聚丙烯酰胺浆体旋转射流速度分布的实验研究

利用先进的粒子成像技术及实验系统研究了聚丙烯酰胺水溶液旋转射流的速度结构.实验结果表明,聚合物对旋转射流的速度分布有较大影响.旋转射流轴向速度的最大值仍位于射流轴线上,在喷距超过4倍喷嘴直径后出现轴向速度的自相似区域.径向速度分布比较复杂.在射流外部,流体向射流轴心方向流动;而在内部存在着径向速度为正值的核心体.旋转射流的切向速度分布相当于射流中存在一个旋转的涡核.涡核内部的切向速度随半径呈线性增加,涡核边界处的切向速度最大.喷距超过4倍喷嘴直径以后的涡核呈锥体状,并以35°锥角沿流向扩展,表现出速度的自相似性.切向速度随喷距的变化呈现出两个以喷距等于4倍喷嘴直径为界的线性降低阶段.     

自由淹没气体旋转射流速度场实验研究

为研究自由淹没气体旋转射流速度场规律,采用五孔探针对自行设计的旋流器形成的流场进行定量实验研究。测量4种不同旋流强度下的流场,计算得到了各分速度在不同截面上的量纲一分布图,并进行分析研究。结果证实:轴向速度分布在旋流器出口附近区域与旋流强度有关,在与射流轴心垂直的截面上呈"M"形分布,逐渐发展成"马鞍"状、正态分布,直至衰减到零;切向速度呈中心对称斜"S"状分布,不同截面上的最大值大致出现在同一量纲一半径处;径向速度在半径方向呈"~"形分布,比轴向速度和切向速度小1个数量级;轴向速度和切向速度沿轴向逐渐衰减,衰减随旋流强度增大而增快。     

旋转射流流线分析及旋流强度的计算

为了研究旋转射流的流动特性以及喷嘴和叶轮的几何形状对旋转流体旋流强度的影响,对旋转射流的流动及旋流强度进行了理论分析及计算。结果表明,在理想情况下,旋转射流的流线为一条对数螺旋线。为了使水力损失最小,导向叶轮的外形应与其流线相一致,旋流强度的大小取决于喷嘴的各个参数及叶轮的几何形状。同时利用五孔探针对不同旋流强度的喷嘴进行了轴向速度、切向速度的实测试验。试验结果表明,在旋转射流的主体段,轴向速度剖面呈现出“Ｍ”形分布特点,切向速度剖面呈现“Ｎ”形分布特点。旋流强度越大,旋转射流轴向速度越小,切向速度越大。旋转射流的能量随旋流强度的增加,衰减加快,射程变短。     

磨料浆体旋转射流的速度分布及其受聚丙烯酰胺添加剂的影响

利用粒子成像速度场仪(PIV)对磨料浆体旋转射流的时均速度场进行了测量,得出了射流中磨料粒子的速度分布和滑移速度分布,并考察了聚丙烯酰胺添加剂对其的影响。结果表明,淹没条件下,射流中磨料粒子的速度分布仍类似于高斯分布;随喷距增加,在射流轴心附近的磨料轴向速度和滑移速度都先增加后降低;实验条件下,磨料浆体旋转射流的扩散角为20°,比非旋转射流的扩散角大1.52倍,因而旋转射流具有钻大直径孔眼的能力;聚丙烯酰胺具有抑制射流横向扩展和降低射流轴向衰减的作用,随聚丙烯酰胺质量分数的增加,射流固液两相的速度都相应提高。     

磨料浆体旋转射流的速度分布及其受聚丙烯酰胺添加剂的影响

利用粒子成像速度场仪(PIV)对磨料浆体旋转射流的时均速度场进行了测量,得出了射流中磨料粒子的速度分布和滑移速度分布,并考察了聚丙烯酰胺添加剂对其的影响.结果表明,淹没条件下,射流中磨料粒子的速度分布仍类似于高斯分布;随喷距增加,在射流轴心附近的磨料轴向速度和滑移速度都先增加后降低;实验条件下,磨料浆体旋转射流的扩散角为20°,比非旋转射流的扩散角大1.52倍,因而旋转射流具有钻大直径孔眼的能力;聚丙烯酰胺具有抑制射流横向扩展和降低射流轴向衰减的作用,随聚丙烯酰胺质量分数的增加,射流固液两相的速度都相应提高.     

