规模化养殖场存在的环境问题及防治对策

改革开放以来,随着畜牧业的快速发展,规模化养殖场的环境问题日趋凸显,如何有效防治规模化养殖场污染已成为我国急需解决的环境和社会问题。本文系统阐述了规模化养殖场污染的主要来源及表现,并结合目前研究进展,深入探讨了规模化养殖场污染的综合防治对策。     

规模化畜禽养殖场污染防治技术研究*

规模化畜禽养殖场污染防治是当前我国农业环境污染整治的重点，也是解决农业面源污染的关键。在深入调查研究的基础上，结合国内外成功的经验，研究并提出农村规模化畜禽养殖场污染的防治技术，包括养殖场固体粪污处理及资源化利用技术，养殖场污水处理及综合利用技术和畜禽养殖场的除臭技术。对常用技术如厌氧-好氧联合处理，生态工程处理技术均做了介绍和评价。     

浅谈畜禽养殖业发展中的环境保护问题

针对在部分区域规模化养殖场调查时发现的环境污染问题，根据国家环保总局的要求，从污染的综合防治方面对农村发展规模化畜禽养殖业提出了几点建议。     

笼养太行山猕猴妊娠诊断方法

采用直肠内触摸子宫法对笼养太行山猕猴进行了早期妊娠检查，多年的试验结果表明，该方法具有方便、快捷、准确、易掌握等特点，建议作为猕猴养殖场常规操作方法使用。     

生猪规模养殖场环境影响及防治对策研究

近年来,我国生猪规模化、集约化养殖得到了很大的发展,生猪规模养殖场对环境污染问题的严重性也越来越引起人们的重视。本文分别从大气环境、水环境的影响及固体废物污染三个方面探讨了生猪规模养殖场对环境影响,并有针对性的提出了防治对策。     

浅谈畜禽养殖业污染及防治对策

在对荔城区畜禽养殖业污染源调查的基础上,分析了畜禽养殖对环境造成的污染,指出畜禽养殖场存在的不足,提出防治规模化畜禽养殖污染的对策.     

规模化畜禽养殖场污水治理及资源化利用的研究

随着规模化畜禽养殖场的发展,畜禽养殖场的污染问题日益突出,畜禽养殖场污污水处理问题亟待解决,本文介绍了目前规模化畜禽养殖场污水排放的情况,提出了通过沼气技术对畜禽养殖污水进行综合治理的方法,对治理我国规模化畜禽养殖所带来的污染问题有一定的现实意义。     

新型教学模式在《动物寄生虫学》实验教学中的应用

为提高<动物寄生虫病学>的实验教学效果,更好地培养学生动手和思考问题的能力,该文通过病原人工感染致病性实验,探讨综合性、设计性实验在<动物寄生虫病学>实验教学改革中的应用.结果表明:通过设计鸡球虫实验性感染人工复制鸡球虫病后,采用预防用药和治疗用药2种用药方式对该病的防治比较实验,使学生深刻地认识到防治畜禽寄生虫病应采取预防性用药而不是发病后再用药治疗.达到了锻炼学生实验动手能力、数据处理能力、分析和解决问题的综合能力的目的.     

畜禽养殖污染处理及控制

随着养殖业的快速发展,规模化、集约化的养殖场和养殖小区不断增加,畜禽的粪便和污水排放量剧增,养殖污染问题越来越突出.针对养殖业污染现状及对环境造成的危害,对如何防治养殖业污染提出一些防治对策,并介绍畜禽废水的几种处理方法.     

广西仙湖实验动物养殖场猕猴病毒感染的监控

本文报道广西仙湖实验动物养殖场三代猕猴病毒感染八年来的监控结果，猴Ｂ病毒、巨细胞病毒由亲代１００％的感染率到子一代和子二代变为阴性。猴痘病毒、麻疹病毒、爱滋病毒、反转录Ｄ型病毒、Ｔ淋巴细胞趋向病毒Ｉ型、Ｖ型、甲、乙肝病毒感染保持阴性。对养殖管理系统的工作作了探讨。     

猕猴结肠镜检查前的肠道准备

摘要:猕猴是非常重要且珍贵的实验动物。 不处死猕猴为前提,以反复多次对猕猴进行全结肠肠道检查及研究为。目的,建立猕猴全结肠内镜检查前的肠道准备方法尤为重要。 本研究补充此方法目前尚无报道的空白。 30 只猕猴,结肠镜检查前 3 h 分多次予以芒硝溶液管喂。 通过肠镜观察肠道清洁情况,其中 3 只猕猴肠道准备为Ⅲ 级,其余猕猴肠道准备均为Ⅰ ~ Ⅱ 级。 所有猕猴在洗肠过程中,无严重脱水、休克、死亡等并发症发生,肠道准备为Ⅰ ~ Ⅱ级猕猴顺利完成全结肠内镜检查。     

