北京白河湿地夏季昆虫群落组成特征的初步分析

本研究利用网捕法对北京市白河湿地昆虫群落进行了调查,共获标本21 429只,隶属于15目149科.其中,叶蝉科、爪姚科、盲蝽科、蚜科、潜蝇科、飞虱科、摇蚊科等19科为优势或常见科.在不同功能类群中,植食性昆虫最占优势,捕食性和寄生性昆虫个体较少,但类群较多.白河湿地昆虫群落的组成不仅较北京人工草坪群落和圆明园群落丰富,而且也较河南黄河、江西鄱阳湖以及厦门马銮湾3个湿地昆虫群落丰富,并以双翅目和膜翅目尤为突出.昆虫是湿地生态系统食物网的重要组成部分,研究湿地昆虫群落多样性对湿地生态系统功能的评价具有重要意义.白河湿地虽然面积较小,却蕴藏着丰富的昆虫多样性,应引起充分重视.     

上海九段沙国家级湿地自然保护区昆虫多样性及其影响因素研究

在九段沙不同沙体和不同等级潮沟梯度下的5种主要植物群落中,在科和目层次上开展了昆虫多样性及其影响因素研究.调查区域共采集昆虫35444头,隶属于13目64科,按所含种数多少,主要的科有杆蝇科（42）、姬小蜂科（29）、金小蜂科（24）、茧蜂科（22）、姬蜂科（15）和缘腹细蜂科（12）;主要的目有膜翅目（137）、双翅目（85）、鞘翅目（32）和半翅目（10）.分析表明：（1）夏季昆虫的物种种数明显高于其他3个季节;（2）在上沙芦苇群落（夏季）,低潮滩的昆虫个体数最多,其次是高潮滩,中潮滩的最小.低潮滩中杆长蝽科、秆蝇科、瓢虫科和蚁形甲科的个体数极明显地多于中潮滩和高潮滩;随着由低潮滩向高潮滩高程的变化,杆长蝽科和飞虱科的昆虫个体数由少变多趋势明显.中潮滩与低潮滩相比,与高潮滩的昆虫组成更相似;（3）在中沙（夏季）,与芦苇群落相比,互花米草群落中昆虫个体数多,出现科数也多,互花米草群落中主要是啮虫目的种类和杆蝇科,两者占了互花米草群落昆虫总个体数的86.83%,而在芦苇群落中,以杆蝇科、蚁形甲科、瓢虫科3科为主,占芦苇群落昆虫总个体数的79%;在江亚南沙,藨草（海三棱藨草）群落中的昆虫主要是管蓟马科、叶蝉科、杆蝇科、茧蜂科和摇蚊科等5个科的昆虫,个体总数占了该类群落昆虫总个体数的96.82%,而菰群落中同样的5个科的昆虫个体数仅占菰群落昆虫总个体数的31.53%;（4）多样性指数以中生化群落最高,其次为芦苇和互花米草群落,最小为菰群落,物种丰富度则芦苇群落最高,其次为互花米草和中生化,最小为菰群落;（5）排序分析表明,植物群落中昆虫科的组成相似性反映了植物群落的演替方向,即菰群落、藨草/海三棱藨草群落的昆虫组成较相似,其次是互花米草与芦苇群落的,与中生化群落类型中的差异最大.     

河北小五台山昆虫区系分析

基于河北省小五台山已知16目2 404种昆虫,对其种类组成进行了初步分析.鉴定结果表明:小五台山昆虫由6目137科2 115种完全变态类和10目66科289种不完全变态类组成;种级阶元组成以鳞翅目和鞘翅目为主,共占总种数的59.15%,而其他14目共占40.85%;科级组成以鞘翅目最多,鳞翅目和半翅目次之,其次为双翅目,分别占科级总数的23.65%,19.21%,19.21%和13.30%,共占75.37%.研究数据显示,小五台山昆虫的区系组成以古北界+东洋界共有成分为主,占总数的45.47%;古北界成分占总数的43.16%,东洋界成分占0.13%,古北界、东洋界以及两界共有成分占到已知总数的88.75%,而其他动物地理区的成分仅占11.25%,说明其与古北界、东洋界的联系紧密,而与其他动物界的关系疏远.物种复计数据表明,该区昆虫分布与东北区关系紧密(60.74%),与蒙新区、西南区和华中区有较大联系,而与华南区和西藏区的关系疏远;已知土著昆虫17种,占总种数的0.71%.     

吸血传病的双翅目昆虫

在与人类健康关系密切的医学昆虫家族中,有一个种类庞杂的类群,这就是吸血双翅目昆虫.这类昆虫虽体型大小各异,但均生有一对善于飞翔的翅,雌性成虫又都有一尖长的喙,可以藉此刺入人畜肌肤吸血,故而通称为吸血双翅目昆虫.它们传播疾病,是医学昆虫中重要的传病媒介类群.吸血双翅目昆虫究竟有哪些?按照昆虫的分类系统,吸血双翅日昆虫是由节肢动物纲中双翅目(Diptera)所隶属的5个科组成.其中包括蚊科(Culicidae)近350种,白蛉科     

