Pancreastatin, a novel pancreatic peptide that inhibits insulin secretion

In mammalian tissues the C-terminal amide structure has been found to occur only in neuroactive or hormonally-active peptides. About half known neuropeptide and peptide hormones have this unique chemical feature. Using a chemical detection method, a search for previously unknown peptides that possess the C-terminal amide structure in extracts of brain and intestine was carried out and a number of novel neuropeptides and hormonal peptides, designated neuropeptide Y, PHI, peptide YY, galanin and neuropeptide K were isolated. We recently performed a similar search in porcine pancreas and found a high concentration of a peptide having a glycine amide at its C-terminus. Here we report the isolation, primary structure and biological activity of this novel peptide. The 49-residue peptide strongly inhibits glucose-induced insulin release from the isolated perfused pancreas and was therefore named pancreastatin. It may be important in the regulation of insulin secretion and in the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes mellitus.     

狗小肠新生物活性肽的分离纯化及结构测定

研究了一种新的胃肠肽的分离纯化及其部分氨基酸序列测定．沸水处理后的狗小肠经醋酸提取、海藻酸吸附、盐酸洗脱、氯化钠盐析和乙醇沉淀，再经Sephadex G-25（fine）层析和两次RP-HPLC分离，从中纯化出一个热稳定多肽．用Tris-Tricine-SDS-PAGE鉴定其相对分子质量约为4 kD．该肽经胰酶水解，产物片断经RP-HPLC分离后，取其中之一主峰经CapLC-ESI-MS-MS（Q-TOF2）质谱仪测定氨基酸顺序为：T-E-Y-T-A-L-N-V-L-A-T-T-E-E-N-G．蛋白质数据库（Gen Bank和SWISS-PROT）查寻证明：此肽为首次发现的新多肽，正在进一步研究其生物学功能．     

Two types of cholinergic innervation in cortex, one co-localized with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

The existence of cholinergic neuronal cell bodies in mammalian cerebral cortex was long the subject of much controversy (see ref. 1 for review). Recently, however, a specific cholinergic marker, the acetylcholine synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT, E.C.2.3.1.6), was demonstrated by immunohistochemical methods to be present in bipolar neurones in rat cortex. Here we show that at least 80% of these intrinsic cholinergic neurones also contain immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), a neuroactive peptide found to be present in a subpopulation of cortical neurones. On the other hand, we find that the ChAT-positive cells in the basal forebrain, which are another major source of cholinergic innervation of the cortex, contain no detectable VIP-immunoreactivity. In addition, we have observed by both light and electron microscopy that some VIP- and some ChAT-positive structures in cortex are closely associated with blood vessels.     

Isolation and structure of a novel C-terminally amidated opioid peptide, amidorphin, from bovine adrenal medulla

Biologically active peptide hormones and neurotransmitters have been shown to be enzymatically liberated from larger, inactive precursor molecules by tissue-specific post-translational processing, particularly at the typical cleavage signals of paired basic residues. Subsequent N-terminal or C-terminal modifications may be of importance in regulating the biological activities of these peptides. C-terminal alpha-amidation is considered to be essential for the biological function of several non-opioid peptides. Here we present the isolation and structure of a novel C-terminally amidated opioid peptide, amidorphin, from bovine adrenal medulla. Amidorphin and the recently isolated octapeptide metorphamide (adrenorphin) are the only endogenous opioid peptides in mammals known to possess a C-terminal amide group. The amino acid sequence of amidorphin corresponds to the sequence 104-129 of bovine proenkephalin A. Very high concentrations of amidorphin were detected in bovine adrenal medulla and in a further endocrinological system, the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal axis. Amidorphin may therefore be considered to be a major gene product of the opioid peptide precursor proenkephalin A in these endocrine tissues.     

Vasoactive intestinal peptide regulates mitosis, differentiation and survival of cultured sympathetic neuroblasts

Although acute, millisecond-to-millisecond actions of neurotransmitters are well documented, diverse longer-term effects have been discovered only recently. Emerging evidence indicates that these signals regulate a variety of neuronal processes, from phenotypic expression to neurite outgrowth. Here we show that a single putative transmitter, vasoactive intestinal peptide, can exert multiple, long-term effects simultaneously: it stimulates mitosis, promotes neurite outgrowth and enhances survival of sympathetic neuron precursors in culture. As the peptide seems to be a normal presynaptic transmitter in the sympathetic system, synaptic transmission may exert hitherto unexpected effects.     

Identification of AtSM34, a novel tonoplast intrinsic protein-interacting polypeptide expressed in response to osmotic stress in germinating seedlings

Aquaporins are implicated in a wide variety of plant physiological processes, although the mechanisms involved in their regulation are not fully understood. To gain further insight into the regulatory factors involved in this process, we used a yeast two-hybrid system to screen for potential binding partners to the Arabidopsis tonoplast intrinsic protein (TIP) AtTIP1;1. This was the first protein identified to be associated with high water permeability in vacuolar membranes from Arabidopsis thaliana. Using ...     

