多模式船舶主机及其控制系统仿真器设计

由上海海运学院研制的船舶主机及其控制系统真器有三种模式，第一种是单机模式，主机模型，控制系统及其操作界面都在一台计算机中，第二种是主从模式，上位机采用PC机实现人机操作界面，下位机采用单片机作为控制器通过模拟操作台实现对模拟主机的控制，第三种模式是网络模式，作为大型轮机模拟器的一个核心部分，主机模型采用基于动态优化的BP神经网络，控制系统的软件采用实时多任务操作系统，该仿真已经在所海运院校和企业用于学生和在职船员培训。     

A Review of Diagramming in Systems Practice and How Technologies Have Supported the Teaching and Learning of Diagramming for Systems Thinking in Practice

The educational process arguably involves a mediated discourse between teachers and learners to aid sense or meaning making for both parties. That mediation, particularly in distance teaching models, is often done through the use of educational resources, whereby teachers develop and/or select the educational resources which the learners then study or engage with through purposeful activities. Some issues or topics are so complicated or complex that words or numbers may be insufficient to represent the meanings contained within them and this is particularly relevant to systems studies which examine complex adaptive systems. Equally diagrams can break out of the linear and systematic nature of printed text to show non-linear and systemic features. This latter trait has been enhanced through the emergence in recent years of digital technologies whereby hypertext and other web applications now make it easier to create dynamic and/or interactive diagrams. And yet there has been little recent research into the influence of such technologies on the learning of systems diagramming skills at a distance. These issues are examined through a review of the literature and the reporting of previously unpublished surveys within The Open University on the value of diagrams to systems studies and the role of technology in influencing the study of diagramming in the teaching of systems thinking in practice. This review indicates that diagrams are seen as an important feature of systems studies and that digital technology can be effective in supporting the teaching and learning of systems diagramming skills at a distance. It also notes that new investigations are needed to examine whether more recent developments in digital technologies have made them more effective and/or efficient for teaching and using such skills in practice.     

Read Between the Lines; the Emancipatory Nature of Formative Annotative Feedback on Draft Assignments

Policy guidelines promoting best practice for annotation feedback on draft assignments risk neutralising lecturers’ feedback and higher education potential as an emancipatory pedagogy. Annotation use within higher education is more complex than its definition suggests compounded by a lack of supporting evidence and a largely inductive practice. With emphasis placed on receiving formative annotative feedback on draft assignments lecturers’ can empower students’ skills for lifelong learning and closing the gap between actual and desired performance on assessed work. Analysis of findings from a survey methodology, questionnaires (students’ n = 600, lecturers’ n = 112) and feedback comments are discussed with literature published from 1997 to 2009. Themes impacting on formative annotation feedback and educational transformation were identified. Students’ (n = 13, 2.17% response rate) felt frustrated by feedback requiring them to ‘read between the lines’ and interpret the lecturer’s actual intended message. Lecturers’ (n = 22, 19.64% response rate) indicated they valued feedback but despite preceding summative, formative annotative feedback was perceived to be indistinct from summative feedback. The generic nature of feedback policy, guidelines and literature reinforces this perception. In reality the different timing and aims of formative annotation means that feedback generalities maybe unhelpful.     

A Set of Conventions,a Model: An Application of Stafford Beer’s Viable Systems Model to the Strategic Planning Process

In contemplating better ways to manage, Stafford Beer says the big problem is that you are not determining absolute facts: you are establishing a set of conventions. Hence his view, that a model is neither true nor false: it is more or less useful. And while this paper suggests Beer’s Viable Systems Model (VSM) is overwhelmingly more, rather than less useful, that the VSM and its founding theories are virtually unknown at the level of everyday management begs the question, why? Over time we have learned about the usefulness of the VSM compared to other management theories, when used in the contest of the organisational strategic planning process. Thus through a sequence of diagrams based on Beer’s original drawings, we show how the VSM came to underpin a process for strategic planning in one organisation. The paper has three aims; to attach an everyday ‘common speak’ understanding to some of Beer’s work, to demonstrate how we have learned to appreciate the usefulness of the VSM and its associated diagrams and conventions and to suggest a link between the Action Research change methodology and Beer’s work.     

