细胞光谱分析

细胞成份的光谱分析是由微型计算机控制的显微分光光度计(莱兹 MPV Ⅲ型号)的功能之一.它是利用物质特有的吸收光谱来进行细胞成份分析.此种方法是以其效率高.可靠性高,灵敏度和重复性好为其特点.本文介绍细胞成份光谱分析的原理、装置及其在生物学和病理学领域的应用.     

半卧狗娃花中的三萜及甾体化合物

从半卧狗娃花(Heteropappus semiprostGriers)全草的乙醇提取物中分离得到了8个三萜及甾体化合物,经红外光谱(IR),质谱(MS),核磁共振谱(NMR)分析及结合标样对照鉴定了它们的结构,分别为:木栓烷-3β-醇-27-酸(1),木栓酮(2),达玛烷-20,24-二烯-3β-醇(3),达玛烷-20,24-二烯-3β-乙酰基(4),α-波甾醇(5),大戟二烯醇(6),β-谷甾醇(7),豆甾醇(8).除了(2)和(7)外,其余化合物均为首次从本属植物中分离得到.     

Solid acids as fuel cell electrolytes

Fuel cells are attractive alternatives to combustion engines for electrical power generation because of their very high efficiencies and low pollution levels. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are generally considered to be the most viable approach for mobile applications. However, these membranes require humid operating conditions, which limit the temperature of operation to less than 100 degrees C; they are also permeable to methanol and hydrogen, which lowers fuel efficiency. Solid, inorganic, acid compounds (or simply, solid acids) such as CsHSO4 and Rb3H(SeO4)2 have been widely studied because of their high proton conductivities and phase-transition behaviour. For fuel-cell applications they offer the advantages of anhydrous proton transport and high-temperature stability (up to 250 degrees C). Until now, however, solid acids have not been considered viable fuel-cell electrolyte alternatives owing to their solubility in water and extreme ductility at raised temperatures (above approximately 125 degrees C). Here we show that a cell made of a CsHSO4 electrolyte membrane (about 1.5 mm thick) operating at 150-160 degrees C in a H2/O2 configuration exhibits promising electrochemical performances: open circuit voltages of 1.11 V and current densities of 44 mA cm-2 at short circuit. Moreover, the solid-acid properties were not affected by exposure to humid atmospheres. Although these initial results show promise for applications, the use of solid acids in fuel cells will require the development of fabrication techniques to reduce electrolyte thickness, and an assessment of possible sulphur reduction following prolonged exposure to hydrogen.     

Ionic conductivity in crystalline polymer electrolytes

Polymer electrolytes are the subject of intensive study, in part because of their potential use as the electrolyte in all-solid-state rechargeable lithium batteries. These materials are formed by dissolving a salt (for example LiI) in a solid host polymer such as poly(ethylene oxide) (refs 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), and may be prepared as both crystalline and amorphous phases. Conductivity in polymer electrolytes has long been viewed as confined to the amorphous phase above the glass transition temperature, Tg, where polymer chain motion creates a dynamic, disordered environment that plays a critical role in facilitating ion transport. Here we show that, in contrast to this prevailing view, ionic conductivity in the static, ordered environment of the crystalline phase can be greater than that in the equivalent amorphous material above Tg. Moreover, we demonstrate that ion transport in crystalline polymer electrolytes can be dominated by the cations, whereas both ions are generally mobile in the amorphous phase. Restriction of mobility to the lithium cation is advantageous for battery applications. The realization that order can promote ion transport in polymers is interesting in the context of electronically conducting polymers, where crystallinity favours electron transport.     