Isolation of a novel antifungal peptide from the bark of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv

A novel Eucommia antifungal peptide, named EAFP3, was isolated from the bark of Eucommia ul- moides by NaC1 extract, gel filtration and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. The molecular mass of EAFP3 is 4157.3 Da, and its partial amino acid sequence is -. LYQQLIAGITLNK.-. EAFP3 exerts an inhibitory activity against Candida albicans in vitro and the drug concentration required for 50% growth inhibition （IC50） is 31.25μg/mL.     

Calcitonin gene-related peptide acts as a novel vasodilator neurotransmitter in mesenteric resistance vessels of the rat

Systemic blood pressure is controlled by changes in the resistance of the peripheral vascular bed for example in the mesenteric blood vessels. The tone of peripheral blood vessels is primarily maintained by sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves. Although vasodilator innervation has been identified in certain isolated elastic arteries, it is not known whether vasodilator nerves contribute to the regulation of the peripheral resistance vessels. We present pharmacological evidence for the existence of nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) vasodilator nerves in the mesenteric resistance vessel of the rat and that the resistance is controlled by not only sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves but also NANC vasodilator nerves. We also show that the neurogenic vasodilation was selectively abolished by depleting endogenous calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a potent vasodilator neuropeptide, from perivascular nerves. This indicates that CGRP is a novel vasodilator neurotransmitter and may play a role in control of the total peripheral resistance of systemic circulation through a local reflex mechanism.     

Design, synthesis and characterisation of a 34-residue polypeptide that interacts with nucleic acids

Based on secondary structure prediction rules and model building a neutral artificial 34-residue polypeptide with potential nucleic acid-binding activity was synthesised. This peptide and its covalent dimer showed strong interaction with cytidine phosphates and single-stranded DNA. The dimer had considerable ribonuclease activity with high preference for cleavage at the 3'-end of C.     

A CHASE domain containing protein kinase OsCRL4, represents a new AtCRE1-like gene family in rice

AtCRE1 is known to be a cytokinin receptor inArabidopsis. The AtCRE1 protein contains CHASE domain at the N-terminal part, followed by a transmitter (histidine kinase) domain and two receiver domains. The N-terminal CHASE domain of AtCRE1 contains putative recognition sites for cytokinin. Five CHASE domains containing proteins were found in rice, OsCRLla, OsCRLlb, OsCRL2, OsCRL3, and OsCRL4. OsCRL1a, OsCRL1b, OsCRL2 and OsCRL3 contain the four domains existing in CRE1, whereas OsCRL4 only contains the CHASE domain and a putative Ser/Thr protein kinase domain The authors cloned the encoding gene OsCRL4 and found that it represents a new member of the cytokinin receptor protein in rice.     

新型咔唑衍生物的合成表征及光学性质的研究

报道一种新型的咔唑类衍生物—3-(4-乙烯基吡啶基)-N-乙基咔唑的合成.用元素分析、红外光谱、电喷雾质谱、质谱和核磁共振谱进行了表征,测定其紫外吸收光谱和单光子荧光光谱.研究表明,该化合物具有好的紫外吸收和单光子吸收荧光效应.     

Inositol trisphosphate, a novel second messenger in cellular signal transduction

There has recently been rapid progress in understanding receptors that generate intracellular signals from inositol lipids. One of these lipids, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, is hydrolysed to diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate as part of a signal transduction mechanism for controlling a variety of cellular processes including secretion, metabolism, phototransduction and cell proliferation. Diacylglycerol operates within the plane of the membrane to activate protein kinase C, whereas inositol trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm to function as a second messenger for mobilizing intracellular calcium.     

新型双偶氮化合物的合成、表征及光响应性能研究

以苯甲酸为原料,通过多步反应合成了1种新型双偶氮化合物3,5-二-(4-羟基苯基偶氮)苯甲酸乙酯.利用IR、1HNMR、UV-vis进行结构表征.该化合物(1.2×10-5 mol·L-1四氢呋喃溶液)紫外光谱K带的最大吸收波长为360 nm,其摩尔吸光系数ε为62 833 L·mol-1·cm-1.在365 nm紫外光照射下,该化合物发生反-顺光异构化,光照6 min后达到光稳定态,K带最大吸收波长蓝移33 nm.将其置于暗室,40 h后恢复原态.偶氮发色团反-顺光异构化转化率(R)、光稳态顺式异构体含量(Y)分别为52.26%,54.88%.在质子溶剂乙醇中,溶剂与该化合物形成分子间氢键,导致该化合物在365 nm紫外光照射下不发生反-顺光异构化.     

Drosophila melanogaster mitochondrial DNA, a novel organization and genetic code

The sequence of a 4,869 base-pair fragment of Drosophila melanogaster mitochondrial DNA is presented. It contains genes for cytochrome oxidase subunits I, II and III, ATPase subunit 6 and six tRNAs together with two unassigned reading frames. The gene organization differs from that of mammalian mitochondrial DNAs. Evidence is provided for a genetic code in which AGA codes for serine and the quadruplet ATAA is used in initiation of translation.     

