In vivo inactivation of denervated corpora allata by precocene II in the bug,Oncopeltus fasciatus

Summary Transection of the nervous connections between the brain and the corpus allatum (CA) inOncopeltus fasciatus does not alter the susceptibility of the CA to precocene II in vivo.The authors wish to thank Patricia Ferugia for rearing the insects; Dr D. Soderlund, Department of Entomology, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station for helpful discussions; and Dr A.O. Lea, Department of Entomology, University of Georgia for technical advice. To whom reprint requests should be addressed     

The oak leaf roller (Archips semiferanus Walker) sex pheromone complex: Field and laboratory evaluation of requisite behavioral stimuli

Zusammenfassung Die früher als Bestandteile der von Abdominalextrakten des weiblichen Eichenblattrollers,Archips semiferanus Walker, festgestellten 21 Isomeren von Tetradecenyl-Acetat wurden mit der Elektroantennogram-(EAG) und der Fallenfang-Methode auf ihre Wirkung bei Männchen vonA. semiferanus geprüft. Während alle 21 Isomere sich als EAG-aktiv erwiesen, vermochten nur 17 Männchen anzulocken. Aktivitätsvergleiche der Isomeren haben gezeigt, dass zwischen den Resultaten der beiden Test-Methoden nur eine geringe Beziehung existiert.

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The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Entomology and Pesticide Research Laboratory, University Park, Penna 16802, USA.

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Note added in proof: For a possible explanation of these results seeL. B. Hendry, J. K. Wichmann, D. M. Hindenlang, R. O. Mumma andM. E. Anderson, Science188, 59 (1975).     

Field bioassay of male Douglas-fir beetle compound 3-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-one

Summary Synthetic 3-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-one, or 3,3-MCH, decreased by 77% the flight aggregation ofDendroctonus pseudotsugae (Scolytidae) to sticky traps containing attractant (frontalin, -pinene, and resin). However, windthrown trees were protected by 3,3-MCH much less than is known to occur with the isomer 3,2-MCH.This research was supported in part by NSF grants BMS 72-02522 and DEB 77-11361 and the O.S.U. School of Forestry. We thank the administration of the Siuslaw National Forest for study sites, and Dr L.M. Libbey for GC/MS of 3,3-MCH. Oregon State University Ag. Exp. Sta. Tech. Paper No. 4313.     

Helminthosporoside,a host-specific toxin fromHelminthosporium sacchari: A structure revision and a new partial structure

Summary Reevaluation of the previously proposed structure of helminthosporoside, a host-specific toxin fromHelminthosporium sacchari, reveals a sesquiterpenoid bis-digalactoside. The carbohydrate portion of the toxin was characterized by¹³C-NMR spectroscopy, methylation analyses, FD and FAB mass spectroscopy. The ring size and anomeric configuration of the galactose moieties were determined by utilizing a¹³C-NMR structural analysis method. A new partial structure is proposed.Acknowledgment. We extend special thanks to C.E. Costello, Department of Chemistry, M.I.T., Cambridge, MA, for FD mass spectral analyses, and to C.E. Ballou, Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, for FAB mass spectral analyses. We submit sincere appreciation to both V.N. Reihold, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and P. Albersheim, Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, for methylation analyses. We thank J.S. Frye at the Colorado State University Regional NMR-Center, funded by National Science Foundation grant No. DHE 78-18581, Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Co, for high resolution CMR and NMR, and we are grateful to P.W. Jennings, Department of Chemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Mt, for total carbon analyses. This work was supported in part by a Herman Frasch Foundation grant to G.A. Strobel, by NSF grant PCM-78-22517, and funds from the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station. B.P. Mundy acknowledges the partial support of NSF (ISP-801149).     

Fluoride and calcium levels in the aorta

Zusammenfassung Fluor- und Kalziumwerte in verkalktem Aortengewebe wurden mit denen von makroskopisch normal erscheinendem Aortengewebe verglichen. Der Fluorgehalt der Aorta verschiedener Personen zeigte grosse individuelle Schwankungen, die unabhängig vom Kalziumgehalt waren. Eine direkte Korrelation des Aortenfluors mit dem Lebensalter wurde festgestellt. Die statistische Auswertung der Untersuchungen vonCall et al.² ergab, dass der Fluorgehalt der Aorta unabhängig von demjenigen des Skelettes ist.

