三维双相各向异性介质弹性波方程交错网格高阶有限差分法模拟

基于Biot理论,给出了三维双相各向异性介质应力-速度弹性波方程交错网格任意偶阶精度有限差分解法,并对三维双相各向异性(TIH)介质中弹性波场进行了模拟.结果表明,弹性波在三维双相各向异性介质中传播时存在快纵波qP1、快横波qS1、慢横波qS2和慢纵波qP2,并清楚地观测到了横波分裂、横波分裂盲点、波面三分叉等特殊现象.快纵波在固相和流相中的相位相同;而慢纵波在固相和流相中的相位相反,即慢纵波在流相中振幅大,而在固相中的振幅较小.另外,三维双相各向异性介质中弹性波场的快纵波和快横波的耦合关系、波的类型、能量分布和相位等都是在三维空间中变化的.     

基于波场分离的双相各向同性介质正演模拟

基于双相各向同性介质一阶速度-应力方程,利用旋度和散度理论的波场分离方法进行纵横波场解耦,借助高阶交错网格有限差分技术,推导出了其任意偶数阶精度交错网格有限差分格式,最后运用空间八阶时间二阶差分精度及PML边界条件,完成了双相各向同性介质中地震波场正演模拟。结果表明,该方法可准确获得双相各向同性介质固、流相中的高精度纯纵波波场和纯横波波场,有效描述双相各向同性介质中的波场传播规律。同时得出:双相各向同性介质中快、慢纵波相互耦合,无法单独分离;也指出了分界面处波的传播和转换关系,是油气勘探的重要理论依据。     

任意裂隙方位双相HTI介质的地震波方程及正演模拟

基于BISQ方程的高频极限,导出了适用于任意方位角的双相HTI介质波动方程,推导了该方程在交错网格空间中求解的高阶有限差分格式和对应的完全匹配层(PML)吸收边界条件,实现了该类介质的地震波场正演模拟。模拟结果表明,该方法能准确模拟地震波在双相HTI介质中的传播过程,得到高精度的波场快照和合成记录。分析得出:在双相各向异性介质中,弹性波的传播仍表现出各向异性特征;孔隙度、粘滞系数和固液耦合密度主要影响慢纵波的振幅和形态。     

三维各向异性介质中弹性波方程交错网格高阶有限差分法数值模拟

三维数值模拟是研究各向异性介质中复杂弹性波波场特征和传播规律的重要手段。根据Taylor展开式，推导出了交错网格一阶空间导数的任意偶数阶精度有限差分近似式和相应的差分系数计算式，给出了三维各向异性介质中弹性波一阶双曲型应力-速度方程交错网格任意偶数阶精度差分格式和稳定性条件，并推导出了三维各向异性介质PML法吸收层边界条件公式和相应的交错网格差分格式。对方位各向异性介质模型和正交各向异性介质模型中弹性波的传播进行的三维数值模拟结果表明，弹性波在三维各向异性介质中传播时存在拟P波、拟SV波和拟SH波，并出现横波分裂、横波分裂盲区、波面三分叉等特殊现象，另外，弹性波场在空间是变化的，其拟P波、拟SV波和拟SH波的耦合关系比较复杂。     

基于黏弹各向异性理论的地震波场数值模拟与分析

基于Carcione黏弹各向异性理论及具有任意倾斜对称轴的横向各向同性介质(TTI)的本构关系,利用二维三分量高阶交错网格有限差分和完全匹配层边界条件对黏弹TTI介质的地震波场信息进行了数值模拟。研究发现:1改变黏弹TTI介质的弹性参数,对地震波传播造成显著影响。其中,C_(13)主要控制qS1波中质点的偏振方向,进而影响了qS1波波形和反射同相轴的形态;而C_(66)则主要控制qS2波中质点的偏振方向,从而影响了qS2波波形和反射同相轴的形态;2利用层状黏弹TTI介质进行数值模拟,可以很好地观察到拟横波在遇到反射界面时发生的横波再分裂现象;同时由于介质黏弹性的存在,导致地震波出现显著的衰减。这将为进一步研究各向异性介质中复杂的波场信息提供帮助。     

