Detecting CD20-Rituximab interaction forces using AFM single-molecule force spectroscopy

The invention of atomic force microscopy(AFM) has provided new technology for measuring specific molecular interaction forces.Using AFM single-molecule force spectroscopy(SMFS) techniques,CD20-Rimximab rupture forces were measured on purified CD20 proteins,Raji cells,and lymphoma patient B cells.Rimximab molecules were linked onto AFM tips using AFM probe functionalization technology,and purified CD20 proteins were attached to mica using substrate functionalization technology.Raji cells(a lymphoma cell line) or lymphoma patient cells were immobilized on a glass substrate via electrostatic adsorption and chemical fixation.The topography of the purified CD20 proteins,Raji cells,and patient lymphoma cells was visualized using AFM imaging and the differences in the rupture forces were analyzed and measured.The results showed that the rupture forces between the CD20 proteins on Raji cells and Rituximab were markedly smaller than those for purified CD20 proteins and CD20 proteins on lymphoma patient B cells.These findings provide an effective experimental method for investigating the mechanisms underlying the variable efficacy of Rituximab.     

Research progress in quantifying the mechanical properties of single living cells using atomic force microscopy

The advent of atomic force microscopy （AFM） provides a powerful tool for investigating the behaviors of single living cells under near physiological conditions. Besides acquiring the images of cellular ultra-microstruc- tures with nanometer resolution, the most remarkable advances are achieved on the use of AFM indenting tech- nique to quantify the mechanical properties of single living ceils. By indenting single living cells with AFM tip, we can obtain the mechanical properties of cells and monitor their dynamic changes during the biological processes （e.g., after the stimulation of drugs）. AFM indentation-based mechan- ical analysis of single cells provides a novel approach to characterize the behaviors of cells from the perspective of biomechanics, considerably complementing the traditional biological experimental methods. Now, AFM indentation technique has been widely used in the life sciences, yielding a large amount of novel information that is meaningful to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms that govern the cellular biological functions. Here, based on the authors＇ own researches on AFM measurement of cellular mechani- cal properties, the principle and method of AFM indentationtechnique was presented, the recent progress of measuring the cellular mechanical properties using AFM was summa- rized, and the challenges of AFM single-cell nanomechani- cal analysis were discussed.     

The asymmetric membrane structure of erythrocytes from Crucian carp studied by atomic force microscopy

Cell membranes play a key role in cellular activities. Fish erythrocytes, prototype of the nucleated erythrocytes of lower vertebrates, are predominantly oval, biconvex discs with elliptical nucleus and much larger in size than human erythrocytes. In attempts to disclose the correlation of membrane structure between fish and human erythrocytes, we used in situ atomic force microscope （AFM） combined with single-molecule force spectroscopy to study the membrane structure of Crucian carp erythrocytes under quasi-native conditions. Our results revealed the asymmetric distribution of proteins in Crucian carp erythrocyte membrane： the outer leaflet of membrane is rather smooth without any proteins, whereas the inner leaflet of membrane is very rough with dense proteins. The asymmetry of fish erythrocyte membrane structure fits well with the semi-mosaic model of human erythrocyte membrane structure. This similarity of membrane structure between human and fish erythrocytes extends the semimosaic model of erythrocytes membrane structure to a wider range of species.     

原子力显微术对人体腰椎间盘组织超微结构的研究

报道了采用原子力显微镜对腰椎间盘组织成分的观察结果，并对胶原组织从结构上进行了分类，为深入到生物分子层次的研究提供了非常有意义的依据。     

品质因数调控技术提高AFM横向分辨力的研究

液体中轻敲模式下微悬臂梁的低品质因数会限制原子力显微镜的力灵敏度和成像分辨率，品质因数调控技术可以提高品质因数．在分析品质因数调控技术机理的基础上，分别在一般轻敲模式下和有品质因数调控电路支持的轻敲模式下，利用琼脂糖凝胶作为样品，测得力曲线．分析比较这2种情况下的曲线，表明在无品质因数调控时，微悬臂梁的驱动信号的振幅是恒定的，而在有品质因数调控时，微悬臂梁驱动电压随着针尖样品间距的减小而衰减，从而导致针尖一样品间的相互作用力减小，横向分辨力提高．为了验证该分析结果，检测了液体中的蛋白质分子．在有品质因数调控时，很容易获得清晰的蛋白质分子图像，由此证明了上述结论．     

Elimination of bistability in constant-phase mode in atomic force microscopy

By presenting the phase properties of bistability in amplitude-modulation atomic force microscopy, we put forward a technique, the constant-phase mode, which may eliminate bistability. Using this approach, we keep the phase shift between driving and oscillation constant, slightly above -90°. In addition to the adjustment of the free amplitude, we add to amplitude-modulation atomic force microscopy another feedback so that the tip always oscillates in the high-amplitude state. A numerical simulation is carried out to demonstrate that the algorithm prevents bistability effectively.     

