前驱体制备工艺条件对 FePO4.2H2O 和 LiFePO4性能的影响

以九水合硝酸铁(Fe(NO3)3·9H2O)和二水合磷酸二氢钠(NaH2PO4·2H2O)为原料,采用反加沉淀法制备FePO4·2H2O前驱体。将FePO4·2H2O,Li2CO3和葡萄糖混合均匀后经高温固相烧结得到LiFePO4/C锂离子正极材料。考察前驱体反应温度、溶液的pH和滴加速度对FePO4·2H2O颗粒形貌、粒径以及LiFePO4的电化学性能的影响。采用扫描电镜(SEM)和激光粒度分析仪(LPSA)对样品的形貌和粒径进行表征。实验结果表明:FePO4·2H2O颗粒的粒径和分散性影响LiFePO4/C锂离子正极材料的电化学性能,粒径较小且均匀分散的前驱体制得的LiFePO4的电化学性能较好。优化条件下制得的前驱体颗粒为片状,平均粒径为1.08μm。相应的LiFePO4在0.1C充放电倍率下的首轮充电容量为159.3 mA·h/g,放电容量为159.0 mA·h/g,首次充放电效率为99.8%。材料表现出良好的循环倍率性能和结构稳定性。     

不同碳源对LiFePO4/C电化学性能的影响

分别以蔗糖、柠檬酸、酒石酸为碳源,采用高温固相法制备了LiFePO4/C正极复合材料.利用X-射线衍射(XRD)、热重差热分析(TGA)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、充放电测试、循环伏安及交流阻抗测试系统研究了不同碳源包覆对材料微结构及电化学性能的影响.XRD结果表明合成的材料均具有单一的橄榄石型结构;热重差热分析表明3个样品的质量度分数均为7%.SEM结果发现以蔗糖为碳源的LiFePO4/C团聚现象严重,以柠檬酸为碳源的LiFePO4/C颗粒最大,以酒石酸为碳源的LiFePO4/C颗粒最小.Raman表明以蔗糖或酒石酸为碳源的LiFePO4/C具有很好的石墨化碳.电化学性能表明以酒石酸为碳源的LiFePO4/C具有最佳的倍率和循环性能.     

高温固相法制备LiFePO4/C正极材料及其性能

为了提高磷酸铁锂的能量密度,本文通过两步高温固相反应法合成了锂离子电池正极LiFePO_4/C复合材料,利用XRD、SEM、TEM等方法对该正极材料的晶体结构、表面形貌进行了分析研究。实验结果表明,LiFePO_4/C具有单一的橄榄石结构,通过掺杂前驱体10%(质量分数)的葡萄糖合成的材料具有良好的充放电性能和循环稳定性能球状,LiFePO4为锂离子的迁移和扩散提供了通道,有利于电化学性能的提升。在0.1 C倍率下进行充放电测试,首次放电比容量可达161 m Ahg-1,在2 C下循环了100次后复合材料的容量为148 m Ahg~(-1),库仑效率高达98%,结果表明碳包覆的LiFePO_4样品的电化学性能得到了很大提高。     

真空合成锂离子电池LiFePO4/C正极材料及其电化学性能研究

以氢氧化锂为锂源,在真空条件下合成了锂离子电池正极材料LiFePO4.采用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）对样品进行表征,并对其进行电化学交流阻抗（EIS）、循环伏安（CV）和恒流充放电等电化学性能测试,并与以碳酸锂为锂源制得的材料进行比较.结果表明：两种锂源在真空条件下合成的LiFePO4均具有单一的橄榄石相,而以氢氧化锂为锂源所得的材料粒度更小且分布更均匀,比容量更高.此外,以氢氧化锂为锂源时,通过在原料预烧后的前驱体中引入碳源得到的LiFePO4/C复合正极材料在0.2 C和1.0 C时的首次放电容量分别为138.4 mAh/g和126.8mAh/g,循环30次后仍能分别释放出135.6 mAh/g和123.9 mAh/g的可逆容量.     