三维各向异性介质中弹性波方程交错网格高阶有限差分法数值模拟

三维数值模拟是研究各向异性介质中复杂弹性波波场特征和传播规律的重要手段。根据Taylor展开式,推导出了交错网格一阶空间导数的任意偶数阶精度有限差分近似式和相应的差分系数计算式,给出了三维各向异性介质中弹性波一阶双曲型应力速度方程交错网格任意偶数阶精度差分格式和稳定性条件,并推导出了三维各向异性介质PML法吸收层边界条件公式和相应的交错网格差分格式。对方位各向异性介质模型和正交各向异性介质模型中弹性波的传播进行的三维数值模拟结果表明,弹性波在三维各向异性介质中传播时存在拟P波、拟SV波和拟SH波,并出现横波分裂、横波分裂盲区、波面三分叉等特殊现象,另外,弹性波场在空间是变化的,其拟P波、拟SV波和拟SH波的耦合关系比较复杂。     

双相介质中储层波场特征数值模拟研究

根据双相介质弹性波方程,并对弹性波方程进行分离得到了膨胀波方程。利用高阶差分对膨胀波方程进行数值模拟,边界处理采用完全匹配层的吸收边界条件,算法实现了任意高阶差分和自动加载边界条件的纵波方程正演模拟。计算结果表明,在双相各向同性介质中存在快纵波、慢纵波,两种纵波有明显的区别,快纵波的速度远大于慢纵波的速度。在分界面上,快纵波要产生透射快纵波、透射转换慢纵波,反射快纵波、反射转换慢纵波。慢纵波具有很强的衰减性,耗散系数越小,慢纵波越明显,反之亦然。该算法的高阶差分形式可以显著地降低数值频散,有效提高地震波正演计算的精度,适应性好,操作简便灵活。     

含裂隙介质中横波分裂现象的数值模拟

波动方程高阶差分法具有精度高、数值频散小的优点,使用这种高阶差分解法,对裂隙介质中的弹性波的传播进行了模拟,对其中的横波分裂现象进行了分析研究,结果发现,在裂隙介质中,横波分裂后快横波与慢横波的能量分布与裂隙和测线的夹角有关;慢横波的能量衰减快;快、慢横波遇到反射界面时会产生各自的反射波、透射波和转换波、使记录复杂化,模拟结果对裂隙发育地区的地震资料的采集,处理和解释具有指导意义。     

裂隙介质中地震波传播特征近似

地震波传播的精确表达式能够精确表达地震波在介质中的传播特征,但由于表达式较复杂,为一些参数隐性表达式,这不利于参数反演,因此有必要研究其近似的线性表达式,以便进行参数反演,准确探测地层结构。在扰动法求解Christoffel方程,得到弱各向异性条件下qP、qS相速度、群速度近似表达式的基础上,依据介质模型坐标与观测坐标,各种介质弹性系数矩阵关系式推导出裂隙介质中地震波相速度、偏振向量及群速度的近似表达。数值计算结果表明,当各向异性系数在0.3以内时,对一般裂隙各向异性介质都适用,且具有较高的精度,在各向异性系数大于0.3时,纵波(P波)仍然具有较高的精度,但横波(S波)的误差增大到50%,主要是因为扰动解是在弱各向异性条件下推导的,因此在介质各向异性系数较小的情况下,为地震波速度分析及参数反演奠定了基础。     

VTI介质中Thomsen参数对相速度和群速度的影响

相速度和群速度对于研究弹性波在各向异性介质中的传播具有重要意义,同时对合理评价地震资料解释成果也具有一定的指导意义。深入研究Thomsen参数与群、相速度的关系有助于研究复杂地层中波的传播规律以及速度的变化趋势,从而使地震资料解释更加准确。本文首先简要推导了VTI介质中弹性波的群、相速度解析表达式,然后通过编程实现,直观显示了三维速度曲面的变化特征与Thomsen参数的联系,并通过二维及一维速度曲线变化加以验证。实验结果表明：VTI介质中群速度较相速度对Thomsen参数的变化更加敏感,其中随着 (qP波各向异性强度表征参数)与 (描述纵横波相速度的过渡性参数)差值的不断增大,各向异性程度明显增强,群速度剧烈变化,尤其是qSV波;随着 (横波分裂强度表征参数)值的不断增大,SH波群、相速度面的扁率也不断增大。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-