in the cytoplasm and nucleus and was enriched in the nucleolus and karyotheca. The different subcellular localization of COS suggested that they played different effects. Determination of COS subcellular localization in cells is important to help us understand the potent mechanisms underlying its multiple functions.     

一种新的蛋白质亚细胞定位预测训练集构造方法

设计了一种新的蛋白质亚细胞定位预测训练集构造方法.该方法针对传统预测方法缺乏足够的实验标记数据的问题,基于主动学习策略从非实验标记蛋白质数据中主动选择有效数据,并与原有的实验标记数据共同训练预测模型,以提高基准分类器的预测精度.结合支持向量机分类器,该方法在病毒蛋白质独立测试集上进行了预测实验,测试结果表明,该方法能够有效地提高基准分类器的预测能力,性能优于现有的病毒蛋白质预测系统.     

Subcellular localization of several heavy metals of Hg, Cd and Pb in human liver

Liver, as an important metabolic and detoxicological organ of human body, can be used as a good bioindicator for evaluating body burden of environmental pollutants. Its elemental contents and their chemical forms are closely related to the status of human health and disease. In this paper, the liver samples collected from normal subjects were separated to different subcellular fractions of nuclei, mitochondria, lysosome, microsome and cytosol by differential centrifugation. Then their concentrations of heavy metals of As, Pb, Cd, and Hg were determined by atomic absorption and atomic fluorescent spectroscopy. Our results show no significant difference with literature ones when comparing their gross concentrations. In the case of their subcellular distribution, the Hg concentrations are higher in mitochondrial, microsomal and cytosolic fractions; the Cd concentrations are higher in cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions, while As highest in nuclear fraction. The highest concentration of Pb is found in microsomal fraction with similarity to Fe. Mercury in liver is mainly in the form of inorganic, and methylmercury ranged from 9% to 50% with the average value of 20.9% 13.3%. These results indicate that the cellular distribution and the accumulated target organelles are quite different among these heavy metals, which suggest their various pathways and toxic mechanism in vivo.     

斑马鱼crip2基因的克隆、亚细胞定位及在胚胎发育早期的表达分析

斑马鱼广泛用于脊椎动物遗传和发育生物学的研究．为揭示包含具有LIM结构域的crip基因的功能,本文以斑马鱼为实验对象,克隆了斑马鱼的crip2基因,分别构建了crip2-Teasy 和crip2-egfp载体,从含有crip2基因的crip2-Teasy质粒上转录crip2 RNA 探针,并用全胚胎原位杂交法检测crip2在斑马鱼胚胎中的表达,用crip2-egfp对crip2进行亚细胞定位研究,发现crip2基因在斑马鱼胚胎早期没有表达,五体节开始在脊索特异表达;后期,主要局限于在血管、心脏和体节间肌肉,表明crip2的表达并不局限于内皮系统．在细胞内,crip2基因在细胞核和胞浆中均有表达．这些工作为进一步研究crip2基因的功能奠定了基础．