滇西北亚高山草甸草丛昆虫多样性研究

 采用野外样地调查方法于2004~2005年4次研究了滇西北4种不同管理草地的草丛昆虫多样性,共捕获昆虫14 524头,分属10目60科.结果表明:①同翅目叶蝉总科在不同取样时间不同管理方式的草地中均为优势类群,而双翅目昆虫则是不同取样时间不同管理方式的草地中常见类群的重要组成部分.②4种不同管理草地昆虫的目、科、种的数量变化均表现为9月最高,6月次之,3月最低.不同取样时间的昆虫群落存在显著差异.③从全年累积的昆虫多样性指数来看,灌丛草地最高,种植草地和刈草草地次之,放牧草地最低.④用Jaccard相似性系数(Cj)判别发现,在不同管理方式之间,昆虫群落的相似性系数9月较高.得出结论:从生态系统的稳定性和实用性来看,传统的刈草草地有利于维持草地昆虫的多样性.     

北京野鸭湖湿地膜翅目群落多样性及生态分布

2006年4～10月利用网捕法对北京野鸭湖湿地膜翅目昆虫群落进行了调查,对4个样带的膜翅目昆虫群落组成、多样性及生态分布特征进行了初步研究.共捕获膜翅目昆虫标本45 006只,隶属于31科.研究结果表明,该地区膜翅目昆虫以跳小蜂科、姬小蜂科为优势类群;旋小蜂科、缘腹细蜂科、蚜小蜂科、金小蜂科、缨小蜂科、棒小蜂科、环腹瘿蜂科、分盾细蜂科、姬蜂科、茧蜂科、蚁科共11个科为常见类群.利用D、C、H',层及Ci等指数对不同样带膜翅目昆虫群落的结构特征进行了比较分析.不同样带H'从高到低依次是芦苇样带、扁秆蔗草-绵毛酸模叶蓼样带、稗-水蓼样带、牛鞭草样带;不同月份H'从高到低依次是9月、8月、10月、5月、7月.在4个样带中,环境条件比较复杂的扁秆蔗草-绵毛酸模叶蓼样带和稗-水蓼样带膜翅目昆虫的物种数最多,指数H'和Ci较高.聚类和排序结果显示,不同样带膜翅目昆虫之间差异显著.研究结果表明野鸭湖湿地膜翅目昆虫群落的组成丰富,重视湿地多样化生境的保持,对湿地膜翅目昆虫的多样性具有明显意义.     

松嫩草原沙地蒙古黄榆群落结构研究

对松嫩草原沙地蒙古黄榆(Ulmus macrocarpa var.mongolica)群落的种类组成及其生态类型结构进行了调查.结果表明:研究区蒙古黄榆群落不存在灌木层;乔木层高度5.83~9.33 m,郁闭度40%~60%.林下草本层种类组成丰富,总计有33种,隶属17科28属、11种分布区型、3个水分生态类型和6个生活型.其中常见科有禾本科、豆科和菊科.生活型以一年生植物最多,占45.45%;其次为地面芽植物.分布区型以蒙古-东北-兴安-华北种类最多,占36.36%,具有4个分布区型相汇聚的特征.水分生态类型以中生种类为主,其余为旱生和中旱生种类,旱化趋势明显.     

瓜类蔬菜昆虫群落（包括蛛形纲和软体动物）的研究 Ⅰ．群落的组成及结构

本文是重庆市郊瓜类蔬菜昆虫群落研究结果的第一部分,主要报道瓜类昆虫落（包括蛛形纲和软体动物门中的一些有害生物及天敌,下同）的组成和结构,初步查明对瓜类蔬菜有直接或间接危害的动物有53种,分属于3纲,14目中的32个科;天敌38种,涉及2纲,9目中的21个科,另外还有传粉昆虫和杂食性昆虫各1种,分属于2个科,在初步弄清群落内物种间营养关系的基础上,用营养物种的概念探讨了不同营养物种数,不同类型链节数,链节总数与物种数之间的关系,表明瓜类昆虫群落属于发育不成熟,结构较为简单的群落,本文还同时应用基于食物网映射矩阵的匹配系数和基于物种及其多度的群落系数对5种瓜类昆虫群落相似性进行了比较。     

杭州不同城市生境杂草群落分布格局及其成因

在杭州城市化进程下,调查了8种城市生境类型中杂草群落的种类组成与结构.通过测定光照强度、土壤pH值、土壤电导率、土壤紧实度、土壤总氮、土壤总磷、土壤有机质及干扰类型等生境因子,分析了杂草群落物种组成与生境因子的关系.结果表明:调查的1665个杂草样方中,森林空隙和草坪是最为常见的生境类型,涵盖的群落类型数量分别占总数的...     

拉鲁湿地夏季昆虫群落组成特征的初步研究

利用黄盘采集法(诱捕法)和网扑法对拉鲁湿地昆虫群落进行了初步研究,共获得标本1582号,隶属于9目38科,其中双翅目为绝对优势目,其优势度指数为74.91.脉翅目为稀有目,其优势度指数为0.07;麻蝇科、摇蚊科为优势科,其优势度指数分别为36.35、14.29;蜓科、草蛉科、凤蝶科等8科为稀有科;其它为常见科.在不同功能类群中,中性昆虫占优势,捕食性和寄生性昆虫个数较少.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that