Effects of heavy metal on dielectric properties of E. coli revealed by dielectric spectroscopy

Dielectric spectroscopy of E. coli cell before and after exposure to heavy metals Cd^2＋ , Cu^2＋ , Zn^2＋ and Ca^2＋ was investigated. The results indicate that changes in dielectric spectra reflect effects of heavy metal on the structure and function of E. coli cells. Heavy metal can change membrane capacitance as well as pennittivity and conductivity of the cytoplasm. Changes in volume fraction suggested that dielectric measurement could monitor the growth of E. coli cells. These results demonstrated that dielectric spectroscopy was a potential effective technique for studying electric properties of biological cells.     

Micro-friction of diazoresin/polyacrylic acid self-assembly films in water with atomic force microscopy

Ultrathin films composed of diazoresin（DR）and polyacrylic acid（PAA）were fabricated.The surface morphology of the films in water was measured using an atomic force microscopy（AFM）.The self-assembly technique makes the surface rather flat and uniform.The friction force and its dependence on the velocity differ from the surface charge of the thin films.The friction force of repulsive DR/PAA film increases linearly with velocity and has lower values than that of attractive DR film over the full range of velocity.As the velocity increases,the attractive friction of DR film first decreases to a minimum at a velocity of 2 line/s and then increases all the way.When the surface is repulsive to the friction substrate,the friction of thin films that is determined by hydrated lubrication of polymer chains that is ultralubricated;when it is adhesive to the friction substrate,the friction is mainly contributed from the elastic deformation of adsorbed polymer chains in the low velocity region and from viscous sliding in the presence of hydrated-layer lubrication of the polymer chains in the higher velocity region.     

Imaging surface structure of purple membrane partly dissolved by CHAPS with atomic force microscope

Atomic force microscope was employed to study the surface structure of purple membrane (PM) using contact mode in liquid. The surface structures of native PM and PM partly dissolved by detergent CHAPS were com- pared. Results show that 6 mmol/L CHAPS could induce some cracks and holes in PM. While Bateriorhodopsin (BR) was still presented as trimers in the two-dimensional hex- agonal structure. We assume that it was caused by the inter- action between CHAPS micellar and PM. Both absorption spectra and flash photolysis kinetic spectra indicated that BR抯 biochemical functions have been changed.     

井下钻柱受力实测接头研究

为了进一步了解钻进过程中钻柱在井下的实际受力状况 ,研制了井下钻柱受力实测接头。介绍了该接头的数据采集与处理方法、测量的参数、总体结构和基本工作特性。用所研制的测力接头在胜利油田进行了井下实际测量 ,得到了各参数的实测曲线。对实测结果的初步分析表明 ,下钻过程中钻柱轴向加速度的最大值可达到 98m/s2 ,由动载荷引起的钻柱轴向力的附加值最大可达到悬重的 5 %。     

透微波AlN-BN复合陶瓷介电性能研究进展

简述了透微波材料的介电性能要求,综述了AlN-BN复合陶瓷材料介电性能的研究进展,分析讨论了AlN-BN复合材料的制备工艺、极化机理、影响因素,最后对改进AlN-BN复合材料的介电性能的研究方向提出了展望.     

Change of proton motive force across thylakoid membrane in soybean leaf during state transitions

Change of proton gradient across thylakoid membrane in soybean leaves was studied with millisecond delayed light emission(ms-DLE) during the coures of state transitions which were indicated by the cholrophyll fluores-cence at room temperature and 77K.When dark-adapted leaves were induced to state Ⅰ with far-red light,Fm/F0,F685/F735 and the intensity of fast phase of ms-DLE were af-fected slightly.However,during the induction to state Ⅱ with red light,both Fm/F0 and F685/F735 decreased immedi-ately and the former were quicker than the latter.In this interval,the intesity of fast phase of ms-DLE increased to a maximum and then decreased to a lower valus during the transition to stateⅡ.Nigericin,an uncoupler which elimi-nates the proton gradient across thylakoid membrane,inhib-ited the increase in the intensity of fast phase of ms-DLE during the transition to state Ⅱ.Another uncoupler,valino-mycin,which eliminates the membrane potential,did not affect the changes of the intensity of fast phase.These results suggest that the prompt increase in the intensity of fast phase of ms-DLE at the beginning of transitions to state Ⅱ is cor-related mainly with the proton gradient released from water oxidation in photosystemⅡ.     