An Action Design Research Approach within Enterprise Engineering

Enterprise engineering (EE) is emerging as a new discipline that is multi-disciplinary in nature. As highlighted by researchers within the EE discipline, the current status of EE endeavours as taken by several universities is unclear, which led to several initiatives and publications to develop a research agenda within the enterprise engineering research community. This article builds upon existing work aimed at establishing EE as a discipline, also accepting the epistemological stance of idealism, pragmatism and existential phenomenology as argued by Hoogervorst as an appropriate stance for EE research, prior to suggesting action design research (ADR) as an appropriate research method for EE research. More so, the article presents an Action Design Research within Enterprise Engineering (ADR-in-EE) approach as the main contribution to guide prospective EE researchers towards research within the EE discipline. The ADR-in-EE approach is based on ADR, but provides additional guidance by incorporating the use of an Enterprise Evolution Contextualisation Model, as well as creativity facilitation in the form of Univation’s brainstorming method. As a second contribution, we experiment with the ADR-in-EE approach and use a survey to extract feedback on the usefulness of the approach. The research findings are mostly positive, with qualitative feedback on further improving ADR-in-EE approach.     

Teaching Diagramming at a Distance: Seeing the Human Wood Through the Technological Trees

The Systems Group at the Open University has always seen diagramming as an essential skill for students to learn and use properly if they are to become effective systems practitioners. However, teaching students at a distance to use diagramming effectively has posed challenges to both Lecturers and Students alike. While we have tried to provide some face-to-face opportunities to help teach this skill we have had to rely heavily on technological means most of the time. This paper reviews the role of diagramming in systems studies generally and specifically in Open University courses and assesses the advantages and disadvantages of the various technological methods used to teach diagramming over 30 years by the Systems Group. In so doing we try to determine how much the technology hinders or helps budding systems practitioners.     

多级组合发动机混合动力电动汽车燃油经济性的数值模拟

提出了多级组合发动机的概念,并将其作为混合动力电动汽车的动力。与常规混合动力电动汽车相比,在欧洲NEDC、美国HWFET和日本1015汽车循环中,最高燃油经济性分别提高8.09%、9.69%和3.5%。在不同的电池组初始充电状态和不同的多级组合发动机功率比的情况下,对其进行了燃油经济性和发动机平均效率的模拟。模拟结果表明:考虑结构设计的复杂性和经济性,与传统动力相比,以等功率比的双级组合发动机作为混合动力电动汽车动力更为合理,更具可行性。     

Systemic Design for Applying the Combined Use of SSM and CDA to Social Practices

In this paper, we propose a framework for applying the combined use of soft systems methodology (SSM) and critical discourse analysis (CDA) based on social semiotic systemic functional linguistics to social practices. In the social practice, ‘participation’ mode of Checkland’s SSM is used for ‘problem-solving’ whilst CDA is used to problematize ‘problem-solving’ processes within the practice. During the meta-process of problematization of our research, we used Churchman’s systems approach and its theory of ‘boundary critique’ in order to explore issues such as governance, inequality of power, and social values within the organization examined for this study. In other words, the process-oriented methodology proposed in this paper consists of two processes: that of ‘problem-solving’ based on SSM and of problematization of naturalized discourse from the perspective of CDA and two phases of boundary critique in social practice. A detailed account of a case study of Korean social enterprise is given to demonstrate how our proposed framework of the combined use of SSM and CDA is applied into practice. Reflecting the outcome of the case study, this paper argues that critical social research from systemic inquiry using what we call ‘process-oriented methodology’ is useful to address some of the social and complex issues related to understanding dynamic relation between power and discourse amongst participants in the social enterprise in Korean contexts.     

