Ideal root architecture for phosphorus acquisition of plants under water and phosphorus coupled stresses: From simulation to application

Under water and phosphorus (P) coupled stresses, root architecture may be related to P acquisition efficiency of plants. Understanding the relationship between root architecture and P acquisition efficiency may provide basic information for improving P acquisition efficiency of plants. In the present study, we quantitatively described the effects of root architecture on P acquisition efficiency by computer simulation together with controlled biological experiments so as to determine an ideal root architecture for efficient P acquisition under water and P coupled stresses. Our results indicate that under given soil water conditions, the ideal root architecture for P acquisition efficiency of a tap root plant (as represented by common bean) is an 搖mbrella-shape?root system whose basal roots tend to be shallow in the P-rich topsoil and tap roots tend to be deep for water in the subsoil. Meanwhile, the ideal root architecture for a fibrous root plant (as represented by upland rice) is a beard-shape?root system with the moderately dispersed yet uniformly distributed adventitious and lateral roots so as to keep most roots in the topsoil for P and a few roots in the subsoil for water.     

Genetic diversity, geographic differentiation and evolutionary relationship among ecotypes of Glycine max and G. soja in China

The knowledge of origin and evolution of cultivated soybeans is one of the basic issues in both biology and agronomy of the crop. In order to investigate the nuclear and cytoplasmic genetic diversity, geographic differentiation and genetic relationship among geographic ecotypes of cultivated （Glycine max） and wild （G. soja） soybeans, the allelic profiles at 60 nuclear simple-sequence repeat （nuSSR） loci and 11 chloroplastic SSR （cpSSR） loci evenly distributed on whole genome of 393 landraces and 196 wild accessions from nation-wide growing areas in China were analyzed. （i） The genetic diversity of the wild soybean was obviously larger than that of the cultivated soybean, with their nuSSR and cpSSR alleles as 1067 vs. 980 and 57 vs 44, respectively. Of the 980 nuclear alleles detected in the cultivated soybean, 377 new ones （38.5%） emerged, while of the 44 chloroplastic alleles in the cultivated soybean, seven new ones （15.9%） emerged after domestication. （ii） Among the cultivated geographic ecotypes, those from southern China, including South-Central China, Southwest China and South China possessed relatively great genetic diversity than those from northern China, while among the wild geographic ecotypes, the Middle and Lower Changjiang Valleys wild ecotype showed the highest genetic diversity. （iii） The analysis of molecular variance, association analysis between geographic grouping and molecular marker clustering and analysis of specific-present alleles of ecotypes demonstrated that the geographic differentiation of both cultivated and wild soybeans associated with their genetic differentiation, or in other words, had their relevant genetic bases. （iv） The cluster analysis of all accessions clearly showed that the wild accessions from Middle and Lower Changjiang Valleys and South-Central ＆ Southwest China had relatively small genetic distances with all cultivated accessions. The UPGMA dendrogram among geographic ecotypes further showed that the genetic distances between all cultivated ecotypes and the Middle and Lower Changjiang Valleys wild ecotype were smaller than those with other wild ones, including their local wild counterparts. Therefore, it is inferred that the wild ancestors in southern China, especially those from Middle and Lower Changjiang Valleys might be the common ancestor of all the cultivated soybeans.     

野大豆与栽培大豆愈伤组织耐盐性比较

野大豆(Glycine soja)是唯一能与栽培大豆(Glycine max)杂交而后代能育的野生近缘种,具有极强的耐盐碱性,利用野大豆与栽培大豆有性杂交,结合离体组织培养技术,进行耐盐性变异体的离体筛选,是提高大豆耐盐性的一种有效途径。本研究选择5种栽培大豆品种和从黄河三角洲地区(山东东营)获得的野大豆,进行了大豆成熟胚愈伤组织诱导及愈伤组织耐盐性研究。结果显示,不同浓度Na Cl胁迫下,野大豆愈伤组织的存活率明显高于栽培大豆,与对照相比鲜重下降幅度明显低于栽培大豆;Na Cl胁迫下,野大豆愈伤组织的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性明显高于栽培大豆愈伤组织,MDA含量明显低于栽培大豆,表明野大豆愈伤组织耐盐性明显优于栽培大豆。该研究为耐盐大豆新品种培育提供了理论依据。     

Quantitative analysis of 3-dimensional root architecture based on image reconstruction and its application to research on phosphorus uptake in soybean

The root system is an important organ for plants not only because it absorbs water and nutrients, but also because it provides anchorage against uprooting forces[1,2]. Root architecture is the spatial configuration of the root system in the growth medium[…     