双歧杆菌对慢性腹泻猕猴肠道微生物组的影响

本研究旨在结合高通量测序和平板计数实验探索含活性双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium spp)的饲料对慢性腹泻猕猴(Macaca mulatta)肠道微生物多样性及其腹泻症状的影响.通过16S rRNA高通量测序对比分析添加双歧杆菌前后饲料的菌群组成，发现添加组双歧杆菌的相对丰度显著高于未添加组(P<0.05).向慢性腹泻猕猴投喂该饲料，一个月后收集粪便进行宏基因组测序，并与前期研究获得的未添加组慢性腹泻猕猴和健康猕猴的肠道宏基因组数据对比分析，发现添加组的肠道菌群中乳杆菌(Lactobacillus spp)相对丰度较未添加组显著上调(P<0.05)，与健康组无显著差异(P>0.05).最后对饲喂双歧杆菌后好转及持续腹泻猕猴的粪便进行乳杆菌平板计数实验.发现经饲喂，猕猴肠道中乳杆菌数量增加，验证了宏基因组测序分析的结果.     

猕猴从幼年到老年的卵巢组织学变化

摘要:目的 观察猕猴的卵巢组织从幼年到老年的变化情况,探索猕猴的卵巢随着年龄增长发生变化的机制,为卵巢衰老的研究提供组织学参考。 方法 (1)筛选幼年猕猴 3 只,青年猕猴 3 只,老年猕猴 3 只。 ( 2) 安乐死处理猕猴,取卵巢组织,电子天平称质量并拍照,横向切成 4 份,置于 4%多聚甲醛固定。 (3) HE 染色观察卵巢组织各级卵泡与结构变化;Masson 染色观察卵巢组织纤维化程度;Tunel 染色统计分析卵巢细胞的凋亡率;免疫组织化学染色统计血管个数。 结果 (1)幼年猕猴的卵巢脏器指数与青年猕猴的无显著差异,都高于老年猕猴的卵巢脏器指数。(2)幼年与青年猕猴的卵巢组织中可见原始、初级、次级,成熟卵泡;老年猕猴的卵巢局部只见闭锁卵泡,大部分被脂肪组织填充。 (3)幼年猕猴的卵巢纤维化程度高于青年猕猴,老年猕猴纤维化程度最高。 ( 4) 幼年猕猴卵巢细胞凋亡率与青年猕猴的无显著差异,都显著低于老年猕猴。 (5)幼年猕猴血管个数最多,青年猕猴多于高于老年猕猴。 结论 随着年龄增长,猕猴卵巢组织中卵泡数量逐渐减少、髓质被大量脂肪组织填充、间质排列散乱,这一生物学过程与卵巢纤维化程度增强、卵巢细胞凋亡率增加、血管个数减少相关。     

An African primate lentivirus (SIVsm) closely related to HIV-2

The ancestors of the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) may have evolved from a reservoir of African nonhuman primate lentiviruses, termed simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV). None of the SIV strains characterized so far are closely related to HIV-1. HIV-2, however, is closely related to SIV (SIVmac) isolated from captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). SIV infection of feral Asian macaques has not been demonstrated by serological surveys. Thus, macaques may have acquired SIV in captivity by cross-species transmission from an SIV-infected African primate. Sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys), an African primate species indigenous to West Africa, however, are infected with SIV (SIVsm) both in captivity and in the wild (P. Fultz, personal communication). We have molecularly cloned and sequenced SIVsm and report here that it is closely related to SIVmac and HIV-2. These results suggest that SIVsm has infected macaques in captivity and humans in West Africa and evolved as SIVmac and HIV-2, respectively.     

笼养猕猴种群妊娠异常的相关因素调查分析

目的猕猴作为珍贵的实验动物,资源逐步匮乏,医学生物学研究所灵长类中心笼养猕猴种群自然流产、难产、早产和死胎(统称为妊娠异常)病例时有发生,带来了一定的损失。因此,逐一查找猕猴妊娠异常原因,针对性地提出预防和控制措施,对提高猕猴繁殖率保护猕猴资源具有重大现实意义,同时也为研究人的生殖机理奠定基础。方法通过参照引起人自然流产的因素,又考虑到猴自身的特性,主要从以下方面入手来分析猕猴妊娠异常原因:病原体,猴易感的弓形虫(Tox,toxoplasma),环境因素及其他因素。实验中,我们对三年来收集的29例妊娠异常雌猴样品进行病原体检测分析,并与正常分娩组和正常猴群组做对照。结果统计结果显示,妊娠异常组猕猴弓形虫感染率达34.4%,明显高于正常分娩组(12.5%)和正常猴群组(5%);不同的饲养环境中妊娠异常猕猴的数量也有显著差异。结论弓形虫感染、环境条件造成的应激反应及猕猴自身条件都与猕猴妊娠异常相关,对此,我们针对性地提出了预防和控制措施来降低妊娠异常率。     