SHPB技术研究混凝土动态力学性能存在的问题和改进

根据实验和理论分析,目前分离式Hopkinson压杆装置(SHPB)间接测量混凝土材料动态应力—应变关系时主要存在三方面问题,分别是应力应变不均匀的限制、大尺寸SHPB压杆产生的应力波弥散及数据处理时应力波波头选取的影响。上述问题使得用传统SHPB方法在研究混凝土材料动态力学性能时的可靠性和精确性大大降低。因此,该文对上述问题的解决和改善进行了初步探讨。     

近红外光谱法结合多变量校正技术快速分析酒中乙醇含量

提出了将近红外光谱法同多变量校正技术相结合、快速非破坏分析酒中乙醇含量的方法。研究了系列乙醇水溶液的吸收光谱、导数光谱的光谱特征,比较了多元线性回归和主成分回归处理光谱数据的准确程度。     

点缺陷对二维颗粒系统力链几何分布的影响

用离散元方法研究了带有不同数目点缺陷的二维颗粒系统在各向同性挤压和纯剪切时粒子间力链的几何分布特征,并与相同加载条件下无缺陷的颗粒系统力链几何分布特征做了比较,发现了点缺陷对颗粒系统力链的几何分布影响规律.     

大型模锻水压机高压大流量水阀开启力特性

以带先导卸荷阀结构的大型水压机高压大流量水阀为研究对象,建立其数学模型,对该模型进行数值仿真,系统研究该类水阀的开启力特性问题,分析阀芯开启速度、开启高度、工作水压、水阀内泄漏等各种因素对水阀开启力的影响。使用TableCurve3D对仿真结果进行数值分析,得到开启力与水阀开启速度、内泄漏间隙之间的关系,确定水阀最优开启时间,拟合得到水阀内泄漏间隙简化计算数学模型。建模和仿真结果表明:水阀开启力具有瞬变特性,且阀芯开启速度越快,瞬变特性越明显;在同一工作水压下,水阀开启速度和内泄漏对阀芯开启力的影响最为明显。仿真结果和测试数据吻合较好,证明了建模仿真方法的有效性。研究结果可对水阀开启控制优化、健康使用及维护决策提供理论指导。     

海底隧道CRD法各施工部开挖对结构内力影响

以采用多部开挖矿山法施工的厦门东通道海底隧道为研究对象,选取四部开挖CRD法断面,研究CRD1、2部和CRD1、3部两种不同的开挖顺序对结构内力的影响。用振弦式钢筋计对隧道初期支护及临时支护的钢支撑进行应力监测,换算出钢支撑实际内力。对监测数据运用有限元方法进行数值建模计算,将监测数据分析结果与数值计算结果进行比较分析。研究表明:采用CRD1、2部超前开挖时的结构内力要略大于CRD1、3部超前开挖,CRD3部的开挖对结构内力的影响较大,两种开挖顺序的安全系数都满足规范要求,所以结构是安全的。     

大型管件JCOE成形智能化控制中的材料性能参数识别

大型管件JCOE成形智能化控制系统可根据板材性能差异自动预测最佳成形工艺参数,为此采用神经网络技术,利用LM(Levenberg-Marquarat)算法,设计了材料性能参数识别神经网络模型,用于实时识别板坯的材料性能参数。通过10种不同的材料,采用正交实验设计网络模型训练方案,经10组样本数据检验,收敛精度小于1‰,检验误差小于3%,能够满足工程应用的需要。     

三桁钢桁梁桥横桥向内力调整方法及影响参数

针对多主桁钢桥结构成桥状态中边桁受力不均衡的情况,结合三桁刚性悬索加劲钢桁梁桥--东江大桥,介绍了通过预设横向预拱度来横向调整三片主桁构件内力这一新技术,并分析了其调整原理.为了验证此技术的有效性,应用有限元程序,建立实桥三维有限元模型,对比了内力调整前后中边桁控制弦杆与加劲弦的轴力与不均衡系数,分析了横梁竖向抗弯刚度...     

Kerr介质中双模相干场与原子多光子相互作用系统的光子统计

利用全量子理论并结合数值计算的方法,研究一个二能级原子与双模相干态光场相互作用系统的光子统计性质．讨论了初始平均光子数、克尔介质的作用强度、跃迁光子数对光子统计特性的影响．