人神经节苷脂诱导分化相关蛋白cDNA的克隆、染色体定位和初步功能研究

通过构建,筛选人18周胎脑cDNA文库,克隆到一条与神经节苷脂诱导分化相关蛋白高度同源的新基因,经HUGO／GDB人类基因命名委员会的同意命名为GDAP1L1,进行新基因的全序列测定,RH定位分析,Blast分析及生物学信息分析,Northern杂交提示GDAP1L1基因在胎脑中高度表达,但在成人脑组织中低表达,新的神经节甙脂诱导分化相关蛋白的表达和功能研究初步提示：全长新神经节苷脂诱导分化相关基因核苷酸序列长1163bp,RH定位分析新基因定位在染色体20q12区,BLASTN,BLASTP,TBLASTN分析新基因的蛋白质序列与人和鼠“神经节甘脂诱导分化相关蛋白1”有58％的同源性,而与人的另一条“类似神经节苷脂诱导分化相关蛋白1”的部分蛋白序列（47－253aa)的同源性达100％,新基因蛋白在3,5端分别多出46aa和114aa的长度,生物学住处分析证实神经节苷脂诱导分化相关基因与神经营养与细胞凋亡有密切关系,全长新神经节苷脂诱导分化相关基因是一个神经营养与发育及细胞周期调控,信号传导有关的基因,可能在肿瘤的发生中具有重要作用,其功能的进一步研究将为肿瘤机理的阐明提供思路。     

一种新型双光子吸收材料的合成、光学性质及生物成像

以4-溴-1,8-萘二甲酸酐为起始原料通过Sonogashira偶联反应合成了一种新型萘酰亚胺衍生物(N-吗啉乙基)-4-(4-羟基苯乙炔基)-1,8-萘酰亚胺(A),其结构通过~1H NMR、~(13)C NMR、HR-MS(ESI)表征,并对化合物A在6种不同极性有机溶剂和甲醇/四氢呋喃混合溶剂中的荧光发射光谱,以及A在四氢呋喃中的双光子诱导荧光光谱进行了分析.结果表明:A具有溶质变色效应,随溶剂极性的增大,A的荧光发射峰发生红移,且荧光强度下降.并且A在波长820 nm处的有效双光子吸收截面为90 GM.此外,A可成功定位于溶酶体,与溶酶体商品化染料Lyso Tracker Red的共定位系数高达0.902 6.因此,化合物A作为一个新型的双光子吸收材料,可作为双光子溶酶体示踪剂用于细胞成像.     

一种新型芳基脒配合物的合成、晶体结构及表征

在溶剂热条件下,2-氨基-1,3,4-噻二唑、苯乙腈与二价镍离子原位合成了一个新的芳基脒配合物1,经元素分析、红外光谱、紫外光谱及核磁共振氢谱给予表征,并通过X射线单晶结构解析确定了配合物的结构.配合物1为单核配合物,C20H18N8NiS2,镍(Ⅱ)中心平面四方配位几何构型,为单斜晶系,P121/n1空间群,a=0.992 49(18) nm,b=0.744 58(15) nm,c=1.464 3(3) nm,α=γ=90°,β=120°,Z=2,V=1.081 8(4) nm3,R1=0.049 5,wR2=0.152 6.     

构建人、科技与自然和谐共生的美丽世界

科技是推进人类社会生产力进步的革命性力量,人类在认识自然的过程中越来越依赖于通过科技手段利用自然资源满足社会发展的需要.当前,世界处于百年未有之大变局和后疫情时代,科技进一步拓宽了人类认识自然、利用自然的界域,同时,对自然资源的不合理使用导致的生态危机也威胁着人类的生存和发展.全球性的生态危机已成为人类必须面对的问题,只有正确认识人、科技与自然之关系,正确引导科技发展的价值取向,坚持人与自然和谐共生的价值准则,牢固树立人类命运共同体意识,以亲自然的科技构建美丽世界,才能共建美好的地球家园.     

脑表达的X连锁基因的克隆、染色体定位和初步功能研究

通过筛选人18周胎脑cDNA文库,得到一条与Bexl和Bex2在高度同源性的基因,经HUGO／GDB人类基因命名委员会的同意命名为BEX1,Northern杂交发现该基因在脑和胰腺中高表达,在心脏,胎盘,肝脏和肾脏中有较低表达,而在脑和骨骼肌中没有表达,用斯坦福大学G3辐射杂交系将BEX1定位于Xq22上的Marker DXS990和DXS 1059之间,以BEX1作为杂交探针小对小鼠的原位杂交中发现BEX1的小鼠同源基因在小鼠的生精小管中有表达,而在间质组织中没有表达,在成年小鼠（出生10周）中BEX1同源基因在生精小管的外周细胞中表达,在中层细胞（包括次级精母细胞和精子细胞）和内层细胞（主要由精子组成）中没有表达,而在6周的处于青春期的小鼠中,BEX1的同源基因在整个生精小管中都有表达,但外层细胞的表达比中层和内层细胞的表达要高得多,而在3周的幼年小鼠中,BEX1的同源基因仅有微量表达,所以BEX1在小鼠中的同源基因在青春期表达上升,生精小管成熟后表达维持在一定的水平,这提示BEX1基因可能参与精子发生及生精小管发育的过程。