不同碳源LiFePO_4/C复合材料的表征与性能分析

以FePO4.2H2O,LiOH.H2O为原料,分别以蔗糖、PVA、柠檬酸及三者按一定比例混合做为包覆碳的碳源,经碳热还原法合成得到LiFePO4/C复合正极材料。采用TG/DTA、XRD、SEM对前驱体及产物进行表征。以放电比容量为考察样品电化学性能的指标。实验发现,以蔗糖、柠檬酸、PVA按一定比例混合为碳源制得的LiFePO4/C复合材料电化学性能最好,在0.5,1,2,和5 C下首次充放电分别达到144.5,138.5,130.3和110.7 mAh/g,样品在5 C下经50次循环,基本无衰减。     

核/壳纳米LiFePO4/C正极材料的制备及其性能

采用原位聚合控制结晶法,Fe3+既为沉淀剂又为聚合反应的催化剂,在FePO4核外聚合聚吡咯合成纳米FePO4/PPy前躯体.以FePO4/PPy为铁源,葡萄糖为碳源,高温热处理制备核/壳纳米LiFePO4/C锂离子电池正极材料.并结合X线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、拉曼光谱和充放电测试、循环伏安等手段对合成材料的结构、形貌和电化学性能进行表征.研究结果表明:在FePO4核外聚合PPy能有效抑制LiFePO4颗粒的生长,制得核/壳型纳米LiFePO4/C正极材料;该材料具有良好的电化学性能,在0.1C,0.2C,0.5C和1.0C倍率下的放电比容量分别为149,143,133和129 mA·h/g,且循环性能优异.     

溶液浓度对前驱体FePO_4·xH_2O及LiFePO_4性能的影响

以NH4H2PO4和FeSO4.7H2O为原料,H2O2为氧化剂,通过液相法合成FePO4.xH2O前驱体,将FePO4.xH2O,Li2CO3和葡萄糖球磨混合以低温固相法合成正极材料LiFePO4,研究溶液浓度对前驱体FePO4.xH2O和LiFePO4的影响;采用X线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)对样品的晶体结构和形貌进行表征,采用比表面积分析和原子发射光谱分析等手段比较不同的溶液浓度对产物性能的影响。研究结果表明:当溶液浓度为0.1,0.3,0.5,1.0和1.5 mol/L时制备的FePO4.2H2O均为纯相,在溶液浓度为1.0 mol/L时合成的FePO4.xH2O含2个结晶水,即x=2;溶液浓度为1.0 mol/L时合成的FePO4.xH2O制备的LiFePO4具有良好的电化学性能;充放电容量为0.1C(其中,C为充、放电倍率)首次放电容量达154.4 mA.h/g,循环30次后容量保持率为99.7%。     

镍铁锰三元前驱体材料的制备及性能研究

镍铁锰三元材料是钠离子电池正极材料研究的热点之一,常采用固相法合成。然而,原料的混合均匀性差,难以控制形貌和晶粒大小,使得材料的电化学性能较差。为获得粒径小,形貌均一可控的正极材料,采用两步水热法先以硫酸镍、硫酸铁、硫酸锰和氢氧化钠为原料合成镍铁锰三元前驱体材料Ni_0.7Fe_0.2Mn_0.1(OH)₂,再将制备的前驱体混钠烧结制备三元材料。利用X衍射分析仪、扫描电子显微镜、X射线能谱仪和新威电池测试系统对其晶体结构、形貌、化学组成和电化学性能进行表征。重点研究了不同反应温度和时间对前驱体晶粒生长的影响,以及不同表面活性剂对前驱体形貌和结晶度的影响。结果表明,在170℃下保温12h,表面活性剂为10%添加量的聚乙二醇条件下合成的前驱体材料形貌光滑、组分均匀且一致性较好。首次充放电容量分别为128.79mAh/g和109.09mAh/g,具有84.7%的库伦效率。     

LiFePO4/C的低成本制备及电化学性能研究

以FePO4.2H2O,Li2CO3和蔗糖为原料,采用碳热还原法合成LiFePO4/C材料.高温合成时采用木炭粉代替惰性气体保护以降低成本,对样品进行X射线衍射分析(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)测试和电化学性能分析.结果表明:当合成温度为650℃时合成的材料具有较好的电化学性能,0.1倍率下首次放电比容量为153.0 mA.h/g,30次充放电循环后容量保持率为95%,具有良好的循环性能.     

Fe2 P对LiFePO4/C复合材料性能的影响

采用固相法合成LiFePO4和LiFePO4/C复合材料,研究了蔗糖分解的碳包覆对LiFePO4材料性能的影响.XRD检测纯LiFePO4为单一的橄榄石相,而LiFePO4/C复合材料中出现高导电物质Fe2P相;SEM显示样品的粒径均在1μm以下,包覆碳样品的晶粒更小,但出现团聚现象.此方法合成的纯LiFePO4初始容量高达136.6 mAh/g.Fe2P的存在使LiFePO4材料的大电流放电能力得到提高.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with