Orbital Kondo effect in carbon nanotubes

Progress in the fabrication of nanometre-scale electronic devices is opening new opportunities to uncover deeper aspects of the Kondo effect--a characteristic phenomenon in the physics of strongly correlated electrons. Artificial single-impurity Kondo systems have been realized in various nanostructures, including semiconductor quantum dots, carbon nanotubes and individual molecules. The Kondo effect is usually regarded as a spin-related phenomenon, namely the coherent exchange of the spin between a localized state and a Fermi sea of delocalized electrons. In principle, however, the role of the spin could be replaced by other degrees of freedom, such as an orbital quantum number. Here we show that the unique electronic structure of carbon nanotubes enables the observation of a purely orbital Kondo effect. We use a magnetic field to tune spin-polarized states into orbital degeneracy and conclude that the orbital quantum number is conserved during tunnelling. When orbital and spin degeneracies are present simultaneously, we observe a strongly enhanced Kondo effect, with a multiple splitting of the Kondo resonance at finite field and predicted to obey a so-called SU4 symmetry.     

Kondo effect in an integer-spin quantum dot

The Kondo effect--a many-body phenomenon in condensed-matter physics involving the interaction between a localized spin and free electrons--was discovered in metals containing small amounts of magnetic impurities, although it is now recognized to be of fundamental importance in a wide class of correlated electron systems. In fabricated structures, the control of single, localized spins is of technological relevance for nanoscale electronics. Experiments have already demonstrated artificial realizations of isolated magnetic impurities at metallic surfaces, nanoscale magnets, controlled transitions between two-electron singlet and triplet states, and a tunable Kondo effect in semiconductor quantum dots. Here we report an unexpected Kondo effect in a few-electron quantum dot containing singlet and triplet spin states, whose energy difference can be tuned with a magnetic field. We observe the effect for an even number of electrons, when the singlet and triplet states are degenerate. The characteristic energy scale is much larger than in the ordinary spin-1/2 case.     

Coulomb blockade and the Kondo effect in single-atom transistors

Using molecules as electronic components is a powerful new direction in the science and technology of nanometre-scale systems. Experiments to date have examined a multitude of molecules conducting in parallel, or, in some cases, transport through single molecules. The latter includes molecules probed in a two-terminal geometry using mechanically controlled break junctions or scanning probes as well as three-terminal single-molecule transistors made from carbon nanotubes, C(60) molecules, and conjugated molecules diluted in a less-conducting molecular layer. The ultimate limit would be a device where electrons hop on to, and off from, a single atom between two contacts. Here we describe transistors incorporating a transition-metal complex designed so that electron transport occurs through well-defined charge states of a single atom. We examine two related molecules containing a Co ion bonded to polypyridyl ligands, attached to insulating tethers of different lengths. Changing the length of the insulating tether alters the coupling of the ion to the electrodes, enabling the fabrication of devices that exhibit either single-electron phenomena, such as Coulomb blockade, or the Kondo effect.     

Kondo effect in quantum dots and molecular devices

Kondo effect is a very important many-body phenomenon in condensed mailer physics, which explains why the resistance increases as the temperature is lowered （usually 〈10 K） in dilute magnetic alloy, and why the conductance increases as temperature is decreased in quantum dots. This paper simply introduces equilihrium and nonequilibrium Kondo effects in quantum dots together with the Kondo effect in quantum dots with even number of electrons （when the singlet and triplet states are degenerate）. Furthermore, Kondn effect in single aton/molecular transistorss is introduced, which indicates a new way in study Kondo effect.     

嵌入单量子点Aharonov-Bohm环中的尺寸和近藤屏蔽效应

使用单杂质的Ansderson模型, 我们从理论上研究了一个嵌入单量子点Aharonov-Bohm环系统处在近藤区时的基态性质, 并用slave-oson平均场方法求解了该模型. 我们的结果表明：在零温, 当介观环内电子平均能级间隔大于近藤关联能时, 系统内仍然存在一个被减弱了的近藤效应;系统的基态性质依赖于系统的宇称和环的大小;而尺寸效应和近藤屏蔽效应的共存导致了系统丰富的物理性质. 同时, 可以通过测量介观环中的持续电流和杂质磁化率, 达到探测近藤屏蔽云的目的.     

Scaling the Kondo lattice

The origin of magnetic order in metals has two extremes: an instability in a liquid of local magnetic moments interacting through conduction electrons, and a spin-density wave instability in a Fermi liquid of itinerant electrons. This dichotomy between 'local-moment' magnetism and 'itinerant-electron' magnetism is reminiscent of the valence bond/molecular orbital dichotomy present in studies of chemical bonding. The class of heavy-electron intermetallic compounds of cerium, ytterbium and various 5f elements bridges the extremes, with itinerant-electron magnetic characteristics at low temperatures that grow out of a high-temperature local-moment state. Describing this transition quantitatively has proved difficult, and one of the main unsolved problems is finding what determines the temperature scale for the evolution of this behaviour. Here we present a simple, semi-quantitative solution to this problem that provides a basic framework for interpreting the physics of heavy-electron materials and offers the prospect of a quantitative determination of the physical origin of their magnetic ordering and superconductivity. It also reveals the difference between the temperature scales that distinguish the conduction electrons' response to a single magnetic impurity and their response to a lattice of local moments, and provides an updated version of the well-known Doniach diagram.     

