Selling creates a loss while buying generates a gain: Capturing the implicit irrational bias by the IAT method

The endowment effect is the tendency for a person to demand more in return for selling an object than he or she would be willing to pay for the same product. Thaler suggested that the reason of endowment effect lies in that selling creates a loss while buying generates a gain. Although prior research has demonstrated the existence of loss aversion, few researchers have focused on the connection between ＂selling vs. buying＂ and ＂losing vs. gaining＂, and a recent research with a self-report method failed to find solid evidence for such a connection. The present research applied the implicit association test, a latency method, to confirm this connection. The results demonstrated that selling was more closely connected to losing while buying was more closely connected to gaining. Thus the bias resulting from loss aversion and gain preference was confirmed to be the underlying mechanism of the endowment effect. The previous failure to find such an association may be due to the insensitivity of the self-report method, Here the implication of the findings and method for experimental economic psychology is discussed.     

A Fair Off-Line Electronic Cash Scheme Based on Restrictive Partially Blind Signature

A fair off-line electronic cash scheme was presented based on a provable secure restrictive partially blind signature. The scheme is more efficient than those of previous works as the expiry date and denomination information are embedded in the electronic cash, which alleviates the storage pressure for the bank to check double spending, and the bank need not use different public keys for different coin values, shops and users need not carry a list of bank‘s public keys to verify in their electronic wallet. The modular exponentiations are reduced for both the user and the bank by letting the trustee publish the public values with different structure as those of previous electronic cash schemes. The scheme security is based on the random oracle model and the decision Diffie-Hellman assumption. The scheme can be easily extended to multi-trustees and multi-banks using threshold cryptography.     

From Matter to Life:Chemistry?Chemistry!

1 Results Animate as well as inanimate matter,living organisms as well as materials,are formed of molecules and of the organized entities resulting from the interaction of molecules with each other.Chemistry provides the bridge between the molecules of inanimate matter and the highly complex molecular architectures and systems which make up living organisms. Synthetic chemistry has developed a very powerful set of methods for constructing ever more complex molecules.Supramolecular chemistry seeks to control the formation of molecular assembly by means of the interactions between the partners.The designed generation of organized architectures requires the handling of information at the molecular level in a sort of molecular programming,thus also linking chemistry with information science.The field of chemistry is the universe of all possible entities and transformations of molecular matter,of which those actually realized in nature represent just one world among all the worlds that await to be created.     

On extra neutral and charged Higgs bosons at the LHC

The properties of 125 GeV new particle, which was discovered in 2012 at the Large Hadron Collider （LHC）, are found to be consistent with those of the Higgs boson in the standard model （SM）. Hereafter the new particle is dubbed as SM-like Higgs boson. However there is still spacious room for physics beyond the SM （BSM） due to the limited energy and luminosity of the LHC. With more data, experiments will scrutinize whether the new particle is indeed the SM one or not. At the same time, one believes that discovery of the SM-like Higgs boson is just the start of the new era of particle physics. The predominant topic is whether there are other new Higgs bosons as speculated in various BSM models. In this short review, we will describe the current status of Higgs physics at the LHC and several BSM models which contain more Higgs sectors. In literatures, there are numerous studies on extended Higgs sector and a comprehensive review is beyond the scope of this review. Instead, we will present two latest studies on Higgs physics： （1） how to detect the charged Higgs boson and measure tan β after including the top polarization information, and （2） how to discover the extra neutral Higgs boson via the pair production of SM-like Higgs boson.     

Great progress in study on aerosol and its impact on the global environment

The transport from atmosphere is a more important pathway than that from rivers for certain elements and compounds in the remote ocean. The desert and those arid/semi-arid areas in the northwest of China and the Loess Plateau are the sources of those aerosols over the Pacific. Atmospheric iron is the limiting factor of the productivity in certain ocean regions. The dust storms must now be seen as repeated sources of pollution elements as well as soil elements to the East China Sea and, farther out, to the North Pacific Ocean and even to the USA. The long-range transport of aerosols, especially the dust storm, from China and the positive feedbacks of iron coupled with sulfur in atmosphere might be one of the important mechanisms that would affect the primary productivity in the Pacific and/or the global climate change and deserve to be further studied. It can be seen clearly that the dust storms would affect not only the health of human beings and the local or regional climate, but also the global climate change that has been the focus of environmental study internationally.     

