Relationship between the temporal-spatial distribution of archaeological sites and natural environment from the Paleolithic Age to the Tang and Song Dynasties in the Three Gorges Reservoir of Chongqing area

The temporal-spatial distribution features including time distribution,horizontal and vertical spatial distribution of archaeological sites from the Paleolithic Age to the Tang and Song Dynasties in the Three Gorges Reservoir of Chongqing area are analyzed based on GIS spatial analysis.The successive pollen record of deposited peat stratum since the Paleolithic Age in the Dajiuhu Basin of Shennongjia is used in combination with the research of the historical environmental evolution to reconstruct the Paleoenvironment in the Three Gorges Reservoir of Chongqing area.Through the comparison of the temporal-spatial distribution of the archaeological sites and the natural environment,the relation between the distribution of the archaeological sites and the natural environment evolution and disaster changes from the Neolithic Age to the Tang and Song Dynasties has been discussed.Study shows that 677 archaeological sites from the Paleolithic Age to the Tang and Song Dynasties in the Three Gorges Reservoir of Chongqing area increase gradually from west to east and from high land to low land.Most of the sites are distributed along the river and aggregated at the confluence.Obviously,the altitudes of archaeological sites in the Paleolithic Age and the Neolithic Age are much higher than those of historical sites.The analysis suggests:(1)the human beings of every times would like to choose the first or the second river terrace as living sites which are nearer to the water source and are easier to with- stand flood.The pre-historical sites of earlier ages are often located at the higher altitude place because of the tectonic uplift and downcutting of rivers since Holocene.(2)Due to the rugged terrain in Chongqing area,most of the sites are located along the river sides,for example,the wide river valley and terrace,which could provide wider living space caused by the lateral erosion and deposition of the river course.(3)The early residents mainly relied on fishing,hunting and agriculture,and the rugged terrain of the mountaino     

三峡地区泉盐生产起源蠡测

三峡地区,盐泉资源得天独厚,泉盐生产历史悠久.勤劳的峡民由于嗜盐本能的驱动,自然界又具有提供所需物质的条件,凭借直观的感觉和偶然的机遇,或许远在旧石器时代已发现和利用盐泉,迨至新石器时代早期即开始了原始而划时代的泉盐生产.     

Direct dating of Early Upper Palaeolithic human remains from Mladec

The human fossil assemblage from the Mladec Caves in Moravia (Czech Republic) has been considered to derive from a middle or later phase of the Central European Aurignacian period on the basis of archaeological remains (a few stone artefacts and organic items such as bone points, awls, perforated teeth), despite questions of association between the human fossils and the archaeological materials and concerning the chronological implications of the limited archaeological remains. The morphological variability in the human assemblage, the presence of apparently archaic features in some specimens, and the assumed early date of the remains have made this fossil assemblage pivotal in assessments of modern human emergence within Europe. We present here the first successful direct accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating of five representative human fossils from the site. We selected sample materials from teeth and from one bone for 14C dating. The four tooth samples yielded uncalibrated ages of approximately 31,000 14C years before present, and the bone sample (an ulna) provided an uncertain more-recent age. These data are sufficient to confirm that the Mladec human assemblage is the oldest cranial, dental and postcranial assemblage of early modern humans in Europe and is therefore central to discussions of modern human emergence in the northwestern Old World and the fate of the Neanderthals.     

从《雅歌》探析《所罗门之歌》中人物的追寻

《所罗门之歌》是美国黑人女作家托妮·莫里森的小说，发表于1977年。这部小说取名子《田约》中的《所罗门之歌》，又名《雅歌》。《雅歌》相传为所罗门王所作，讲述了男女之间热烈渴求和追寻对方的动人爱情故事。生活在百分之八十以上都为基督徒的美国。莫里森直接以《圣经》的一个文本命名自己的小说，是否有着特殊的寓意？本文从两部作品有关人物的追寻进行对比分析和探讨，以期对莫里森的这部小说进行更深刻的解读。     

