Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and soils by trace metals

Calculated loading rates of trace metals into the three environmental compartments demonstrate that human activities now have major impacts on the global and regional cycles of most of the trace elements. There is significant contamination of freshwater resources and an accelerating accumulation of toxic metals in the human food chain.     

土壤-小麦系统重金属污染状况与吸收富集行为

对广利灌区两市一县土壤和小麦中镉、汞、铅、砷重金属进行了分析,结果表明广利灌区土壤和小麦受镉、汞、铅、砷污染程度较小,土壤属于清洁,小麦食用安全。土壤中重金属区域差异比较明显,武陟县和济源市土壤中砷含量高,沁阳市土壤中铅、镉含量高。小麦籽粒对镉的吸收积累能力大于铅,对砷和汞的吸收富集能力较小。     

有色矿冶区污染蔬菜土壤中重金属活性

从湖南省长沙、株洲、衡阳和郴州地区典型有色金属矿冶区采集土壤和蔬菜样品,采用BCR法连续提取污染上壤中重金属不同组分,结合十壤中粘土矿物相、土壤和蔬菜重金属全量分析污染土壤重金属活性,并探讨其潜在环境风险.研究结果表明,土壤中Cd,Cu和Pb的可提取态含量与其在土壤中含量之比分别高达61.71%,43.14%和48.84%:土壤Cd的活性组分以酸町提取态为主,As,Cu和Pb以可还原态为主,Zn以酸可提取态和可还原态为主:土壤重金属尤其是As,Cd,Cu,Pb和Zn有效性组分之间存在明显的复合污染效应;土壤Cd,Cu和Zn可提取态含量与蔬菜Cd,Zn和Cu含量之间均存在显著正相关关系.     

包头公园土壤重金属含量水平及污染评价

为研究包头土壤重金属累积程度及其环境影响,在包头市区4个公园分别采集5个表层土样,分析测定了重金属Pb,Zn,Cd的含量,并用单因子指数法和潜在生态危害指数法进行了环境质量评价.结果显示,Zn含量高出背景值4~5倍,富集程度高,但潜在生态危害指数较小;Cd的含量高出背景值1~2倍,富集程度虽小,但潜在生态危害指数最高.Pb,Cu也有不同程度污染.交通运输和工业废弃物排放,是造成公园土壤中重金属含量积累的重要因素.     

康定城土壤重金属模糊评价

从生态环境地球化学角度研究了康定城土壤中重金属元素空间上的分布特征,并初步探讨了污染的来源.研究结果表明,锰、铜、砷和锌元素的质量分数均值均低于全国土壤;汞元素的平均质量分数为0.77×10-6,高于全国土壤的均值.运用模糊评判的方法,根据土壤污染分级标准建立了土壤质量的综合评判模型,给出了重金属的隶属函数,确定了土壤污染程度及污染类别.     

马莲台电厂周围土壤重金属污染风险评价研究

对马莲台电厂周围土壤中的铜、锌、铅和铬进行测定分析,利用不同的评价标准来评价其环境质量状况,并解析了其重金属污染的来源.结果表明,以自然背景值为评价标准,则马莲台电厂周围土壤中的重金属都超过污染指标;以国标二级为评价标准,则四种重金属的单项污染指数值全都小于1,其综合污染指数小于0.7,尚未受到污染.马莲台电厂、宁东镇的公路交通及人为活动等可能是主要污染源.     

校园空气状况微生物指标分析实验教学的研究与探索

在环境专业本科生中开展了校园空气状况微生物指标分析实验,实验中教师采用撞击法采集空气中微生物,并根据本实验具体环境条件设计无电动力微生物采样器。学生先在实验内制备培养基,再根据自己设计的实验方案采集空气中微生物样品,并把采集的样品放到培养箱进行培养,记录培养24小时后菌落数,最后根据结果来评价校园空气状况。在实验过程中,锻炼了学生的实践动手能力,激发了学生的学习热情,加深了学生对微生物基础理论知识的理解,促进了学生创新思维和创新能力的培养和提高。     

成都市城市土壤中重金属的现状评价

成都市城市土壤的研究显示,土壤中Hg,Cd,As,Cr,Pb,Cu,Zn含量分别为0.31μg/g,0.36μg/g,11.0μg/g,60μg/g,76.9μg/g,42.0μg/g,224μg/g,研究区范围内土壤中重金属平均含量除Cd外,均低于国家土壤二级质量标准。Tessier连续提取法镉形态分析结果表明,镉可交换态含量比例高达33.16%。与国内外其它城市比较,Hg含量较高;Cr,Cu,Zn含量处于中等水平;Cd,As,Pb含量水平相对较低。主要污染来源与工业布局、燃煤、交通、乡镇企业分布等因素有关。     