微波场作用下Fano效应对量子点电子态密度近藤峰的影响

讨论了一个微波场辐照下量子点电极耦合体系,当两边电极间存在非共振直接隧穿时量子．占、上电子态密度的变化情况。用非平衡格林函数方法及吴大琪假设得到了此体系能态密度在相互作用强度U有限情况下的解析表达式。数值计算的结果表明随着背景透射率及库仑相互作用能大小的变化,量子点上电子能态密度共振峰可被增强或减弱,并可能出现新的共振峰结构。     

与铁磁电极耦合的双量子点中近藤效应的研究

研究了与铁磁电极耦合的串连双量子点中的平衡和非平衡近藤效应,同时考虑了两侧电极中自旋极化的态密度为平行和反平行的情况。结果表明,每个量子点的平衡态密度在平行情况下只有一个尖峰,当有外加偏压的时候,这个尖峰将分裂为两个;在反平行情况下,每个量子点的平衡态密度有两个尖峰,分别对应与电子的两种不同自旋取向,自旋向下和向上的态密度双峰之间的距离将在外加偏压的影响下分别增大和减少。在反平行情况下,每一种自旋成份的微分电导只有一个尖峰,并且分别在费米面之上和之下;而在平行情况下,每种自旋成份的微分电导都有两个尖峰,其中自旋朝下的微分电导尖峰较高。     

Observation of the Kapitza-Dirac effect

In their famous 1927 experiment, Davisson and Germer observed the diffraction of electrons by a periodic material structure, so showing that electrons can behave like waves. Shortly afterwards, Kapitza and Dirac predicted that electrons should also be diffracted by a standing light wave. This Kapitza-Dirac effect is analogous to the diffraction of light by a grating, but with the roles of the wave and matter reversed. The electron and the light grating interact extremely weakly, via the 'ponderomotive potential', so attempts to measure the Kapitza-Dirac effect had to wait for the development of the laser. The idea that the underlying interaction with light is resonantly enhanced for electrons in an atom led to the observation that atoms could be diffracted by a standing wave of light. Deflection of electrons by high-intensity laser light, which is also a consequence of the Kapitza-Dirac effect, has also been demonstrated. But the coherent interference that characterizes wave diffraction has not hitherto been observed. Here we report the diffraction of free electrons from a standing light wave-a realization of the Kapitza-Dirac effect as originally proposed.     

Observation of the spin Seebeck effect

The generation of electric voltage by placing a conductor in a temperature gradient is called the Seebeck effect. Its efficiency is represented by the Seebeck coefficient, S, which is defined as the ratio of the generated electric voltage to the temperature difference, and is determined by the scattering rate and the density of the conduction electrons. The effect can be exploited, for example, in thermal electric-power generators and for temperature sensing, by connecting two conductors with different Seebeck coefficients, a device called a thermocouple. Here we report the observation of the thermal generation of driving power, or voltage, for electron spin: the spin Seebeck effect. Using a recently developed spin-detection technique that involves the spin Hall effect, we measure the spin voltage generated from a temperature gradient in a metallic magnet. This thermally induced spin voltage persists even at distances far from the sample ends, and spins can be extracted from every position on the magnet simply by attaching a metal. The spin Seebeck effect observed here is directly applicable to the production of spin-voltage generators, which are crucial for driving spintronic devices. The spin Seebeck effect allows us to pass a pure spin current, a flow of electron spins without electric currents, over a long distance. These innovative capabilities will invigorate spintronics research.     

基于双通道脉冲耦合神经网络的应用研究

通过对双通道脉冲神经网络模型的改进,提出了一种邻域SEML激励的自适应双通道脉冲耦合神经网络医学图像融合的新方法。即通过提高模型的性能和脉冲神经网络进行自动化图像处理的能力。首先介绍了双通道脉冲耦合神经网络模型及其原理,然后阐述了基于这一模型的一种新融合算法,最后对本文融合算法以及各传统融合算法得到的实验仿真结果进行了分析。     

