藜豆种质资源遗传多样性的ISSR分子标记分析

利用ISSR标记构建了9份藜豆种质的指纹图谱,并对其遗传多样性进行评价。结果表明,从35条引物中筛选出8条重复性好的多态性引物进行PCR扩增,共扩增出64条带,其中多态性条带50条,多态性比例为78.1%。应用其中3条多态性ISSR引物(UBC889、UBC812、UBC825)的12条特异性条带,可以有效区分供试的9份藜豆种质资源。藜豆种质间的遗传相似系数变化范围在0.47⁰.97之间。利用UPGMA聚类分析,在相似性系数为0.73处可将9个藜豆种质资源划分为3个类群,其亲缘关系与种质地理来源之间存在一定关联性。     

棉花种质资源多样性的ISSR聚类分析及主成分分析

利用ISSR分子标记对48份棉花种质资源的亲缘关系及遗传多样性进行分析,结果显示,筛选出的10个ISSR引物扩增出的112条带中,多态性条带占101条,为总条带的90.18%.每个引物均可扩增4～21个多态性位点,平均10.10个,引物平均多样性信息指数(PIC)和多态性谱带百分率(PPB)分别为0.76和87.88%.利用NT-SYSpc 2.1统计分析软件中的UPMGA法对48份棉花种质资源构建亲缘关系树状图,在遗传相似性系数(GS)为0.66水平上可将所有参试材料聚成两大类,且与主成分分析(PCA)结果基本吻合.ISSR标记揭示出这48份棉花种质资源遗传多样性较小,遗传基础比较狭窄.     

Inheritance of the delayed gland morphogenesis trait in Australian wild species ofGossypium

Five Australian wild cotton species with the delayed gland morphogenesis trait, as well as G. arboreum, G. davidsonii and four different gland genotypes of G. hirsutum, Gl₂Gl₂Gl₃Gl₃, Gl₂Gl₂gl₃gl₃, gl₂gl₂Gl₃Gl₃, and gl₂gl₂gl₃gl₃, were used in this experiment and 10 interspecific hybrids were obtained by the crossing among them. According to the gland expression on the seeds and plants of the interspecific hybrids, the inheritance of the delayed gland morphogenesis trait of Australian wild cotton species was opened out as follows: (ⅰ) the inheritance of the delayed gland morphogenesis trait was almost the same among the 5 Australian wild cotton species, and the gene or genes which controlled this trait may be located in the same loci. (ⅱ) The glandless seed trait of the Australian wild cotton species was dominant over the glanded seed trait of G. arboreum, a genome A species, and the seeds of interspecific hybrid F₁ between them were glandless. However, it was recessive over the glanded character of genome D species, G.davidsonii, and their F₁ was a typical glanded one. (ⅲ) The glandless seed trait of the Australian wild cotton species was recessive or incomplete dominant over the glanded cotton but dominant over the glandless cotton of G. hirsutum, and the glandless genes (gl₂gl₂gl₃gl₃) of upland cotton had great weakening effect on the glanded plant trait of the Australian wild cotton species on the other hand. For the two main glanded genes of upland cotton, the delayed gland morphogenesis trait of the Australian wild cotton species was dominant epistatic over glandless genes, gl₂gl₂gl₃gl₃, and one of the glanded genes, Gl₂Gl₂, but was recessive epistatic over the other glanded gene, Gl₃Gl₃. Therefore, it is much convenient to use Gl₂Gl₂gl₃gl₃ as the upland cotton parent in the interspecific hybridization and backcrossing afterward, in order to produce the upland cotton germplasm with glandless seeds and glanded plant trait.     

棉花DNA的提取及其SSR分子标记体系的建立

针对棉花富含酚类、多糖等次生物质的特点,建立了一种简便、快速的提取高纯度棉花基因组DNA的方法。同时建立了适合棉花SSR标记的体系和实验方案,并对所构建的QTL定位群体进行了SSR-PCR检测,得到了清晰的多态性SSR标记,为SSR分子标记技术在棉花育种中的应用打下了基础。     

不结球白菜种质创新及资源信息管理研究进展

对不结球白菜(Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino)抗性育种、细胞质雄性不育、基因克隆和转基因育种、遗传图谱和DNA分子标记辅助育种,以及种质资源信息管理进行了综述,以期为不结球白菜种质创新和管理提供参考和建议.     