Neurogenic hypothesis and psychiatric disorders

Psychiatric illness, such as affective disorders, anxiety disorders and schizophrenia, exerts exceptional personal burden on affected individuals. Although not physically noticeable, these disorders cost enormously on ones’ family and society. Currently pharma-ceutical and psychological treatments are generally accepted as effective for psychiatric disorders, while the exact mechanisms underlying the treatment efficacy, etiology and neurobiology of the disorders remain elusive. In the past decade, "neurogenic hy-pothesis" emerged as an attempt to explain the nature of psychiatric illness. The origination of the hypothesis is based on several pre-clinical and clinical observations. First, stress, which is a common risk factor of the disorders, was found to suppress neurogenesis; second, treatment for the illnesses like antidepressants and antipsychotics were shown to improve neurogenesis and behavioral deficits simultaneously; and third, the therapeutic effect of antidepressants was abolished in animal models when neuro-genesis was blocked. Increasing efforts were invested to determine whether neurogenesis is a key to the understanding and treatment of psychiatric disorders, although contrasting results are also found and thus the importance of neurogenesis remains a matter of debate. The present chapter will discuss the recent findings about the involvement of neurogenesis in major depression, anxiety disorders and schizophrenia, and whether neurogenesis would be a potential target for development of the treatment in the future.     

Game Analysis of Rational FRS on Market Admittance

The dynamic signaling game-model is employed to study countermeasures of Q, U and C for supply-demand on financial market. As the game result, the mixed equilibrium of Q and U exists naturally without FRS. It is concluded that FRS on market admittance is objective demand of financial market, also the rational management behavior of government FRSI. And in addition to the empirical criteria, the FRS agreements between FRSI and financial-institutions should be considered as one of advanced FRS techniques. These must cover: ①the regulation conformed status investigation with sufficient frequency, ②corresponding punitive measures with sufficient strength. Thus the information can be delivered FRSI have ensured only qualified and regulation-conformed financial-institutions could be allowed to enter. That could safeguard the steadiness of the financial market.     

Justification of Chinese Shi as a Copula ＆ English Copular Sentences under Cross Linguistic Influence

Second language acquisition is a broad topic.Therefore,I narrow it into those of cross linguistic influence.I choose copular usage for my focus of study because both Mandarin Chinese and English share this grammatical morpheme.To what extent do Copulas behave similarly between languages？ This facilitates positive transfer of the first language（L1） features into the second language（L2） as Eric Kellerman（1986） observed that learners have intuitions about which language features they can transfer from their first language to the target language and which are less likely to be transferable.He further proposed that learners have a sense of what features in their L1 are in some way basic.They are more prepared to risk transferring such features than they are those they perceive to be unique to their own language.The copula is a very basic grammatical morpheme as it carries most conjugated forms.Therefore,in this dissertation,I am going to examine how Chinese Shi functions as an English copula and how it influences copular sentences in English writing.     

论爱默生其人其诗

Ralph Waldo Emerson, born in 19th century's America, is most famous for his transcendental ideas and writings. He was deeply influenced by European Romanticism in his thirties and formed an informal Transcendental Club with people of like minds. His thought is often considered the core of Transcendentalism. "Nature" is the fundamental document of his philosophy and an embodiment of his transcendental attitude towards the phenomenal world. He also wrote some other brilliant essays such as "The American Scholar", "Self-Reliance", "The Over-Soul" and "The Poet", etc, all of which established his indisputable position in the history of culture, especially in the American Culture where he is regarded as the one who, in literally terms at least, really put America on map. But considering Emerson's writings without significant emphasis on his verse would be a great loss. Emerson wrote poetry from the time he was a boy to nearly the end of his life. These poems are essential for understanding him and his transcendental theories and are receiving more extensive representation in anthologies while significant critical analyses are emerging though some modern readers and scholars tend to view his poetry as secondary to the "essential" Emerson. In view of the above, this paper supposes to introduce Emerson's views on poets and poems and then analyze some of his famous poems in the order of 'Emerson as a Poet', 'Emerson's Views on Poets and Poems' and 'Emerson's Poems' with the third one as the focus of this paper. The purpose of this paper is to try to make the comprehension on Emerson and his abstract transcendental theories more complete and thorough by emphasizing his contribution in the poetic field.     