弱电解质的化学势、活度和浓度

对弱电解质溶质化学势、标准态化学势、活度、浓度与自由正负离子对应量的关系进行了分析和探讨,并就弱电解质的这些关系与强电解质作了对比     

Mobile silver ions and glass formation in solid electrolytes

Solid electrolytes are a class of materials in which the cationic or anionic constituents are not confined to specific lattice sites, but are essentially free to move throughout the structure. The solid electrolytes AgI and Ag2Se (refs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) are of interest for their use as additives in network glasses, such as chalcogenides and oxides, because the resulting composite glasses can show high electrical conductivities with potential applications for batteries, sensors and displays. Here we show that these composite glasses can exhibit two distinct types of molecular structures-an intrinsic phase-separation that results in a bimodal distribution of glass transition temperatures, and a microscopically homogeneous network displaying a single glass transition temperature. For the first case, the two transition temperatures correspond to the solid-electrolyte glass phase and the main glass phase (the 'base glass'), enabling us to show that the glass transition temperatures for the AgI and Ag2Se phases are respectively 75 and 230 degrees C. Furthermore, we show that the magnitude of the bimodal glass transition temperatures can be quantitatively understood in terms of network connectivity, provided that the Ag+ cations undergo fast-ion motion in the glasses. These results allow us to unambiguously distinguish base glasses in which these additives are homogeneously alloyed from those in which an intrinsic phase separation occurs, and to provide clues to understanding ion-transport behaviour in these superionic conductors.     

量子原胞自动机

基于全新工作原理的量子原胞自动机(QCA)能够克服晶体管进入纳米尺度后产生的一系列问题,由其组成的电路具有传统电路所不具有的高度并行处理能力.介绍了QCA产生的背景、基本原理和常见的QCA器件模型,并就相关的模拟、实施和应用进行了综述.     

固体氧化物燃料电池电解质用离子导体

固体氧化物燃料电池以其高的能量转换效率和清洁的发电而被广泛研究.其中电解质—离子导体材料是影响固体燃料电池的效率和热力学稳定性的关键.作为所期望的电解质材料应满足以下要求(1)高的离子导电,(2)低的电子导电,(3)在使用条件一热力学稳定,(4)好的综合力学性能.在一些荧石相关结构和钙钛矿塑结构的氧化物中通过掺杂和取代形成氧空位可得到高的氧离子导电性.本文介绍了一些这类离子导体材料,并讨论了它们的特性.     

纳米ZrO2基固体电解质的性能研究

在纳米ZrO2粉中单掺纳米Y2O3及复合掺杂纳米Y2O3、纳米Al2O3，通过单轴、二次加压成型，在1200℃下烧结2h后随炉冷却，研究其陶瓷烧体的致密特性、电导率及活化能等。发现3YSZ的机械性能好于8YSZ，而8YSZ的电性能优于3YSZ；4YSZ当Al2O3含量为0．5％时相对密度最大，达99．2％。     

Increasing the conductivity of crystalline polymer electrolytes

Polymer electrolytes consist of salts dissolved in polymers (for example, polyethylene oxide, PEO), and represent a unique class of solid coordination compounds. They have potential applications in a diverse range of all-solid-state devices, such as rechargeable lithium batteries, flexible electrochromic displays and smart windows. For 30 years, attention was focused on amorphous polymer electrolytes in the belief that crystalline polymer:salt complexes were insulators. This view has been overturned recently by demonstrating ionic conductivity in the crystalline complexes PEO6:LiXF6 (X = P, As, Sb); however, the conductivities were relatively low. Here we demonstrate an increase of 1.5 orders of magnitude in the conductivity of these materials by replacing a small proportion of the XF6- anions in the crystal structure with isovalent N(SO2CF3)2- ions. We suggest that the larger and more irregularly shaped anions disrupt the potential around the Li+ ions, thus enhancing the ionic conductivity in a manner somewhat analogous to the AgBr(1-x)I(x) ionic conductors. The demonstration that doping strategies can enhance the conductivity of crystalline polymer electrolytes represents a significant advance towards the technological exploitation of such materials.     

Alternate redox electrolytes in dye-sensitized solar cells

Dye-sensitized mesoscopic solar cell(DSC) has been intensively investigated as a promising photovoltaic cell.Redox electrolyte is important to determine the photovoltaic(PV) performance of the DSC devices,which has become the focus of this topic.In this contribution,recent advances in understanding and controlling of various redox couples are reviewed.Specially,we extend our discussion on the trends that enable iodide-free redox couples to be controllable and feasible for applications in the DSC with promising features.     