吉林省西部土壤中重金属的形态及其潜在生态影响评价

在吉林省西部5种主要类型土壤中共采集土壤样品144件,对其中Hg、As、Cd、Zn、Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni等重金属的含量进行了测定,并采用7步连续提取法对土壤中重金属的形态进行了分析。结果表明吉林省西部草原区土壤中重金属的含量均低于国家土壤质量标准中的一级标准,重金属含量处于自然背景水平;从土壤重金属总量来看,土壤基本没有受到重金属的污染;土壤中As、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb主要是以残渣态存在,其潜在生态影响较小;而Hg、Cd主要以腐殖酸结合态等活性态存在,其潜在生态风险相对较大;风沙土、盐碱土中Hg的生态风险大于其它类型土壤;而栗钙土、草甸土中Cd的生态风险大于其它类型土壤。     

Thermon gas as the thermal energy carrier in gas and metals

The thermon gas may be seen as the main thermal-energy carrier in heat conduction. Consider phonons, which are defined as the energy quanta for quantized lattice vibrationss, and the phonon gas, which consists of a large number of randomly moving phonons. In the same way, a thermon in gas and metal is defined as the equivalent mass of thermal energy of a gas molecule or an electron, respectively, and the thermon gas consists of a large number of randomly moving thermons. Like the phonon and the photon, the rest mass of a thermon is zero. Because the mass of a moving thermon changes continuously, the thermon may be regarded as a nonquantized quasiparticle. Thus, heat flux can be seen as the directional flow of the thermon gas due to a given temperature gradient. The thermon mass is m_h=E/c², where E is the thermal energy and c is the speed of light, and the thermon gas is actually a compressible gas flow with real mass. According to the principle of aerodynamics, the state equations of a thermon gas in either gas or metal are obtained by different statistical functions. Furthermore, Newtonian mechanics may be applied to obtain the momentum-conservation equation of a thermon gas, which is actually the general heat-conduction law, and which reduces to Fourier’s law when thermal inertia is negligible. The general heat-conduction law is a damped wave equation that can be used to quantitatively investigate thermal wave phenomena caused by heating of thin metal films by ultrafast laser pulses. The numerical solution of the general heat-conduction law is obtained using a finite-difference method with double precision, and the results show that the thermal wave increases as the spatial inertia of the thermon gas increases.     

重金属污染下台湾相思和尾叶桉根区土壤微生物群落多样性

利用BIOLOG微平板技术对广州市黄埔区龟山重金属污染下台湾相思（Acacia confusa）和尾叶桉（Eucalyptus urophylla）根区土壤微生物群落多样性进行了研究.结果表明,广州市黄埔区龟山土壤重金属污染严重,其中全Cd和全Zn含量大大超出广州市背景值,并对微生物群落产生最大负效应.土壤环境的恶化导致细菌数量减少,微生物代谢活性滞后,对醣类和氨基酸类碳源利用低,多样性指数降低.黄埔区台湾相思和尾叶桉根区土壤细菌数量和微生物多样性显著高于裸地.由于重金属污染对根区土壤的影响较大,台湾相思和尾叶桉根区土壤的细菌数量、微生物碳源利用类型以及群落多样性指数均无显著差异.然而,台湾相思根区土壤微生物的代谢活性随着培养时间的延长,呈迅速上升趋势,并较其他供试土壤具有更高的代谢能力;另外,台湾相思不仅可以稳定土壤中的Cu和Pb,还能吸收Cd和Zn,并且其固氮能力能有效增加土壤养分含量,对土壤条件进行改良,也是广州市常用的造林先锋树种,适合作为广州市黄埔区重金属污染地植被重建材料.     

Coupled major and trace elements as indicators of the extent of melting in mid-ocean-ridge peridotites

Rocks in the Earth's uppermost sub-oceanic mantle, known as abyssal peridotites, have lost variable but generally large amounts of basaltic melt, which subsequently forms the oceanic crust. This process preferentially removes from the peridotite some major constituents such as aluminium, as well as trace elements that are incompatible in mantle minerals (that is, prefer to enter the basaltic melt), such as the rare-earth elements. A quantitative understanding of this important differentiation process has been hampered by the lack of correlation generally observed between major- and trace-element depletions in such peridotites. Here we show that the heavy rare-earth elements in abyssal clinopyroxenes that are moderately incompatible are highly correlated with the Cr/(Cr + Al) ratios of coexisting spinels. This correlation deteriorates only for the most highly incompatible elements-probably owing to late metasomatic processes. Using electron- and ion-microprobe data from residual abyssal peridotites collected on the central Indian ridge, along with previously published data, we develop a quantitative melting indicator for mantle residues. This procedure should prove useful for relating partial melting in peridotites to geodynamic variables such as spreading rate and mantle temperature.     