On the Alternative Use of Verse and Prose in Hamlet

As a master in language,William Shakespeare is proficient in using verse and prose alternatively in his tragedies and comedies,which is regarded as the key to his success in literature by some critics.In this thesis,I would like to analyze the three criteria for the alternation of verse and prose in Hamlet,in which a discussion of functions of the alternation will be included     

Copular Usage under Cross Linguistic Influence

According to Lado（1957：2） in the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis, a student who comes into contact with a foreign language will find some features of it quite easy and others extremely difficult. Those elements that are similar to his native language will be simple for .him and those elements that are different will he difficult. Corder （1981： 101）added that where the mother tongue is formally similar to the target language, a learner will pass more rapidly along the developmental continuum （or some parts of it）than where it differs. Eric Kellerman（1986） also believed that learners have intuitions about which language features they can transfer from their first language to the target language and which are less likely to be transferable. And Lee（1968）even held that the interference coming from the learner＇s native language to be the sole cause of difficulty and error in foreign language learning. Given that the Chinese character sbi functions the same as an English copula, 1 would like to apply two theories to illustrate the syntactic features associated with copular usages in this dissertation.     

A Battle between Airbags and Law

ⅠTroublesome RelationshipLaw has had a long-term and troubled relationship with sci-ence.The misuse of science within the legal realm,as well as ourfailed attempts to make law more scientific,is well documented.The cause of these problems,however,is less clear.People areconfused about the reasons.As I mention later,I would like to     

Supply Chain Coordination with Sales Effort Effects and Impact of Loss Aversion on Effort Decision

A new supply contract based on sharing the sales profits as well as the cost of effort was developed to coordinate the supply chain with sales effort effects. The contract coordinates the supplier‘s actions with voluntary compliance; the contract is symmetric in the sense that both the supplier‘s and retailer‘s profits are linearly correlated and is more easily implemented in some situations. The impact of the retailer‘s loss aversion on his effort is investigated based on the contract. After characterizing the retailer‘s optimal solutions, this paper demonstrates that contrary to intuition, loss aversion weakens incentives for retailer‘s sales effort and the retailer‘s optimal effort decreases as the loss aversion increases.     

Use of Internet Technology for the Improvement of Execution Management in Geotechnical Engineering Projects

An internet-based information and monitoring platform for the specific requirements of geotechnical engineering projects is presented. The platform is based on a hybrid-model approach consisting of a model-based information management system and a resource management system, the latter also referred to as DCMS. Project key information can be accessed via the main user interface, the "graphical navigator". The graphical navigator provides also a direct access to additional information in the DCMS. Prompt reac-tion in exceptional situations as well as in daily work gets an extensive support. In practical applications it has been proven that this platform seems to be an adequate tool especially for risk assessment and management in geotechnical engineering projects. Components and advantages of the platform as well as ex periences from the applications are presented and discussed in the paper.     

Globalization and long-run co-movements in the stock market for the G7: An application of VECM under structural breaks

This paper analyzes the process of long-run co-movements and stock market globalization on the basis of cointegration tests and vector error correction (VEC) models. The cointegration tests used here allow for structural breaks to be explicitly modeled and breakpoints to be computed on a relative-time basis. The data used in our empirical analysis were drawn from Datastream and comprise the natural logarithms of relative stock market indexes since 1973 for the G7 countries. The main results point to the conclusion that significant causal cointegration effects occur in this context and that there is a long-run relationship that governs the worldwide process of market integration. Globalization, however, is a complex adjustment process and in many cases there is only evidence of weak market integration which means that non-proportional price transmission occurs in the market along with proportional changes. The worldwide markets, as expected, appear to be driven in general by the US stock market.     