基于遗传多样性和空间遗传结构的野生大豆居群采样策略

筛选了17对SSR引物对山东省垦利黄河口自然保护区野生大豆(G.sojaSieb.etZucc.)居群892份材料的遗传多样性及其随样本量变化而变化的规律进行了分析,同时以SSR的多态性为参照对该居群内的小尺度空间遗传结构进行了研究.发现该种群的平均每位点的等位基因数(A)为2.88,预期杂合度(He)为0.431,Shannon多样性指数(I)为0.699,多态位点比率(P)为100%.以计算机模拟方法随机抽取该居群不同个体组成的抽样样本,并计算各样本的多样性指数与样本量变化的回归关系,发现27~52个样本即可达到居群总体多样性水平的95%.通过空间自相关分析,得出该居群遗传结构的斑块大小约为18 m.该研究为野生大豆居群的合理取样提供了科学依据.     

中亚热带优势灌木根系对土壤抗剪切力的影响

在浙江南部的山体滑坡、泥石流易发区,对中亚热带常绿阔叶林中3种优势灌木植物(檵木、麂角杜鹃和香港黄檀)根系进行野外和室内剪切测试,探讨了灌木植物根系增强土壤抗剪切强度的作用。结果表明:须根相对丰富的植物能明显提高表层土壤的抗剪强度;根系抗拉力和抗剪力均与根径呈幂函数正相关关系;檵木和麂角杜鹃根系抗拉强度与根径呈幂函数负相关关系,而香港黄檀根系抗拉强度与根径无明显相关性;细根或比粗根更有利于土壤加固和抗剪强度的提高。     

大豆属soja亚属种子形态的比较观察

利用扫描电镜,对野生、半野生、栽培大豆的成熟种子表面结构进行了观察,不同进化类型的大豆种子表面结构有明显差异,可为大豆的系统进化研究提供依据.     

Plant pathogens. Mitochondrial control of fungal hybrid virulence

Hybrid species of fungal pathogens that infect wild and cultivated plants are emerging with new virulence and host ranges, posing a threat to agriculture and forestry. Here we show that the virulence of hybrid species of the basidiomycete fungus Heterobasidion annosum (Fr) Bref, a causal agent of root and butt rot in conifers and one of the most economically important forest pathogens, is controlled by their mitochondrial genome. Our results indicate that cooperation between organelles that contain genetic information may influence the phenotype of hybrid phytopathogens.     

磷胁迫下不同基因型大豆苗期磷吸收利用差异的研究

在缺磷和低磷胁迫条件下，对不同基因型大豆苗期磷吸收利用的差异进行了研究．结果表明：缺磷胁迫下，磷高效基因型（K1、K2）叶部的吸磷量均大于磷中效（Z1、Z2）、低效（M1、M2）基因型，但根、茎的吸磷量与磷中效基因型差异不明显；低磷胁迫下，磷高效基因型根、叶的吸磷量均大于磷中、低效基因型，但茎部吸磷量与磷中效基因型差异不明显．缺磷和低磷胁迫下，磷高效基因型磷利用率的适应性均未表现出优势．磷高效基因型并非所有性状的适应性均能表现出优势。     

Isolation and application of effective nitrogen fixation rhizobial strains on low-phosphorus acid soils in South China

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a very important food and oil crop in China. Legume-rhizobium symbiotic nitrogen (N) fixation is an important biological character and also the base of improving soil fertility of soybean. However, soybean production and development is severely limited in tropical and subtropical areas in China due to a lack of effective rhizobial inoculants adapting to low-phosphorus (P) acid soils. In the present study, 12 soybean rhizobial strains were isolated and purified from the nodules of two soybean genotypes contrasting in P efficiency, which were grown on different low-P acid soils with different soybean cultivation histories. Results from 16S rDNA sequence analysis showed that these 12 rhizobial strains belonged to the genus of Bradyrhizobium, which had higher nitrogenase activities compared to the control strain, Bradyrhizboium japonicum USDA110. A field experiment was carried out by applying rhizobial inoculants, a mixture of three rhizobial strains that showed the highest nitrogenase activity, on a typical low-P acid soil in South China. The results showed that, without inoculation, no nodules were formed in the three soybean genotypes tested; with inoculation, the nodulation rates in all were 100%. Inoculation with rhizobial inoculants not only made many nodules formed, but also increased soybean shoot biomass and yield, and improved nitrogen (N) and P nutrient status. Among which, shoot dry weight, N and P content of a soybean genotype, Huachun 3, inoculated with rhizobium were increased 154.3%, 152.4% and 163.2% compared to that without inoculation, respectively. We concluded that: (i) The effective indigenous rhizobial strains isolated in this study from soybeans on low-P acid soils in South China have the characters of broad host range, high nodulation efficiency, efficient N fixation, great low pH and low P tolerance. (ii) Soil environment and host types are the key factors to screen the effective rhizobial strains. Considering soil pH values and P efficiency of the host genotypes might increase the screening efficiency. (iii) Improving N status and facilitating root growth might be the mechanisms of increasing the P uptake in soybean plants inoculated with the effective rhizobial strains on low-P acid soils. (iv) Inoculation with the effective rhizobial inoculants could significantly improve growth, N and P content of soybean on low-P acid soils, which might be an effective approach to enhance soybean cultivation and development in these areas. Therefore, application and extension of inoculation techniques with effective rhizobial inoculants in legumes would result in great economical, environmental and ecological benefits. The authors contributed equally to this work Supported by National Key Basic Research and Development of China (Grant No. 2005CB120902), McKnight Foundation Collaborative Crop Research Program (USA) (Grant No. 05-780) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30571111)     