三维Fredkin规则元胞自动机

给出了三维Fredkin规则的元胞自动机. 通过选择三维Von Neumann相邻以及三维Fredkin规则, 实现了元胞自动机在三维空间中对简单初始构型的自我复制.     

Cellular inactivation by ultrasound

The lethal effect of ultrasound (US) on mammalian cells has received relatively little attention. Understandably, potential genetic aspects of US have been of prime concern to physicians who use US as a diagnostic tool; at the average power densities involved (<1 W cm(-2)) little, if any cell killing is to be expected. There have been sporadic attempts to use higher intensities ( approximately 1 W cm(-2)) as a treatment modality in cancer therapy, but those experiments seem to have been based on inadequate cellular studies. The effects of US usually were evaluated in terms of morphological criteria rather than on quantitative determination of the loss of viability as measured by colony formation. There are few reports of the effects of US on survival of mammalian cells, and none specifically examine hyperthermic interaction. With the increased interest in hyperthermia for tumour therapy, attention has been directed towards the use of ultrasound to achieve tumour heating. In preliminary experiments in which US was used to heat the EMT6 sarcoma and KHJJ carcinoma in mice, we found a high percentage of tumour cures with short (approximately 30 min) treatments at temperatures (43-44 degrees C) where in vitro results of hyperthermia-induced cell killing would not have led to a prediction of any cures. We therefore initiated an investigation of the effects of US on survival of Chinese hamster cells to see if direct cell killing by US could explain our in vivo results, or, as in the case of radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic heating, we would be forced to invoke host response(8). In particular, we examined the thermal and non-thermal components of cellular inactivation by US. We report here that there is a definite non-thermal cytotoxic effect of US. Its relative contribution to cell killing is a highly nonlinear function of the temperature of the cellular milieu. The survival curves show clearly that, beyond an initial threshold, small changes in temperature and/or US intensity can give rise to impressive changes in survival values. The threshold nature of the data strongly suggests that by means of overlapping beams, ultrasound energy could be delivered to tumour tissue to achieve massive cell killings while sparing normal tissue outside the tumour volume to a degree far exceeding that of conventional techniques.     

超级电容器工作电解质的研究概况

介绍了超级电容器工作电解质中的水系电解液和有机电解液的特点及研究成果，简要说明了固体电解质和凝胶电解质的特点．其中水系电解液研究较成熟，尤其是酸性和碱性电解液，但其腐蚀性强，电压窗口低，而后三者分解电压高，尤其固体电解质和凝胶电解质，使超级电容器向着小型化、超薄型化发展成为可能．     

Relaxation in polymer electrolytes on the nanosecond timescale

The relation between mechanical and electrical relaxation in polymer/lithium-salt complexes is a fascinating and still unresolved problem in condensed-matter physics, yet has an important bearing on the viability of such materials for use as electrolytes in lithium batteries. At room temperature, these materials are biphasic: they consist of both fluid amorphous regions and salt-enriched crystalline regions. Ionic conduction is known to occur predominantly in the amorphous fluid regions. Although the conduction mechanisms are not yet fully understood, it is widely accepted that lithium ions, coordinated with groups of ether oxygen atoms on single or perhaps double polymer chains, move through re-coordination with other oxygen-bearing groups. The formation and disruption of these coordination bonds must be accompanied by strong relaxation of the local chain structure. Here we probe the relaxation on a nanosecond timescale using quasielastic neutron scattering, and we show that at least two processes are involved: a slow process with a translational character and one or two fast processes with a rotational character. Whereas the former reflects the slowing-down of the translational relaxation commonly observed in polyethylene oxide and other polymer melts, the latter appears to be unique to the polymer electrolytes and has not (to our knowledge) been observed before. A clear picture emerges of the lithium cations forming crosslinks between chain segments and thereby profoundly altering the dynamics of the polymer network.