Analysis of Top Chinese Contractors’ Developmental Tracks and Evaluation of Their Strategic Selection of International Construction Markets

The past decade has witnessed a rapid development of the international construction market. This research aims to investigate top Chinese contractors＇ developmental tracks and evaluate their strategic selection of international construction markets over the period from 2001 to 2006, based on the modified Boston Consulting Group Matrix （BCG）. Results from 2001 to 2005 indicate that Asia and Africa, which were ＂question marks＂ markets for top Chinese contractors （abbreviated as TCCs） , have the most potential to become ＂stars＂ markets; other question marks markets such as the Middle East and Europe are found not to be of potential; ＂dogs＂ markets such as the U. S. , Canada and Latin America should be relinquished progressively unless there is renewed growth opportunity over the next two years. Compared to developmental tracks of top contractors from some advanced countries, TCCs＇ investment and development strategy in Africa seems to be sustainable and intensive ; TCCs＇ exit strategy for the Middle East appears deter- mined and swift, while their strategy in Asia seems to be lacking in persistence. Furthermore, the data of 2006 indicates that TCCs improve their performance in Asia and Africa, and Africa has become a ＂stars＂ market for TCCs. This research sheds important lights and insights into the prevailing process of internationalization of TCCs and provides a strategic direction for their selection of international construction market. What is more, this research is also valuable to other Chinese contractors who are seeking the opportunity to enter the international construction markets.     

Fuzzy Set-Based Risk Evaluation Model for Real Estate Projects

With the rapid development of residential real estate market, risk evaluation has been an important task in the process of project. This paper describes a risk evaluation method for residential real estate projects based on fuzzy set theory which uses linguistic variables and respective fuzzy numbers to evaluate the factors. The primary weights of factors and evaluation of alternatives are determined by applying linguistic variables and fuzzy numbers. The notion of Shapley value is used to determine the global value of each factor in accomplishing the overall objective of the risk evaluation process, so the primary weights are revised, thus the importance of factors can be reflected more precisely. A major advantage of the method is that it allows experts and engineers to express their opinions on project risk evaluation in linguistic variables rather than crisp values. An illustration is presented to demonstrate the application of the method in risk evaluation. The results are consistent with the results calculated by conventional risk evaluation method. The research demonstrates that the method is objective and accurate, and is of an application value in the risk evaluation for residential real estate project.     

Stability of stratified flow and slugging in horizontal gas-liquid flow

A transient one-dimensional two-fluid model is proposed to investigate numerically the interfacial instability and the onset of slugging for liquid-gas flow in a horizontal duct. In the present model, the effects of surface tension and transverse variations in dynamic pressure are taken into account. The evolution of interfacial disturbances is displayed and compared with the linear viscous Kelvin-Helmholtz stability analyses. It shows that interfacial wave is more instable due to the non-linear effect. The model predicts well the stability limit of stratified flow in comparison with the experimental data, and also automatically tracks the onset of slugging. The results show that the initiation of hydrodynamic slugging is related to local interfacial instability. Based on the cycle of slugging, a model for slug frequency is presented, which predicts the trends of slug frequencies with gas/liquid flow rate well in comparison with the available data. The effects of physical properties on slugging have been examined. It is found that with the increase in the gas viscosity and liquid density the slugging would be inhibited, whereas, with the increase in liquid viscosity and gas density, the slugging can be promoted.     

A TTP-Independent Watermarking Protocol Based on Commutative Cryptosystem for Copyright Protection in E-Commerce

For the purpose of deterring unauthorized duplication and distribution of multimedia contents in e-commerce, some Buyer-seller watermarking protocols which combine of traditional watermarking and fingerprinting techniques have been proposed, However, previous protocols have potential risk from trust third party （TTP） because all entities （including multi-buyers and multi-sellers） mentioned in protocol construct a star tupology like connection, in which the watermark certification authority （WCA） serves as the central point in the interaction and therefore its availability probably turns out to be the vital bottleneck of reliability and efficiency to the whole system. Secondly, WCA holds entire information about watermark used hy Buyers so that an innocent Buyer can he found as guilty if WCA collude with the Seller. In this paper, we propose a watermarking protocol to address the problems using cryptographic technologies in phase of watermark generation. The resuh is a TTP-independent and collusion-secure buyer-seller watermarking protocol.