低磷胁迫下杉木无性系根系形态及养分利用响应研究

【目的】研究不同杉木无性系苗木在低磷胁迫下的根系形态和养分利用特征,为提高杉木养分利用效率的遗传改良提供参考。【方法】以5个杉木无性系组培苗为材料,采用土壤盆栽实验,设置缺磷(PO, KH₂PO₄ 0 mmol/L)和正常供磷(PN, KH₂PO₄ 1.0 mmol/L)两种改良Hoagland营养液进行浇灌处理,培养60 d后测定其生物量(根、茎、叶)、根系形态参数及其养分(磷、氮、钾、钙、镁)累积量和利用效率。【结果】①随施磷水平的变化,杉木无性系的干物质质量和根系形态指标显示出极显著的基因型效应差异。②缺磷处理使杉木无性系的根、茎、叶和整株干物质质量分别减少20.06%、20.68%、14.07%和16.78%,根冠比则增加,总根长、总根表面积、总根体积分别增加17.31%、17.69%、24.77%,根平均直径减少8.22%,细根比例显著提高。③缺磷使杉木无性系整株磷累积量减少17.91%,而磷利用效率呈上升趋势,同时磷在根系中的含量降低16.35%,但茎、叶中的含量在处理间差异不显著; 缺磷还使整株对钾的累积量减少27.58%,钙和氮分别减少18.56%和14.95%,镁减少12.85%。④经主成分分析发现,杉木无性系植株的粗根长、细根长、根冠比、根干物质质量与低磷胁迫响应密切; 回归分析显示,细根量对植株的磷吸收量有显著正向效应。【结论】杉木无性系根系形态指标随施磷水平变化呈极显著的基因型效应差异,缺磷胁迫使苗木地上部干物质质量减少,根平均直径减少,细根比例增大,根冠比增大,根系趋向于磷高效吸收的根构型转变,进而提高对低磷胁迫的遗传适应性。     

野生与人工栽培香料植物窄裂缬草特征研究

对野生与人工栽培窄裂缬草的植物形态，生香料根的性状、根和根茎组织学特征、精油含量进行比较，二者的植物学、组织学、生料性状基本相同；人工栽培窄裂缬草不失野生窄裂缬草天然本色，且生香料很多，香料油细胞多，精油产量高。     

大豆根系分泌物对根际土壤铝形态的影响

对19个大豆（Glycine max）品种进行了筛选试验,选择耐铝性不同的2个大豆品种（铝耐性品种：浙春2号和敏感品种：浙春3号）作为实验材料,设置5个铝处理水平和3个平行组（根际、非根际和外源根系分泌物组）,测定了大豆根系分泌物中柠檬酸的含量;在处理30d后用浸提法提取3种类型土样中的各种形态的铝并测定其含量,同时检测了相应土样的pH值变化．实验结果显示,铝胁迫下,耐铝品种浙春2号根系分泌大量的柠檬酸,比铝敏感品种浙春3号显著;随着铝处理量的增加,浙春2号根际土壤相对于非根际土壤而言,Al^3＋、（AIOH）^2＋、Al（OH）^2＋等形态铝的含量均有所降低,单聚体羟基铝（（Al0H）^2＋、Al（OH）^2＋）含量的降低尤为显著,而腐殖酸铝（HA-Al）的含量有所升高;外源根系分泌物组的实验结果和根际土壤组相似,显示出耐铝性大豆根系分泌物具有一定的铝毒缓解效应．实验结果还表明,根系分泌物对根系土壤具有一定的酸化作用,而铝的形态与pH值有直接的关系,所以根系分泌物对铝形态存在一定的间接影响．     

