污染环境中种群的最优收获问题

研究了污染环境中可再生资源的最优收获问题,利用Pontryagin极大值原理,得到了处理资源毒素的努力度与收获资源的努力度的一种最优分配方案,同时还得到次最优轨线,且此轨线最终趋近于最优解。     

污染环境中具有阶段结构的种群模型的生存分析

研究了污染环境对具有阶段结构的种群模型的影响,考虑到新生个体的出生对种群体内毒素的影响,以及死亡的种群个体将毒素带回环境。主要运用比较定理,给出了种群一致持续生存,弱持续生存和绝灭的判据。     

污染环境中具有阶段结构的种群模型的生存分析

研究了污染环境对具有阶段结构的种群模型的影响,考虑到新生个体的出生对种群体内毒素的影响,以及死亡的种群个体将毒素带回环境.主要运用比较定理,给出了种群一致持续生存,弱持续生存和绝灭的判据.     

环境污染下与年龄相关模糊随机种群系统的均方散逸性

讨论了一类在环境污染下与年龄相关的模糊随机种群系统,该系统受随机和模糊两种不确定性因素的影响.在有界条件(弱于线性增长条件)和Lipschitz条件下,利用It8公式和Bellman-Gronwall-type引理,建立了均方意义下与年龄相关的模糊随机种群系统均方散逸性的判定准则.并通过数值例子对所给出的结论进行了验证.     

环境污染、内生人口增长与经济增长模型

通过把环境污染与生产总量联系起来,由消费物质多少及环境好坏、人口增长率大小这三个因素来确定效用,建立一个环境内生人口增长的经济增长模型,并按照微分方程的稳定性理论对模型进行了均衡分析和动态分析．     

Mapping QTLs on BTA6 affecting milk production traits in a Chinese Holstein population

To make marker-assisted selection (MAS) more effi-cient in improving economically important traits for farm animals, one important factor is to find markers linked to the quantitative trait loci (QTL) as closely as possible. So it is best to use the gene per se underlying the QTL. A whole genome scan for QTL is the prerequisite in the be-ginning, then mapping on some special important chro-mosomes, and then fine mapping in some target region on given chromosome aiming at gene cloning and c…     

墨962群体主要农艺性状的遗传特征分析

对热带玉米群体墨962主要农艺性状进行了综合分析,结果表明:墨962群体遗传基础较遗传变异丰富,抗病、抗逆性强,丰产性突出.在进行群体籽粒产量改良时,百粒重的选择意义不大,而穗粗不受其他性状选择的干扰.在墨962群体的利用方面,应注重低穗位、长穗、高出籽率的选择.     

贵州苗族、水族5项群体遗传学特征的研究

对贵州苗族、水族人群共913人（苗族448人,水族465人）的叠舌、卷舌、前额发际、耳耵聍和足趾长5项群体遗传学特征进行了调查．结果显示：两民族叠舌、卷舌、前额发际和耵聍4项群体遗传学特征存在显著性差异（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,足趾长差异不明显（P〉0．05）;两民族性别间前额发际差异极显著（P〈0．01）,苗族男女间卷舌差异明显（P〈0．01）;5项群体遗传学特征间相关性不大;贵州苗族与水族遗传距离较远．     

Response of rice cultivation to fluctuating sea level during the Mid-Holocene

Archaeological analysis of a section of ancient rice fields at Tianluoshan for diatoms, seeds and phytoliths has shown that the highest local sea level in eastern China during the Holocene appeared before 7.0 ka BP. Entering the Mid-Holocene, as seawater regressed, a vast wetland plain appeared in the coastal area, where farmers of the Neolithic Hemudu culture cultivated rice. However, there were still several sea-level fluctuations in the Mid-Holocene, of which the biggest were from 6.4 to 6.3 ka BP and from 4.6 to 2.1 ka BP. In addition, in the period dominated by wetland grass vegetation, 6.3 to 4.6 ka BP, smaller fluctuations appar- ently pushed the coastline back on to the land. Even though the sea-level rises associated with these shoreline transgressions did not have the intensity of the highest sea level period, there still would have been profound impacts on the lives and production activities of people living in the region. Archaeological evidence from ancient rice fields at Tianluoshan shows that larger sea-level rise events pushed seawater onto the land and inundated large areas of rice fields, whereas weaker sea-level rise events resulted in the intrusion of seawater along rivers, causing an increase in soil salinity and a decrease in rice yields. The impact of sea-level rise on rice cultivation caused changes in local diet. In regions where rice production fell, the prevalence of gathering and hunting rose. High sea levels in the early Holocene imply that the origin of rice cultivation in the eastern coastal plain is likely to have been in small nearby mountain basins.     

周期环境下具有年龄结构种群动力系统的最优控制

在周期环境下,研究一类具有年龄结构种群线性动力系统的最优控制问题.利用Mazur’s定理,证明最优控制问题最优解的存在性,由法锥概念的特征刻画,得到最优控制问题最优解存在的必要条件.     

哲学视野中的人口、资源、环境的关系

人口爆炸、资源枯竭、环境恶化等一系列的发展问题 ,使人们对人与自然的关系问题感到迷惑、茫然 ,人与自然的关系越来越紧张。究其根源 ,主要是主体意识的恶性膨胀。人们在重新审视这一关系的同时 ,也极力倡导建构人与自然共生共存、共同和谐发展的新型关系。     

Cryptic evolution in a wild bird population.