黔江区农业区域土壤重金属分析及评价

通过对黔江区典型农业耕作区域的土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn、Hg重金属进行调查监测,采用单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法对不同区域和不同土地利用类型的农业土壤进行评价。结果表明:黔江区农业区域土壤p H值范围在4.26~7.82之间,阳离子交换量在10.5~22.7cmol/kg范围之间,土壤中8种重金属均满足《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995)中二级标准值限值要求。不同区域和不同土地利用类型的农业土壤中,8种重金属按照国家二级标准评价进行单项污染指数和综合污染指数评价,均属于安全级,处于清洁水平;按照绿色标准评价,处于警戒级别,处于尚清洁水平,基本满足绿色食品产地土壤环境质量要求。     

郑州市污灌区土壤、粮食、蔬菜重金属污染状况及其评价

通过对“八五”与“九五”末期郑州市近郊污灌区土壤、粮食、蔬菜中重金属富集含量的监测结果统计和相关评价模式分析得出 :污灌区土壤生态环境有所改善 ,水稻质量尚好 ,但局部污灌区小麦与蔬菜受到Zn、Hg污染的影响。     

海洋粘土矿物的古环境含意辨析

粘土矿物组合反映了源区气候冷、暖周期性变化,记录了沉积区域古环境演化的重要信息,为古环境重塑提供了有力证据.但沉积岩中粘土矿物组合及含量变化用于古气候的解释目前尚存在一定的局限性和复杂性,例外情况时有发生.各种非气候因素,如源区、沉积环境、成岩作用、差异输送、自生作用,影响粘土矿物的分布和含量,使粘土矿物的古气候含意变得错综复杂.可能只有当沉积盆地很小或者是陆盆,沉积物中的粘土矿物对古气候才可能是有用的指示器.比较大的沉积盆地,尤其是海盆,是从遥远的源区接受岩屑载荷的,代表了一种多样化的环境条件.重组的距离越长,扩散过程越复杂,沉积的粘土矿物组合古气候信息越不清晰.粘土微粒要经过一个长距离才能从土壤到达海洋,因此沉积学家和古气候学家应该多注意土壤和沉积粘土矿物之间关系的复杂性.目前海洋粘土组合的古气候解释,可能代表一种相当宽泛的古气候信息或提供了所有气候影响的整合记录.     

长春市土壤重金属化学形态与土壤微生物量、微生物商和代谢商之间的关系

通过样品采集和室内分析相结合的方法研究了长春市城市土壤重金属化学形态与土壤微生物量、微生物商和代谢商之间的关系,以及土壤理化性质对重金属形态与土壤微生物量、微生物商和代谢商之间关系的影响.实验结果表明:城市土壤环境的空间异质性是引起城市土壤微生物参数的空间分异性的主要原因.长春市土壤重金属(Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn和Ni)不同的化学形态对土壤微生物量、微生物商和代谢商的影响明显不同,且土壤理化性质对它们之间关系的影响比较显著.采用重金属化学形态与微生物学指标相结合的方法评价长春市土壤重金属污染状况时,应该剔除土壤理化性质的影响.可以选择碳氮比与有机结合态Ni含量相结合的方法评价长春市土壤重金属污染状况或者确定重金属污染的临界浓度.     

Reliability of flipper-banded penguins as indicators of climate change

In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change highlighted an urgent need to assess the responses of marine ecosystems to climate change. Because they lie in a high-latitude region, the Southern Ocean ecosystems are expected to be strongly affected by global warming. Using top predators of this highly productive ocean (such as penguins) as integrative indicators may help us assess the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems. Yet most available information on penguin population dynamics is based on the controversial use of flipper banding. Although some reports have found the effects of flipper bands to be deleterious, some short-term (one-year) studies have concluded otherwise, resulting in the continuation of extensive banding schemes and the use of data sets thus collected to predict climate impact on natural populations. Here we show that banding of free-ranging king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) impairs both survival and reproduction, ultimately affecting population growth rate. Over the course of a 10-year longitudinal study, banded birds produced 41% [corrected] fewer chicks and had a survival rate 16 percentage points [corrected] lower than non-banded birds, demonstrating a massive long-term impact of banding and thus refuting the assumption that birds will ultimately adapt to being banded. Indeed, banded birds still arrived later for breeding at the study site and had longer foraging trips even after 10?years. One of our major findings is that responses of flipper-banded penguins to climate variability (that is, changes in sea surface temperature and in the Southern Oscillation index) differ from those of non-banded birds. We show that only long-term investigations may allow an evaluation of the impact of flipper bands and that every major life-history trait can be affected, calling into question the banding schemes still going on. In addition, our understanding of the effects of climate change on marine ecosystems based on flipper-band data should be reconsidered.     

用钉螺作为指示生物监测其孳生地重金属污染状况

用等离子体原子发射法测定了钉螺软体组织与其孳生地土壤中重金属元素Cr、Cu、Zn、Mn、Cd和Pb的含量,对其污染状况进行了分析.结果表明:钉螺是监测其孳生地土壤重金属污染的理想的指示生物,根据重金属在钉螺体内的累积情况可以判定土壤受重金属污染的程度.