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I appreciate the cooperation of Drs. E.Booth and J. R.Mc-Donald, pathologists at Hutzel and Harper Hospitals respectively, for furnishing the aorta specimens; D. L. J.Savage and Mr. J. M.Lucas of the Department of Statistics at Yale University for their statistical interpretation of my data; Dr. R. A.Kemp Harper, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, England, and Dr. G.Nalbone, Department of Industrial Medicine, University of Palermo, Italy, for furnishing the illustrations in Figures 1 and 2.     

Cytological evidence for a spontaneous chromosome translocation in the domestic fowl

Résumé La première translocation chromosomique spontanée observée chez le coq domestique implique un échange réciproque entre les chromosomes 2 et 3.

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This investigation was supported in part by a grant from the General Research Fund, Graduate School, Oregon State University. Technical Paper No. 2318, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station.     

Estrogens in insects

Summary Insects representing 5 different orders contain androgen and estrogen-like substances as determined by radioimmunoassay. Estradiol and estriol have been identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The presence of these steroids in insects suggests that the vertebrate sex hormones have an ancient evolutionary history.We thank Ms Mary Ann Seifert of the Campus Chemical Instrumentation Center of The Ohio State University, Mr John Powell of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ms Florence Kraft and Mr Charles Palmer Jr for their technical assistance.From September 1982 to August 1983, Dr Mechoulam was Distinguished Visiting Professor of the Ohio State University, supported in part by the Graduate School.     

Host-plant pyrrolizidine alkaloids inNyctemera annulata Boisduval: Their persistence through the life-cycle and transfer to a parasite

Summary Larvae ofNyctemera annulata Boisduval ingest pyrrolizidine alkaloids fromSenecio spathulatus A. Rich. which subsequently appear in the adult months and their eggs; the acquisition of the alkaloids by a parasite of theN. annulata larvae provides a further illustration of their ability to persist in insects.Acknowledgments. We thank Dr R. Yamdagni of the Chemistry Department, University of Calgary, Canada, and Dr O. Madsen of the Organic Chemistry Department, The Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, for much help with the MS data collection. We are also very grateful to Dr C.C.J. Culvenor, CSIRO Animal Health Lab., Parkville, Victoria, Australia, who most generously provided us with authentic reference specimens of pyrrolizidine alkaloids.     

Endocrine basis of wing casting and flight muscle histolysis in the fire antSolenopsis invicta

Summary In the imported fire antSolenopsis invicta, wing casting and flight muscle histolysis are blocked by allatectomy. Treatment of alate allatectomized females with a synthetic mixture with high juvenile hormone activity induced wing casting and flight muscle histolysis. Apparently, wing casting and flight muscle histolysis in the fire ant are part of postemergence developmental program regulated, directly or indirectly, by the corpora allata.The author thanks the Entomology Department of the University of Georgia for postdoctoral support and Dr A.O. Lea for the use of his facilities.     

Effects of loading density on cafish blood

Summary Results from this study indicate that a fish density stress syndrome exists for red blood cell morphology. Smaller (by 3.5%) and rounder (by 0.6%) red blood cells were consistently found in intensive fish cultures.Acknowledgments. This work was conducted as part of the Federal Interagency Energy/Environmental Research and Development Program with funds administered through the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA Contract No. EPA-IAG-D8-E721-DR, TVA Contract No. TV-41967A). Dr Ralph H. Brooks and Billy G. Isom are acknowledged for making this study possible. The data were kindly donated by Dr R.W. Williams and W.E. Barksdale, both formerly with the Department of Biology, University of North Alabama, Florence, Alabama.     

Regulation of grasshopper fecundity,longevity and egg viability by plant growth hormones

Summary Abscisic acid, a plant growth hormone, added in water to the grass diet of a grasshopper, greatly reduces the reproductive rate, as does gibberellin A₃ at doses 10 times greater. Reciprocal seasonal variations in quantities of these hormones could synchronize the growth and reproduction of insects with their host plants in the field.Acknowledgments. I thank Drs J. Pickett, G. Strobel, D. Meyers, I. Mills, L. Jackson and J. Bradbury for helpful consultations; Dr R. Lund and Ms W. Whitmore for statistical analyses, and S. Baril, M. Gaudet, D. Wrobetz, J. Cotter and W. Wallace for technical assistance. This research was supported by the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, Project 420, and is published as Journal Paper No. 865.     