水平轴风力机三维尾流场的实验研究

以100W水平轴风力机为研究对象,利用三维超声波风速仪在风轮下游进行尾迹流场的速度测量.采用超声波时差法,获得风轮下游的三维尾流场信息.实验结果表明:风轮下游尾迹区内的流动存在明显的三维特性.由于风轮旋转和来流衰减,使得风力机尾迹区轴向速度存在严重的亏损,且尾迹区轴向速度亏损随着风轮下游轴向距离的增大逐渐减弱.但由于风轮旋转时叶尖涡脱落,在距测量中心径向较远处出现高速度区域.径向速度和切向速度在3倍风轮直径截面处最大,随着轴向距离的增大逐渐减小,且径向速度和切向速度的波动频率随着径向距离的增大逐渐减小.尾流场的湍流强度在风轮旋转半径内高于半径外,随着轴向距离的增大,湍流度先增大后减小,在远尾流区与大气来流逐渐融合,且流动逐渐趋于稳定,在8倍风轮直径位置处适合布置下游风力机.     

风琴管喷嘴外湍流射流流场的数值模拟

用湍流κ－ε方程模型对风琴管式喷嘴外流场进行数值模拟，得出轴向速度、径向速度的分布规律和衰减规律，为提高清除岩屑效率提供依据．计算结果表明，在喷嘴出口处存在抽吸现象，射流剪切层的边界处具有大尺度的涡流结构．射流剪切层的边界形状为波状，流场中轴心速度和沿径向的轴向速度衰减规律不随雷诺数的变化而变化．随着喷距的增加，沿径向的轴向速度衰减变慢，随着喷嘴出口到井底间距离的增大，射流轴心速度衰减变慢，但其变化幅度不大．     

风琴管喷嘴外湍流射流流场的数值模拟

用湍流ｘ－ｅ方程模型对风琴管式喷嘴外流场进行数值模拟，得出轴向速度、径向速度的分布规律和衰减规律，为提高清除岩屑效率提供依据。计算结果表明，在喷嘴出口处存在抽吸现象，射流剪切层的边界处具有大尺度的涡流结构。射流剪切层的边界形状为波状，流场中轴心速度和沿径向的轴向速度衰减规律不随雷诺数的变化而变化。随着喷距的增加，沿径向的轴向速度衰减变慢。随着喷嘴出口到井底间距离的增大，射流轴心速度衰减变慢，但其变     

幂律流体旋流射流的喷雾特性实验

采用高速摄影技术和三维相位多普勒分析技术,测量了幂律流体旋流射流的破碎形貌、液滴速度和粒径分布,获得了其破碎特征及规律.结果表明,幂律流体旋流射流随喷射压力增加可以划分为3种射流模式,即带旋转的圆柱射流模式、液线液滴共存模式和充分发展模式.黏性越大的流体,要达到同样的射流模式所需要的喷射压力也越大.液滴的轴向速度w、径向速度u和索特平均直径(SMD)在径向各位置呈中心小两侧大的分布规律,切向速度v接近于零.三维速度在轴向各位置随z的增加均有不同程度的减小,SMD也有减小的趋势.不同压力对轴向速度w的影响更为明显,且更多地影响了液滴的二次破碎.     

柱状旋流分离器旋转涡核边界分布特性

采用微分雷诺应力模型对柱状旋流分离器气体单相流场中的旋转涡核边界分布特性进行数值模拟,阐述涡核的衰减形态,考察升气管直径、入口面积以及筒体长度变化对旋转涡核边界分布的影响。结果表明:零轴速包络边界与旋转涡核边界分属不同面,二者分布于升气管投影面的两侧;旋转涡核在分离器中的自然终止形态是涡核尾端弯曲终止于壁面,并沿壁面做圆周运动;涡核边界宽度随升气管直径的减小、入口面积的增大而减小;当筒体较短时,在较大跨度的升气管直径分布内,涡核边界沿轴向近似成柱状分布。筒体长度增加会使切向速度沿轴向产生衰减,涡核边界在升气管入口区域向外扩张,沿轴向向下逐渐收缩。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-