间歇萃取精馏分离二氯甲烷-乙醇-水体系的模拟及实验研究

基于NRTL模型,以乙二醇为萃取剂,用Aspen Plus软件对二氯甲烷-乙醇-水三元体系间歇萃取精馏过程进行模拟,分别考虑了溶剂比、回流比、塔板数、溶剂进料位置和溶剂进料温度对整个精馏过程的影响.原料为100 kg含95％二氯甲烷(质量分数)、3％水、2％乙醇的混合溶液,利用模拟结果对各工艺参数进行分析和优化,得出了最佳的操作条件:精馏塔塔板数为20块、溶剂进料位置在第2块塔板、溶剂进料温度为38℃、回流比为2.5、溶剂比为0.575.在该操作条件下,塔顶的二氯甲烷的质量分数可达99.8％以上,回收率为96.65％,满足溶剂回收再利用的要求.通过实验对该模拟结果进行验证,得到的二氯甲烷质量分数高达99.8％,回收率为90％左右,与模拟结果基本一致.     

银杏叶中总黄酮的提取

分别以不同比例的四氢呋喃-乙醇、乙醇-水为溶剂,采用水浴回流和浸泡法提取银杏叶中总黄酮,用分光光度法测定提取率.结果表明:采用水浴回流法时,以体积比为3∶1的四氢呋喃/乙醇为溶剂,银杏叶质量(g)与溶剂体积(mL)比为1∶13.3、水浴温度为50℃、时间为2 h,提取率可达14.7%;采用浸泡法时,以体积比为3∶1的乙醇/水为溶剂,银杏叶质量(g)与溶剂体积(mL)比为1∶10、浸泡时间为24 h,提取率最高达9.3%.     

对羟基-β-硝基苯乙烯的合成

本文报道以对羟基苯甲醛和硝基甲烷为原料，苯胺作为催化剂，乙醇为溶剂。油浴加热回流８ 小时，合成了对羟基－ β－ 硝基苯乙烯。收率为６５．４％ 。     

赶黄草总黄酮类化合物的提取纯化工艺研究

以赶黄草为原料,选择单因素和正交试验筛选了赶黄草回流提取和超声提取总黄酮的最佳工艺条件,并对提取出的总黄酮利用聚酰胺树脂进行纯化,筛选出纯化最佳条件.结果显示最佳回流提取条件为:料液比1:15、提取温度60℃、乙醇体积分数60％、提取时间1 h.超声最佳提取条件分别为料液比1:25,提取温度50℃,乙醇体积分数60％,提取时间50 min.聚酰胺树脂的纯化最优条件为:选择60～80目聚酰胺树脂、溶液pH值为4、装柱比例1:15、拌样比例1:3、洗脱溶剂pH值为8、乙醇体积分数为70％,并且乙醇用量需大于3倍量保留体积.通过实验对比和筛选赶黄草黄酮的提取工艺条件和树脂最佳纯化条件,为赶黄草黄酮未来的提取纯化类实验研究提供实验数据参考.     

冬青叶中黄酮类化合物提取方法的研究

以茶果冬青为原料，经微波破壁，水作溶剂回流提取黄酮类化合物，并用2SI-106A型大孔吸附树脂分离纯化，研究了含水量、微波处理时间、处理次数及溶剂种类等因素对提取率的影响．结果表明，实验的最佳条件为：含水量20％，微波处理3次，每次30S，料液比1：6和1：4各回流提取1h；经2SI-106A型大孔吸附树脂吸附，50％乙醇洗脱，提取率为96．3％，精制后产品收率为4．38％，总黄酮含量25．7％．     

柚子皮黄色素的提取及稳定性研究

用柚子皮为原料，95％酸性乙醇为溶剂，回流提取黄色素，并对色素的性能进行了研究。结果表明该色素对光、热、氧化剂、还原剂等具有一定的稳定性。     

川芎中阿魏酸的提取工艺研究

目的：研究川芎中阿魏酸的提取工艺。方法：单因素实验确定川芎中阿魏酸的提取方法及溶剂,L9（33）正交试验表就溶剂浓度、溶剂加量和提取时间为考察因素进行三因素三水平正交试验,对阿魏酸提取率进行优化。结果：影响提取率的因素是：乙醇浓度〉提取时间〉溶剂用量。最佳水平组合是：80％乙醇,15倍量,回流3h。结论：川芎粉碎品用15倍量、80％乙醇微沸腾回流3h提取阿魏酸,工艺最佳。     

脱脂葡萄籽中原花青素提取工艺研究

采用溶剂回流提取方法,以脱脂葡萄籽为原料,以原花青素提取率为考察指标,研究了提取溶剂种类、溶剂浓度、提取温度、料液比、提取时间、提取次数等因素对葡萄籽中原花青素提取效果的影响;通过正交试验设计,确定脱籽葡萄籽中原花青素的最佳提取工艺条件为:提取溶剂70%乙醇,提取温度50℃,料液比1∶7,提取时间50 m in,提取3次;在此优化条件下脱脂葡萄籽中原花青素的平均提取率为5.00%。     

中药枳壳中柚皮苷和橙皮苷的提取方法研究

目的:采用正交设计法,对枳壳中的柚皮苷和新橙皮苷的提取方法和提取工艺参数进行优化。方法:通过水浴回流、索氏提取、超声辅助提取、微波炉辅助提取四种提取方法的比较,其中水浴回流提取法采用L9(33)正交实验以提取溶剂、时间、温度为因素,每个因素选3个水平,以枳壳中的柚皮苷和新橙皮苷的提取率来确定最优化的提取方法和提取条件。结果:水浴回流提取的优化条件是:溶剂为80%乙醇,温度为60℃,时间为40min.索氏提取优选95%乙醇,超声提取优选甲醇作溶剂。微波提取的最优化条件是,80%乙醇作溶剂,微波萃取仪功率400W,提取时间10min,温度40℃.结论:水浴回流提取法适用于作为生产制剂的提取,超声和微波提取法宜用于药物成分分析的提取。     

Al2O3无机膜的制备和微观结构表征

以异丙醇铝为主要原料,用溶胶-凝胶法制备Al2O3膜,考察胶溶剂的种类和用量、水解温度、回流时间等制备条件对Al2O3膜微观结构的影响.研究结果表明,选择用HNO3作为胶溶剂,HNO3用量在0.25～0.30(摩尔分数)、加水量为100(摩尔分数)、水解温度为80℃左右、回流时间为10h左右,可以制得微观结构性能比较好的Al2O3膜.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.