A mild winter delays supercooling point elevation in freeze tolerantChymomyza amoena larvae (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Summary Supercooling point elevation to –3.2±1.3°C among 17 freeze tolerantChymomyza amoena larvae was delayed until January, 1983 in the mild winter of 1982–83 and occurred despite particulate matter in the gut. The larval population in mid-Michigan is polymorphic for both freeze tolerant and freeze sensitive larvae. One substrate,Malus coronaria fruits, appears to be a neutral niche supporting both phenotypes in the population.Discussions with K. E. Zachariassen and J. Duman before beginning the work onC. amoena cold-hardiness were invaluable. Visits of both at Michigan State University were jointly sponsored by the Depts. of Zoology and Entomology. H. Carson suggested thatC. ameona might be breeding in endemic crabapples. G. Parmalee at MSU showed one of us (HTB) a long established thicket ofMalus coronaria. The MSU Climatology Center supplied all Lansing area weather data.     

Bacteria as cell surface markers on normal and malignant mammalian cells

Zusammenfassung Bakterien haften an der Oberfläche kultivierter Säugetierzellen in charakteristischer Weise. An Krebszellen haften sie nicht nur am Vorderteil, sondern auch an der Zelloberfläche und in Kernnähe.

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I thank the Royal Society for some of the equipment used in this research, the Nuffield Foundation for the award of a fellowship, and Prof.I. M. Goodbody for facilities in the Department of Zoology, University of the West Indies, Jamaica, while on sabbatical leave of absence from the University of Glasgow. I am also indebted toJ. B. Cowey, A. S. G. Curtis andD. R. Newth, of Glasgow University for their criticisms and advice, and to Miss E. Cray for assistance in the experiments.     

Aminotransferase study ofNeurospora crassa ser-3 versus wild type ST4A

Summary TheNeurospora crassa serine auxotrophser-3 and the wild type ST4A were compared with respect to their phosphoserine and serine aminotransferase activities. The results obtained indicate no deficiency of either of these enzymes in the mutant strain.This work was supported in part by a grant to D.G. from the California Foundation for Biochemical Research. The authors also wish to thank Dr Robert G. Wolcott, formerly of the Department of Chemistry, California State University, Northridge, for his valuable advice and for the use of his department's liquid scintillation counting system. We acknowledge with appreciation the skilled technical assistance of Mr Tom Harper.     

The sensitive period for yellow phenocopy induction inDrosophila melanogaster

Summary Yellow phenocopies ofDrosophila melanogaster were produced by raising larvae on -DMT contaminated media. Using a survivorship test, the sensitive period for phenocopy induction was found to occur during the third larval instar of development, with increased survivorship at 1% -DMT compared with lower concentrations. It was also found that treatment with -DMT significantly slowed development. These findings are related to the relevant morphological and behavioral developmental pathways and to phenocopy induction.Publication No. 35 from the Evolutionary Genetics Laboratory, University of Auckland.Acknowledgments. We thank the New Zealand Entomology Society for a grant from their Anniversary Fund to R. D. Newcomb and the University Grants Committee, Research Grant No. 394.597 to D.M. Lambert.     

Seasonal variations in testicular monoamine oxidase in the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) and uinta ground squirrels (Spermophilus armatus)

Résumé Des moinaux familiers (Passer domesticus) et des écureuils (Spermophilus armatus) des montagnes Uinta ont été capturés à différentes époques de l'année et l'activité de laMao a été mesurée dans leurs testicules. Chez les deux espèces l'activité de la MAO était la plus grande lorsque le poids des testicules était le plus élevé et la plus basse avant et après la saison du rut. Chez le moineau, l'augmentation de l'activité de MAO a précédé le développement des testicules.

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We thank the Atomic Energy Commission Grant No. At(11-1)-1602, Utah State University research project No. U-300 and Ecol. Grant No. 19 for their support of this research.R. L. Urry, present address: Division of Urology, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, 14642.J. L. Frehn was on sabbatical leave from his present position in the Department of Biology, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, 61761. We thankPhyllis Tayler for her technical help in this investigation.     