短期氮添加对杨树人工林表层土壤 可溶性有机碳的影响

在江苏省北部杨树人工林集中分布区开展短期氮添加实验,以研究表层土壤(0～10 cm)可溶性有机碳的响应规律。结果显示:杨树人工林表层土壤可溶性有机碳随着氮添加浓度上升呈现增加趋势,林龄间差异逐渐减小; 对表层土壤可溶性有机碳影响因子分析发现,短期氮添加过程中土壤微生物生物量碳与土壤可溶性有机碳动态的相关性最大,与相对于凋落物量和细根生物量没有明显相关关系,说明短期外源氮素输入会导致土壤微生物生物量的增加,从而引起作为微生物代谢产物的土壤可溶性有机碳浓度的上升。     

大豆磷效率与形态生理性状的关系

有关低磷红壤上大豆（Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅ ｍａｘ（Ｌ．）Ｍｅｒｒｉｌｌ）基因型磷效率特性的研究鲜见报到。作者选用低磷红壤耕地上生长适应性不同的１９个广东大豆地方种质,采用低磷红壤盆栽方法,对大豆基因型磷效率特性及其与植株形态生理性状的关系进行了研究。结果表明：在低磷水平下,较之磷效率特性较差的大豆基因型,磷效率特性较好的大豆基因型表现出体内磷素的相对积累和体内磷素转化为干生物量的效率的相对减弱;不同的植     

野山参与园参rDNA-ITS序列比较分析

目的比较野山参与园参rDNA-ITS序列差异,寻找其DNA分子鉴定方法.方法提取野山参与园参总DNA,扩增其ITS序列,运用Clustal X等软件比较分析野山参与园参ITS序列特征.结果野山参与园参经PCR扩增后分别获得700 bp和500 bp两条条带.其中对野山参和园参的700 bp条带测序分析后未发现差异位点,而二者的500 bp条带测序结果相似性仅为38%.结论该结果为野山参的鉴别提供了实验依据.     

昌黎沿海野生大豆分布及其耐盐性

对河北省昌黎县沿海地区生长在河沿岸、低洼地、苇塘、沟边、海滩等潮湿环境下的野生大豆进行了实地考察。该地区野生大豆茎纤细、缠绕攀援生长 ;其种子具有硬实现象 ;在株型、叶片、生长势、抗逆性等方面差异较大。经种子耐盐萌发试验和盐池鉴定发现 :昌黎沿海地区野生大豆芽期耐盐性达 0 .9% ,植株在盐的质量分数为 0 .0 0 5～ 0 .0 0 6的土壤中可以生长。     

Habitat-induced reciprocal transformation in the root phenotype of Oriental ginseng is associated with alteration in DNA methylation

Oriental ginseng is an important medicinal plant that grows in 2 major forms or ecotypes, wild and domesticated. Each form differs conspicuously in root phenotype, but can be converted from one type to another by habitat. Here we show that the habitat-induced transformation of ginseng root phenotype was accompanied by alteration in cytosine methylation at a large number of 5′-CCGG-3′ sites detected by the methylation-sensitive polymorphism (MSAP) marker. The collective CG and CHG methylation levels of all 4 landraces of the domesticated form were significantly lower than those of the wild form. Interestingly, artificially transplanted ginseng plants recreated in both directions the methylation levels (at least in CHG) of their natural counterparts. The methylation differences between the 2 ginseng ecotypes were validated at 2 isolated MSAP loci bearing homology to a 5S rRNA gene or a copia retrotransposon. Our results implicate a link between epigenetic variation and habitat-induced phenotypic flexibility in Oriental ginseng.     

新疆野生甘草与栽培甘草的质量特征比较

为比较新疆野生甘草与栽培甘草的质量差异,本文采用粉末X射线衍射(XRD)全谱分析法和紫外分光光度法对二者进行对比分析。结果表明:野生甘草和栽培甘草在2θ值2°～30°低角度范围内指纹图谱无较大特征差异;野生甘草中主要化学成分和Fe、Mg、Ca三种微量元素的含量均高于栽培甘草,且成份比例也不同——野生甘草中三种微量元素的含量比例是1.00:6.67:107.84,而栽培甘草中为1.00:8.70:36.42。     

基于出行方式和活动交互作用的小汽车使用预测模型

为改进我国传统小汽车出行需求预测方法,基于活动理论建立了小汽车使用预测非集计模型.从小汽车使用者活动模式的统计分析入手,对小汽车使用模式进行划分,在多项Logit(MNL)模型的基础上建立协同进化Logit小汽车使用预测模型.模型中采用协同进化方法计算确定了个体出行活动选择顺序,体现了小汽车使用者出行方式选择和活动的交互作用.模型适应性分析表明,该模型可用于城市小汽车出行需求预测和交通需求管理政策的‘评价.以沈阳市为例对模型进行了实例分析,结果表明模型预测正确率达88.9%,65%以上的小汽车使用者先确定小汽车使用模式再进行活动模式的选择,验证了出行活动选择顺序的个体差异性,提高了小汽车出行需求预测方法的精度.