Microevolution is expected to be commonplace, yet there are few thoroughly documented cases of microevolution in wild populations. In contrast, it is often observed that apparently heritable traits under strong and consistent directional selection fail to show the expected evolutionary response. One explanation proposed for this paradox is that a genetic response to selection may be masked by opposing changes in the environment. We used data from a 20-year study of collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis) to explore selection on, and evolution of, a heritable trait: relative body weight at fledging ('condition'). Despite consistent positive directional selection, on both the phenotypic and the additive genetic component (breeding values, estimated from an animal model) of condition, the mean phenotypic value of this trait in the population has declined, rather than increased, over time. Here we show that, despite this decline, the mean breeding value for condition has increased over time. The mismatch between response to selection at the levels of genotype and phenotype can be explained by environmental deterioration, concealing underlying evolution. This form of cryptic evolution may be common in natural environments.     

营造和谐环境构建社会主义核心价值观

社会主义核心价值体系在军队的建设中一个不容忽视的基础性工作是营造好周边的人文环境。包括营造和谐的工作环境、生活环境、人际环境和社会环境。     

麻疯树幼苗耐旱的保护性应答

采用聚乙二醇(PEG6000)胁迫,研究了干旱胁迫条件下麻疯树幼苗叶组织中抗氧化系统的变化.结果表明:在0～60 h胁迫中,麻疯树幼苗叶片相对含水量(Rwc)明显下降;处理36 h内,丙二醛(MDA)含量略有增加,但增幅不大,叶绿素含量增加;处理36 h后,MDA含量大幅增加,叶绿素含量逐渐下降;抗坏血酸(ASA)含量...     

Male mammals respond to a risk of sperm competition conveyed by odours of conspecific males

Sperm competition occurs when a female copulates with two or more males and the sperm of those males compete within the female's reproductive tract to fertilize her eggs. The frequent occurrence of sperm competition has forced males of many species to develop different strategies to overcome the sperm of competing males. A prevalent strategy is for males to increase their sperm investment (total number of sperm allocated by a male to a particular female) after detecting a risk of sperm competition. It has been shown that the proportion of sperm that one male contributes to the sperm pool of a female is correlated with the proportion of offspring sired by that male. Therefore, by increasing his sperm investment a male may bias a potential sperm competition in his favour. Here we show that male meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, increase their sperm investment when they mate in the presence of another male's odours. Such an increase in sperm investment does not occur by augmenting the frequency of ejaculations, but by increasing the amount of sperm in a similar number of ejaculations.     

Evolution and environment in the Hominoidea.

Between 10 and 20 million years ago, a variety of hominoid primates lived in Africa, Europe and Asia. The question of which of these, if any, lie closest to the ancestries of humans and modern apes remains a lively source of debate. Recent fossil discoveries, though, shed light on the environments in which the various groups of hominoid emerged and, it is hoped, on their evolution. But the lack of a hominid fossil record before about 5 million years ago--and any fossil record for the African apes--is still a frustrating barrier.     

Interactions among quantitative traits in the course of sympatric speciation.

Sympatric speciation, the origin of two or more species from a single local population, has almost certainly been involved in formation of several species flocks, and may be fairly common in nature. The most straightforward scenario for sympatric speciation requires disruptive selection favouring two substantially different phenotypes, and consists of the evolution of reproductive isolation between them followed by the elimination of all intermediate phenotypes. Here we use the hypergeometric phenotypic model to show that sympatric speciation is possible even when fitness and mate choice depend on different quantitative traits, so that speciation must involve formation of covariance between these traits. The increase in the number of variable loci affecting fitness facilitates sympatric speciation, whereas the increase in the number of variable loci affecting mate choice has the opposite effect. These predictions may enable more cases of sympatric speciation to be identified.     

Thermolysis of fluoropolymers as a potential source of halogenated organic acids in the environment.

Following the introduction of hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs) gases as replacements for the ozone-destroying chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), it has been discovered that HCFCs/HFCs can degrade in the atmosphere to produce trifluoroacetic acid, a compound with no known loss mechanisms in the environment, and higher concentrations in natural waters have been shown to be mildly phytotoxic. Present environmental levels of trifluooracetic acid are not accounted by HCFC/HFC degradation alone. Here we report that thermolysis of fluorinated polymers, such as the commercial polymers Teflon and Kel-F, can also produce trifluoroacetate and the similar compound chlorodifluoroacetate. This can occur either directly, or indirectly via products that are known to degrade to these haloacetates in the atmosphere. The environmental significance of these findings is confirmed by modelling, which indicates that the thermolysis of fluoropolymers in industrial and consumer high-temperature applications (ovens, non-stick cooking utensils and combustion engines) is likely to be a significant source of trifluoroacetate in urban rain water ( approximately 25 ng l-1, as estimated for Toronto). Thermolysis also leads to longer chain polyfluoro- and/or polychlorofluoro- (C3-C14) carboxylic acids which may be equally persistent. Some of these products have recently been linked with possible adverse health and environmental impacts and are being phased out of the US market. Furthermore, we detected CFCs and fluorocarbons-groups that can destroy ozone and act as greenhouse gases, respectively-among the other thermal degradation products, suggesting that continued use of fluoropolymers may also exacerbate stratospheric ozone-depletion and global warming.     

黄土高原的植被建设也应"与时俱进"

目的基于全球环境变化的背景,分析黄土高原存在的土壤干层所引发的植被建设战略和战术问题。方法采用综合集成的方法进行分析论证。结果在宏观战略上提出了植被建设应该与变化了的环境相适应的思想,提出"移位布局"的新思路。在微观对策方面提出植被建设急需解决的科学问题。结论黄土高原的植被建设应遵循"因时制宜"的原则。