从哪里寻找系统的有序之源

耗散结构理论从热力学系统内部大量粒子混乱运动的状态变化中寻找系统的有序之源,把由系统内部大量粒子的有规则运动而形成的结构图形解释为自组织。作者认为,这一理论从研究对象到方法都有问题,其结论与现实的演化的物质世界不符。为此,主张从粒子相互转化的角度来探讨自组织问题,从粒子之间相互转化的连续性过程来探索有序之源。对无序和有序概念的内涵作了新规定,认为生物的、社会的自组织是一种由无数的、多层次的WN反馈环组成的网络结构,是由WN反馈机制形成的持续不断的粒子之间相互转化的循环过程,即是持续不断的物质和能量转化的循环过程,而不应该是指贝纳德花纹或激光一类的东西。     

Developing an Entrepreneurship Model to Increase Students’ Entrepreneurial Skills: an Action Research Project in a Higher Education Institution in Indonesia

Systemic Practice and Action Research - The University of Cenderawasih (Uncen) has developed a locally relevant entrepreneurship education model within its curriculum to increase students’...     

Management and Employees’ Collaboration: Is the Norwegian Work Life Model Suited for All?

Norway’s work life is known for its strong emphasis on the collaboration between employees, unions and managers. This article explores two case studies: two companies who are part of the same group of companies with the same owners, who are introducing broad collaboration. The same process was used to change employees’ participation in the development processes, but the results were different for each company. In this article we explore the factors that influence the implementation of broad collaboration between employees, unions and managers in the light of the Norwegian work life model and of the regional traditions. When introducing new collaboration patterns between managers, union and employees in a company, it is important to take regional traditions into consideration. One of the companies succeeded in implementing direct manager-employee collaboration, and the other company failed to implement broad collaboration. This article explores the reasons behind the different results. It further explores the experience from the two cases, and asks the question is the Norwegian work life model suited for all? The article suggests strategies for how to create an environment for broad collaboration in companies that have no such tradition.     

From Bureaucracy to Learning Organization: Critical Minimum Specification Design as Space for Sensemaking

What does it take of a municipal organization to be a significant participant in the dynamic, learning oriented interaction within a triple helix constellation of partners aimed at regional development? The short answer is that it needs to develop the receptivity (Morgan, 1996) and the flexibility to act in novel ways, which are the traits of a learning organization. However, how these abilities are enhanced in organizations that are basically organized as bureaucracies aimed at maintaining a stable and standardized function of its operations, is an under-researched phenomenon within the triple helix discussions. In this paper, I investigate this question through an analysis of a change and development process within a municipal organization that aimed to enhance the capacity of the organization to interact receptively and dynamically with their environment, by changing their organizational structure from a bureaucratic to a post-bureaucratic type. The main finding is that rather than the new formal structure as such; it is the process of sensemaking following the introduction of this new formal structure that creates the capacity for learning and development. However, this outcome is dependent on the sensemaking process being turned over from a defensive mode into a learning oriented mode. The paper explores how this turn may be facilitated.     

变形Chua混沌系统及其同步问题的研究

混沌系统及其同步是混沌保密通信中的关键问题。提出了一种基于双曲正切非线性函数的变形Chua电路,分析了参数在不同取值时系统的吸引子特性,讨论了该系统的功率谱密度特性、分岔特性和旁加莱映射,并通过线性状态反馈实现了两个变形Chua系统的同步。不仅如此,还通过调整非线性函数,将该系统进一步拓展,产生了更复杂的多涡卷混沌吸引子,以更利于实际应用。仿真结果表明了本方法的有效性。     

Systemic Approaches to Managing Across the Gap in the Public Sector: Results of an Action Research Programme

This paper tells the story and conclusions of a 1 year research project which took place over the calendar year of 2006. It was undertaken within a local government authority (or Local Authority—LA) in the UK. The specific research question to be answered was: “Can the application of systems methods in the LA aid Authority staff in developing and enhancing their professional practice?” A supplementary question arising was: “Can such learning be of wider value to other sections of the public sector (for example in other regions of local government or the health sector)?” In the process of the year 91 separate action research interactions took place. The research comes to three systemically linked findings: Firstly, LA middle managers are often caught between two realities ... strategic initiatives and operational demands. In the gap between these two realities they experience change in many guises but most critically in terms of government directives, ICT initiatives and restructuring. Despite this complexity managers did not appear to always have adequate tools to deal with issues arising in their context. Secondly, an assessment matrix developed originally at the Open University is a valuable tool for assessing the systemisism and reflective capacities of staff and, thirdly, a new, blended hybrid training programme to develop systemic reflective practitioners able to manage across the strategy/operations gap was developed and pilot tested in 2007. This programme shows signs of providing enhanced professional practice and, at the time of writing, is being further piloted with a view to establishing its wider applicability within the public sector.     