Kondo physics in carbon nanotubes

The connection of electrical leads to wire-like molecules is a logical step in the development of molecular electronics, but also allows studies of fundamental physics. For example, metallic carbon nanotubes are quantum wires that have been found to act as one-dimensional quantum dots, Luttinger liquids, proximity-induced superconductors and ballistic and diffusive one-dimensional metals. Here we report that electrically contacted single-walled carbon nanotubes can serve as powerful probes of Kondo physics, demonstrating the universality of the Kondo effect. Arising in the prototypical case from the interaction between a localized impurity magnetic moment and delocalized electrons in a metallic host, the Kondo effect has been used to explain enhanced low-temperature scattering from magnetic impurities in metals, and also occurs in transport through semiconductor quantum dots. The far greater tunability of dots (in our case, nanotubes) compared with atomic impurities renders new classes of Kondo-like effects accessible. Our nanotube devices differ from previous systems in which Kondo effects have been observed, in that they are one-dimensional quantum dots with three-dimensional metal (gold) reservoirs. This allows us to observe Kondo resonances for very large electron numbers (N) in the dot, and approaching the unitary limit (where the transmission reaches its maximum possible value). Moreover, we detect a previously unobserved Kondo effect, occurring for even values of N in a magnetic field.     

纳米材料锰掺杂量子点中的近藤效应

采用非平衡格林函数方法,探讨了量子点掺杂锰原子纳米材料的低温输运特性。结果表明,输运受到掺杂锰原子的强烈影响。具体来说,在微分电导中出现（2S＋1）个近藤劈裂峰,锰原子表现为一个多值量子化有效磁场,导致这种劈裂。     

两通道软件无线电信道器的优化方法

提出一种新的两通道信道器优化设计方法。该方法以现有两通道FIR滤波器组设计方法为基础,通过减小阻带能量的优化算法得到性能更好的信道器。数值仿真表明,有效地增加了信道器中各滤波器的阻带衰减,得到高性能的两通道软件无线电信道器。     

分子量子点中声子辅助的Kondo效应

利用Keldysh非平衡格林函数方法讨论了与铁磁电极相连的单分子晶体管在强电子关联和电声子耦合共同作用下的量子输运特性.研究发现,当铁磁电极处于平行磁化位形时,会呈现出与反平行位形明显不同的输运行为.尤为显著的是,声子效应导致隧穿磁阻TMR随偏压在正负值间交替变化,这暗示了TMR是探索Kondo共振特征行为的一个更为有效的工具.     

Kondo resonance in a single-molecule transistor

When an individual molecule, nanocrystal, nanotube or lithographically defined quantum dot is attached to metallic electrodes via tunnel barriers, electron transport is dominated by single-electron charging and energy-level quantization. As the coupling to the electrodes increases, higher-order tunnelling and correlated electron motion give rise to new phenomena, including the Kondo resonance. To date, all of the studies of Kondo phenomena in quantum dots have been performed on systems where precise control over the spin degrees of freedom is difficult. Molecules incorporating transition-metal atoms provide powerful new systems in this regard, because the spin and orbital degrees of freedom can be controlled through well-defined chemistry. Here we report the observation of the Kondo effect in single-molecule transistors, where an individual divanadium molecule serves as a spin impurity. We find that the Kondo resonance can be tuned reversibly using the gate voltage to alter the charge and spin state of the molecule. The resonance persists at temperatures up to 30 K and when the energy separation between the molecular state and the Fermi level of the metal exceeds 100 meV.     

都可喜治疗血管性痴呆疗效观察

目的 探讨都可喜治疗血管性痴呆的治疗效果.方法 采用简易精神状态检查(MMSE)量表对32例治疗组及30例对照组进行检验研究.结果 治疗组总有效率为87.51%;对照组总有效率为73.33%.治疗组MMSE量表治疗前治疗后积分差优于对照组(P＜0.01).结论 都可喜治疗血管性痴呆安全有效.     

Observation of the ideal Josephson effect in superfluid 4He

Superfluids and superconductors are the only states of condensed matter that can be described by a single wavefunction, with a coherent quantum phase Phi. The mass flow in a superfluid can be described by classical hydrodynamics for small flow velocity, but above a critical velocity, quantized vortices are created and the classical picture breaks down. This can be observed for a superfluid flowing through a microscopic aperture when the mass flow is measured as a function of the phase difference across the aperture; the curve resembles a hysteretic sawtooth where each jump corresponds to the creation of a vortex. When the aperture is made small enough, the system can enter the so-called 'ideal' Josephson regime, where the superfluid mass flow becomes a continuous function of the phase difference. This regime has been detected in superfluid 3He, but was hitherto believed to be unobservable, owing to fluctuations, in 4He. Here we report the observation of the ideal Josephson effect in 4He. We study the flow of 4He through an array of micro-apertures and observe a transition to the ideal Josephson regime as the temperature is increased towards the superfluid transition temperature, Tlambda.     

都可喜治疗血管性痴呆疗效观察

目的 探讨都可喜治疗血管性痴呆的治疗效果.方法 采用简易精神状态检查(MMSE)量表对32例治疗组及30例对照组进行检验研究.结果 治疗组总有效率为87.51%;对照组总有效率为73.33%.治疗组MMSE量表治疗前治疗后积分差优于对照组(P＜0.01).结论 都可喜治疗血管性痴呆安全有效.