我国豆类植物的研究利用现状与前景

综述了我国豆类植物的研究利用现状,分析了面临的诸多技术难题。提出了加强豆类植物研究和利用的具体措施。应加大品质育种、抗逆育种和专用型品种选育的技术攻关以及豆类种质资源的研究与种质创新工作。关注豆类植物生产和食品安全问题。采用常规育种、远缘杂交,诱变、航天育种,分子标记辅助选择育种以及基因克隆转育手段,培育携带多种突出优异性状的新种质。     

Breeding,introgression and inheritance of delayed gland morphogenesis trait from<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gosspium bickii</Emphasis> into upland cotton germplasm

Cotton is a valuable economic crop. The cottonseedafter ginning is made up of fuzz, kernel and hull, amongwhich kernel constitutes about 50% to the seed weight.Cottonseed kernel of G. hirsutum contains about 40% ofprotein and more than 35% of cottonseed oil, which obvi-ously is a potential rich source of high quality protein andedible oil supplement[1,2]. However, the utilization of cot-tonseed is limited by the presence of gossypol and its de-rivatives in seeds of ordinary glanded cotton cult…     

Genetic contribution of foreign germplasm to elite Chinese soybean （Glycine max） cultivars revealed by SSR markers

Among 651 soybean (Glycine max) cultivars re- leased from 1923 to 1995, most of the parents used in the breeding program of northeast China and Huang- huai-hai valley were cultivars well adapted to local ecologic areas. Narrow parentage and lack of geneti…     

水稻核心种质育种

从核心种质的概念与核心种质育种、核心种质株型和品质理想模型构建、新型核心种质的创建、核心种质分子育种、特征次生物质标记辅助核心种质育种5个部分,概述了水稻核心种质育种从提出到完善的全过程,并进一步提出了水稻核心种质育种探索的重点.     

Modified fiber qualities of the transgenic cotton expressing a silkworm fibroin gene

A silkworm gene for fibroin was introduced into the upland cotton WC line by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. PCR detection for fibroin, nptII and gus genes, Kanamycin (Km)-resistance analysis and GUS-histochemical assay were conducted on 30 regenerated plants from 9 callus lines, and 17 positive plants were obtained by these 5 screening methods. By Km-resistance analysis and PCR for fibroin, 6 homozygous lines in T₃ were obtained. Southern blot and Northern bolt demonstrated that the fibroin gene was inserted into the genome of these 6 lines, stably inherited and expressed. Compared to the control, the surface structure of mature fiber in the 6 lines was significantly distorted and an increased number of convolution was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fiber quality traits analysis indicated that fiber elongation of the 6 homozygous lines was all increased and fiber strength of 3 lines was enhanced. These results indicated that fibroin expression influenced cotton fiber structure and quality, suggesting that fibroin has great potential for improving cotton fiber quality by genetic engineering. Supported by National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2006AA100105), Science & Technology Pillar Program of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. BE2008310) and Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities (Grant No. B08025) Contributed equally to this work     

Mining,characterization, and exploitation of EST-derived microsatellites in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium barbadense</Emphasis>

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) have been widely applied as molecular markers in genetic studies. However, the number of ex-pressed sequence tags (ESTs) and SSR markers from Gossypium barbadense is fewer than those from other cotton species. In this study, EST-SSR distribution from G. barbadense was characterized and new G. barbadense-derived EST-SSR markers were de-termined on the basis of the ESTs obtained by randomly sequencing 2 cDNA libraries associated with fiber development in G. barbadense. By mining 9697 non-redundant ESTs, a total of 638 SSR loci derived from 595 ESTs were observed. In G. barba-dense, the frequency of ESTs containing SSRs was 6.13%, with an average of 1 SSR in every 10.4 kb of EST sequence. Further-more, trinucleotide was found to be the most abundant repeat type among 2–6-nucleotide repeat types. It accounted for 26.6% of the total, followed by the hexanucleotide (26.0%) and pentanucleotide repeats (25.9%). Among all the repeat motifs, (AAG)n accounted for the highest proportion. EST-SSR primer pairs were developed using the Primer3 program, and the redundant primers were removed using the virtual PCR approach. As a result, 380 non-redundant EST-SSR primer pairs were developed and used to detect polymorphisms between the mapping parents G. hirsutum ‘TM-1’ and G. barbadense ‘Hai7124’ for constructing linkage groups in cultivated allotetraploid cotton. Out of these, 98 (25.8%) primer pairs detected polymorphisms. Finally, 95 polymorphic loci from 82 primer pairs were integrated into the backbone genetic map; of these, 42 were mapped into the A subgenome and 53 into the D subgenome. The present work provided the foundation for constructing saturated genetic maps and conducting comparative genomic studies on different cotton species.     