中国恒河猴MHC Ⅰ型部分等位基因的分析

目的对中国恒河猴主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）I型部分基因进行携带情况调查与分析。方法采用序列特异性引物（PCR-SSP）分型方法对华南灵长类动物研究中心繁殖的30只谱系清晰的中国恒河猴（Macacamulatta）的32个MHC I型分子位点进行检测。结果采用的32对引物中,中国恒河猴可检出携带23个MHC I等位基因,但基因携带频率存在很大的差异,由3.57%至82.14%不等。结合遗传谱系分析,判断A1＊21和A2＊05之间以及B＊04和B＊30之间可能就是连锁的。结论中国恒河猴携带能控制病毒复制的MHC I型基因位点的频率较高,其基因携带频率与已发表的印度恒河猴携带频率存在明显差异。本研究为促进中国恒河猴在AIDS研究中的应用,以及为建立携带特定MHC I基因实验猴小种群提供了依据。     

Fc receptor but not complement binding is important in antibody protection against HIV

Most successful vaccines elicit neutralizing antibodies and this property is a high priority when developing an HIV vaccine. Indeed, passively administered neutralizing antibodies have been shown to protect against HIV challenge in some of the best available animal models. For example, antibodies given intravenously can protect macaques against intravenous or mucosal SHIV (an HIV/SIV chimaera) challenge and topically applied antibodies can protect macaques against vaginal SHIV challenge. However, the mechanism(s) by which neutralizing antibodies afford protection against HIV is not understood and, in particular, the role of antibody Fc-mediated effector functions is unclear. Here we report that there is a dramatic decrease in the ability of a broadly neutralizing antibody to protect macaques against SHIV challenge when Fc receptor and complement-binding activities are engineered out of the antibody. No loss of antibody protective activity is associated with the elimination of complement binding alone. Our in vivo results are consistent with in vitro assays indicating that interaction of Fc-receptor-bearing effector cells with antibody-complexed infected cells is important in reducing virus yield from infected cells. Overall, the data suggest the potential importance of activity against both infected cells and free virus for effective protection against HIV.     

Isolation of an HTLV-III-related retrovirus from macaques with simian AIDS and its possible origin in asymptomatic mangabeys

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has become a worldwide epidemic, so the development of vaccines and antiviral agents effective against the causative agent, human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III), is vital. This work would be greatly simplified if a suitable animal model could be developed. Here we report the isolation of an HTLV-III-related retrovirus, STLV-III/Delta, from rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with transmissible simian AIDS (SAIDS) and from asymptomatic sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys). SAIDS was initially diagnosed in several macaques previously inoculated with tissue homogenates of mangabey origin. Western blot analysis of both the mangabey and macaque sera demonstrated the presence of antibody cross-reactive primarily with the HTLV-III proteins p24 and p61. In a related experiment, analysis of these same sera revealed simian antibody to STLV-III/Delta proteins similar, but not identical, to those of HTLV-III with estimated relative molecular masses (Mrs) of 16,000 (16K), 26K, 35K, 45K, 60K and 110K. Infection of the mangabey, an African primate, with an HTLV-III-related virus may provide a clue to the origin of HTLV-III in humans. The apparent difference in susceptibility to SAIDS-like disease between infected macaques and mangabeys suggests that these species may respond differently to STLV-III infection.     

Mammalian sex ratios and variation in costs of rearing sons and daughters

In red deer, the sex ratio of calves at birth (calculated as the proportion of calves born that are male) increases with the dominance rank of the mother, whereas opposite trends exist in several populations of macaques and baboons. Here we show that the subsequent survival and reproductive success of subordinate female red deer is depressed more by rearing sons than by rearing daughters, whereas the subsequent fitness of dominant females is unaffected by the sex of their present offspring. By contrast, among subordinate female macaques, the rearing of daughters has greater costs to the mother's subsequent fitness than does the rearing of sons, although again, no difference in the costs of rearing sons and daughters is found among dominant mothers. These findings indicate that both differences in the relative fitness of sons and daughters and differences in the relative costs of rearing male and female offspring can favour variation in the sex ratio.     

Sequence of simian immunodeficiency virus and its relationship to the human immunodeficiency viruses

The characterization of HIV-1 (HTLV-III/LAV), the human retrovirus associated with AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) has led to the identification of a group of related human and simian retroviruses which also infect CD4-bearing T lymphocytes. Simian T-lymphotropic virus type III (simian immodeficiency virus) from macaques (STLV-IIIMAC) induces symptoms similar to those of AIDS in infected macaques, but isolates from African green monkeys (STLV-IIIAGM) and mangabeys (STLV-IIMM) appear to be non-pathogenic in these animals. A human virus immunologically related to STLV-IIIAGM (HTLV-IV), reported to have been isolated from healthy humans, has been shown to be almost identical to STLV-IIIAGM, which has called into question the independent origin of these viruses. Here we report the complete DNA sequence of STLV-IIIAGM and analyse its relationship with the genomes of the HTLV-IIIB strain of HIV-1, HIV-2ROD (previously called LAV-2) and several ungulate lentiretroviruses. STLV-IIIAGM and HIV-2 are closely related, and more distantly related to HIV-1.