考虑消费者风险偏好和随机底价的“消费者出价”营销模式

考虑消费者风险偏好特征,提出一种新型随机底价的“消费者出价”营销模式(random-name-your-own-price,RN).在消赍者估值异质假设下,运用数学建模、参数分析和数值模拟的方法,讨论单一垄断和同质化竞争两种情形下零售商的策略选择问题.结果表明,单一垄断情形下,消费者对出价失败风险的厌恶会促使其在RN模...     

Rich Pictures: Collaborative Communication Through Icons

A visual language of pictures, such as the rich picture used in the Soft System Methodology, offers a way of global communication that far exceeds the limitations of text and speech. Simple graphics can be rapidly communicated, processed and transmitted within a large and culturally diverse constituency. This paper looks at the benefits and interpretative risks when using rich pictures for system understanding. The aim of this paper is twofold: firstly to report upon an observation of a large scale collaborative diagramming workshop and compare the resulting pictures with a previous workshop study. Secondly, to develop further ongoing research which suggests rich picture construction can be aided by providing an icon legend. This paper compares 2 rich picture workshops: the diagramming workshop at the Open University eSTEeM Diagramming Colloquium in March 2012 and a workshop held in Heriot Watt University in February 2012. The comparative results are set against the ongoing empirically grounded rich picture research within Heriot-Watt University in Scotland. Preliminary results suggest there are a set of distinguishable icons and shapes that are generic across all rich pictures regardless of domain. Further analysis of the early results suggests a natural intrinsic grammar is manifested within rich pictures in terms of relationships, icons, context and connectors.     

Nature-inspired Computation — Effective Realization of Artificial Intelligence

In nature-inspired computation, different intelligent computation modes of agents usually have different extrinsic forms; but can they take on some relative uniform characteristics? To validate this idea, further systematic study on nature-inspired computation from a more macroscopical angle is made in this article and the uniform framework mode of nature-inspired computation is consequently summarized and presented, as well as described with feedback neural network and swarm intelligence algorithms. On the basis of the defined general mode framework, agents of the algorithms in a nature-inspired computation field can show a type of uniform intelligent computation mode.     

基于滑模变结构的弹道跟踪制导律设计

针对防空导弹弹道跟踪问题,基于滑模变结构理论设计了一种弹道跟踪制导律。首先,采用弹道坐标变量而不是时间变量对导弹质点运动模型线性化,得到允许扰动范围更大的线性化模型;接着,基于单输入线性系统滑模变结构控制理论设计滑模面和制导指令,并给出制导系统工作原理;最后,在一定干扰作用下,将所设计的跟踪制导律应用于导弹质点运动仿真,从模型优劣、抑制随机风干扰能力、鲁棒性等方面进行分析,并与线性二次型调节器（linear quadratic regulator, LQR）跟踪制导律进行了比较,结果表明,该线性化模型与以时间为自变量的线性化模型相比具有一定优势,且滑模制导律对模型不确定性具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Systemic Thinking and Practice Toward Facilitating Inclusive Education: Reflections on a Case of Co-Generated Knowledge and Action in South Africa

This article offers our reflections around a case of facilitating systemic thinking and practice in which the first author of the article (Tlale) interacted with research participants/participant researchers with the intention of strengthening systemic thought and action toward fostering inclusive education in the setting (a rural school in the Eastern Cape in South Africa). We reflect upon the process and also how our engagement was perceived by participants, as expressed in feedback received from them. We point to how Tlale introduced the idea of systemic thinking (to teachers, school management team, school governing body, and a district officer for the district) as tied to the possibility of acting to generate transformation toward a more inclusive educational context for the benefit of the learners at the school in question, thus acting as a systemic mediator on their behalf.     

A New Instruction System by Network

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