杉木育种群体SSR分子标记遗传多样性分析

杉木的育种群体中,维持合理的遗传多样性和清晰的遗传背景,是长周期、多世代遗传改良采用的核心策略之一。基于基因组分子标记,利用自主开发的52对杉木SSR引物,对国家级杉木种质资源库保存的遗传材料——杉木第1代遗传改良收集的93份种质资源进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明:52对SSR引物在93份材料中共检测到254个等位变异,等位变异范围为2～8个,平均等位基因数为4.88个,平均有效等位基因数为2.32个,平均观察杂合度为0.43,平均Nei’s多样性指数为0.50,平均Shannon信息指数为0.98,这5个评价遗传多样性水平的指标具有较大程度的一致性。不同引物的等位基因数、有效等位基因数、观察杂合度、多样性指数和Shannon信息指数等均表明杉木育种群体中存在较大的遗传差异,其变异系数分别为24.88%、44.75%、34.20%、34.89%和33.59%。93份种质资源间遗传相似系数的平均值为0.693 3,变化范围为0.490 0～0.919 3; 遗传距离的平均值0.370 3,变化范围为0.086 3～0.713 4。当距离阀值为20时,可将杉木第1代育种群体中的93份种质资源划分为5大类; 当距离阀值为15时,第5大类的77份种质资源可细分为16个亚类。SSR分子标记聚类的结果可为种质资源的管理及提高育种效率提供重要依据。     

Commercial production of transgenic Bt insect-resistant cotton varieties and the resistance management for bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner)

There are currently three kinds of transgenic Bt insect-resistant cotton germplasm lines, Shanxi 94-24, Zhongxin 94 and R19, in China. They showed high resistance to the neonate larvae of bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera). Transgenic Bt insect-resistant cotton varieties or hybrids have been bred using the three kinds of germplasm lines as parents. Our researches reveal that there exist different expressions in resistant level at different developmental stages in the three categories of germplasm lines. When neonate larvae are fed with leaves of cotton plant at the seeding stage with less than 10 leaves on the main stem, the mortality of the neonate larvae is 100%, but the resistance level will decline at later season. When Bt gene has been transferred to the cotton genome, it can be steadily transferred to the progeny, the level of resistance to bollworm keeps fundamentally uniform. Such insects as tobacco budworm (Heliothis virencens) in laboratory directive selection are very apt to produce resistance to the Bt insecticidal crystal protein. From the present crop system of cotton region in the Yangtze and Yellow River Valleys, and the expression characteristic of transgenic Bt resistant cotton, we suggest that the resistance to toxin protein in bollworm is not apt to be produced if the transgenic Bt insect-resistant cotton varieties are released and grown in the regions except in the Xinjiang cotton region. The managing strategies to delay or retard the resistance are discussed.     

云南茶树种质资源研究进展

云南地区茶树种质资源丰富多样,对其进行深入研究对茶树的起源、演变、培育新型资源等都具有重大意义的.本文分别从不同的遗传标记入手(形体学标记、细胞学标记、生化标记、化学标记、分子标记),对云南茶树种质资源相关研究进行综述,以推动茶树种质资源的发展.     

条斑紫菜的种质创新与应用

本文介绍了中国、日本和韩国条斑紫菜的栽培现状与问题,从育种目标、种质创新方法和种质应用3个方面对条斑紫菜优良种质的培育与应用进行论述.针对现阶段出现的条斑紫菜育种技术落后、种质混杂、种质适应性较差等问题,本文提出相关意见与建议,拟为条斑紫菜产业的规模化栽培和健康发展提供参考依据.     