Luffolide,a novel anti-inflammatory terpene from the spongeLuffariella sp.

Summary Luffolide (4) is a minor metabolite of the spongeLuffariella sp. from Palau. The structure of luffolide was determined by single crystal X-ray analysis. Luffolide is relatively unstable and undergoes a complex cyclization reaction to give the hexacyclic products5 and6. Luffolide (4) has some of the anti-inflammatory properties of manoalide (1): this may help to define the chemical reaction between manoalide (1) and phospholipase A₂.All crystallographic calculations were done on a PRIME 9950 computer operated by the Cornell Chemistry Computing Facility. Principal programs employed were: FOBS, a data reduction program by G.D. Van Duyne, Cornell University, 1987; MULTAN 80, and RANTAN 80, systems of computer programs for the automatic solution of crystal structures from X-ray diffraction data (locally modified to perform all Fourier calculations including Patterson syntheses) written by P. Main, S. E. Hull, L. Lessinger, G. Germain, J. P. Declercq and M. M. Woolfson, University of York, England, 1980 BDLS, an, anisotropic block diagonal least squares refinement written by K. Hirotsu, E. Arnold, and G. D. Van Duyne, Cornell University, 1987; PLUTO 78, a locally modified crystallographic illustration program by W. D. S. Motherwell, Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 1978; and BOND, a program to calculate molecular parameters and prepare tables written by K. Hirotsu and G. Van Duyne, Cornell University, 1985.Acknowledgment. We thank the Government of the Republic of Palau for a scientific research permit. We thank Dr Klaus Rützler, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. for identifying the sponge and Mary Kay Harper for performing additional bioassays. This research was supported by grants from the Sea Grant College Programs of California [Projects R/MP-30 to DJF) and R/MP-31 (to RSJ)] and New York (to JC) and the National Institutes of Health (CA 24487 to JC).     

Chromosome variations inXenopsylla astia Rothschild, 1911 (Siphonaptera). A preliminary report

Summary 2 populations of rat fleas,Xenopsylla astia, collected from (A) Bombay and (B) Trivandrum, were found to differ in chromosome number as follows; (A) 2n=10 in both sexes; (B) 2n=18 (male) and 20 (female). Preliminary observations have further shown that the 2 populations differ in certain morphological characters and that their reciprocal hybrids are sterile in the male and partially sterile in the female sex.Acknowledgments. We wish to express our deepest gratitude to Dr Robert E. Lewis, Professor of Entomology, Iowa State University, USA, for confirming our identification of the 2 samples of rat fleas. We are indebted to Dr N.R. Prabhoo, Reader in Zoology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, for his advice and helpful suggestions. We are also indebted to Prof. K.M. Alexander, for encouragement and providing facilities. Financial help of the University Grants Commission, India, to one of us (C.T.) is also gratefully acknowledged.     

Isolation of chrysotalunin,a red pigment from a New Zealand soil

Summary Benzene extraction of Te Kopuru sand, a podzol located in the subtropical region of New Zealand, yielded a high melting pigment. Spectroscopic data showed it to be the bianthraquinone chrysotalunin. This is the first report of its occurrence in the Southern hemisphere soil.Acknowledgment. The authors wish to thank Dr B. K. G. Theng, Soil Bureau, D.S.I.R., Lower Hutt, for the sample of the Te Kopuru sand podzol humus B horizon and Dr D. J. Wright of the Chemistry Department, University of Canterbury, for the high resolution mass spectral data.     

Effect of epinephrine upon irreversible disposal and recycling of glucose in dogs

Summary Irreversible utilization and recycling of glucose during epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia were studied in adrenal-demedullated dogs exposed to neutral or cold ambient temperature. Whatever the ambient temperature, most of the extra glucose mobilized by epinephrine is recycled rather than irreversibly utilized by the peripheral tissues.This work was supported by a grant from Université Claude Bernard (U.E.R. Lyon Nord and U.E.R. Biologie Humaine).J. Schellhorn was on leave from the University of Chile. The authors thank D. Rougier and G. Dallevet for their excellent technical assistance.