棉花杂交种制种问题研究的进展

本文系作者结合自己的研究工作,搜集和阅读了国内、外有关文献,经过研究、归纳而成。文中扼要的论述了目前世界上对这一问题研究的现状及其发展.1、论述了杂种棉对大幅度提高产量和改进品质蕴藏着巨大的潜力。2、论述了当前在细胞质雄性不育系的研究和选育上,特别是对恢复系的研究中所取得的重大进展。3、作者结合自己的体会,绘制了不育系和恢复的转育图;并从棉花遗传的原理出发,提出了在转育过程中,应该考虑的事项。可以认为是作者今后的研究计划。同时就正于棉花遗传育种同行们。     

Genetic diversity of Chinese summer soybean germplasm revealed by SSR markers

There are abundant soybean germplasm in China. In order to assess genetic diversity of Chinese summer soybean germplasm, 158 Chinese summer soybean accessions from the primary core collection of G max were used to analyze genetic variation at 67 SSR loci. A total of 460 alleles were detected, in which 414 and 419 alleles occurred in the 80 Huanghuai and the 78 Southern summer accessions, respectively. The average number of alleles per locus was 6.9 for all the summer accessions, and 6.2 for both Huanghuai and Southern summer accessions. Marker diversity (D) per locus ranged from 0.414 to 0.905 with an average of 0.735 for all the summer accessions, from 0.387 to 0.886 with an average of 0.708 for the Huanghuai summer accessions, and from 0.189 to 0.884 with an average of 0.687 for the Southern summer accessions. The Huanghuai and Southern summer germplasm were different in the specific alleles, allelic-frequencies and pairwise genetic similarities. UPGMA cluster analysis based on the similarity data clearly separated the Huanghuai from Southern summer soybean accessions, suggesting that they were different gene pools. The results indicate that Chinese Huanghuai and Southern summer soybean germplasm can be used to enlarge genetic basis for developing elite summer soybean cultivars by exchanging their germplasm.     

Construction of a linkage map and QTL mapping for fiber quality traits in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

With the development in spinning technology, the improvement of cotton fiber quality is becoming more and more important. The main objective of this research was to construct a high-density genetic linkage map to facilitate marker assisted selection for fiber quality traits in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). A genetic linkage map comprising 421 loci and covering 3814.3 cM, accounting for approximately 73.35% of the cotton genome, was constructed using an F2 population derived from cross GX1135 (P 1 )×GX100-2 (P 2 ). Forty-four of 49 linkage groups were assigned to the 26 chromosomes. Fiber quality traits were investigated in F2 population sampled from individuals, and in F2:3 , and F2:4 generations sampled by lines from two sites and one respectively, and each followed a randomized complete block design with two replications. Thirty-nine quantitative trait loci were detected for five fiber quality traits with data from single environments (separate analysis each): 12 for fiber length, five for fiber uniformity, nine for fiber strength, seven for fiber elongation, and six for fiber micronaire, whereas 15 QTLs were found in combined analysis (data from means of different environments in F2:3 generation). Among these QTLs, qFL-chr5-2 and qFL-chr14-2 for fiber length were detected simultaneously in three generations (four environments) and verified further by combined analysis, and these QTLs should be useful for marker assisted selection to improve fiber quality in upland cotton.     

2017年中国农业科学热点回眸

 2017年,中国农业科学领域取得进一步发展,在作物分子育种、种质资源、植物保护与病虫害防治、动物遗传育种、畜禽疾病防治、园艺科学、分子生物技术、耕作栽培与农业机械化、农产品加工及储藏、农业环境与可持续发展等领域,涌现了一大批新成果和新技术,科技创新能力显著提高,农业科技成果转化逐步加快。本文对2017年中国在水稻分子设计育种、国家级小麦太谷核不育基因克隆、牛羊等畜禽育种、口蹄疫和禽流感等疾病防治、番茄风味解析、遗传转化和DNA测序技术、机械化种植管理和加工、马铃薯加工技术等领域取得的重要成果做一简要盘点。     

基于SSR标记构建广西杉木核心种质

为深入发掘和筛选广西杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata种质资源,本研究采用SSR标记技术检测国家级杉木良种基地864份杉木种质材料的遗传多样性,对比分析不同构建方法的差异,并采用t检验和主坐标分析法验证核心种质的有效性和代表性。结果表明：（1）22对SSR引物共检测到195个等位基因,平均等位基因（Na）为8.86,平均有效等位基因（Ne）为3.13,平均Shannon''s信息指数（I）为1.31,平均无效等位基因频率（Fna）为0.03,平均多态信息含量（PIC）为0.60。（2）相较其他构建方法,采用M策略的Core Finder软件是构建广西杉木核心种质的有效方法,筛选出的80份核心种质具较好的代表性。