试论西藏高原的史前游牧经济与文化

文章通过对考古材料的分析研究,论证了西藏高原史前游牧业的起源、游牧经济与文化的基本面貌以及早期游牧民族在高原的迁徙与移动空间等问题,力图勾勒出距今约5000年的新石器时代以至西藏＂早期金属器时代＂史前游牧人群的生态环境、生活样态、艺术创造等不同的侧面与断面,揭示高原游牧业由原始农业转化而来的历史进程。     

中国西南氐羌民族溯源

通过考古材料及文献分析,认为古氐羌始居于中国西北,源于属新石器时代的马家窑文化和相继发展的齐家文化的"西戎"民族集团,并随历史的发展不断南下、西进、再南下,到达了中国西南地区,成为了中国西南地区汉藏语系藏缅语族各民族的源头。     

从经济形态考藏族史前历史

文章对藏王聂赤赞普以前的经济形态做了历史文献和考古两个方面的叙述。文章认为,在藏族历史文献中,对藏族史前经济形态做了一些笼统的记载,但具有浓厚的宗教话语色彩,一定程度上遮盖了它的本意。但以经济史的角度去分析,可以梳理出它的背景意义,展现出其历史真实映象。再与历史研究中必不可少的考古发现相结合论证,可以更加清晰地看到藏族史前经济的轮廓。     

Luminescence chronology of ＂Old Red Sand＂ in Jinjiang and its implications for optical dating of sediments in South China

A weathered deposit in South China is widespread on the coastal areas of Fujian and Guangdong provinces, China. This deposit consists of slightly cemented, medium- to fine-grained sands, and is characterized by its colors of red, brown red, light reddish brown or dark yellowish orange, and is usually called ＂Old Red Sand＂. The uncertainty in its formation age has been a major obstacle to the study of this type of deposit. In this paper, optically stimulated luminescence （OSL） techniques were used to date the ＂Old Red Sand＂ sediments from Jinjiang, Fujian Province, China. The effect of the geochemical behavior of uranium and thorium in sediment during chemical weathering on estimation of annual dose was investigated. The results show that the change in annual dose due to weathering poses a major problem for the optical dating of such weathered sediments. The optical dating of these weathered deposits will produce erroneous ages if average annual dose during burial cannot be correctly estimated. For the profiles studied, the OSL dates obtained on samples from the upper part do not represent the burial age of the samples. It is highly likely that they are underestimated due mainly to the accumulated radioactive elements as a result of chemical weathering. It is concluded that changes in annual dose due to chemical weathering must be considered when dating similar sediments in South China. With a detailed analysis of the OSL dating results, the chronology of the marine terraces in this area was suggested. The lowest terrace was formed at -3.5 ka and the second terrace was dated to -74 ka. The age of the highest terrace may not be established accurately, but is inferred to be older than the apparent OSL date of -77 ka and so is the Paleolithic artifacts from it.     

Early human occupation of the Red Sea coast of Eritrea during the last interglacial

The geographical origin of modern humans is the subject of ongoing scientific debate. The 'multiregional evolution' hypothesis argues that modern humans evolved semi-independently in Europe, Asia and Africa between 100,000 and 40,000 years ago, whereas the 'out of Africa' hypothesis contends that modern humans evolved in Africa between 200 and 100 kyr ago, migrating to Eurasia at some later time. Direct palaeontological, archaeological and biological evidence is necessary to resolve this debate. Here we report the discovery of early Middle Stone Age artefacts in an emerged reef terrace on the Red Sea coast of Eritrea, which we date to the last interglacial (about 125 kyr ago) using U-Th mass spectrometry techniques on fossil corals. The geological setting of these artefacts shows that early humans occupied coastal areas and exploited near-shore marine food resources in East Africa by this time. Together with similar, tentatively dated discoveries from South Africa this is the earliest well-dated evidence for human adaptation to a coastal marine environment, heralding an expansion in the range and complexity of human behaviour from one end of Africa to the other. This new, wide-spread adaptive strategy may, in part, signal the onset of modern human behaviour, which supports an African origin for modern humans by 125 kyr ago.     

Oldest playable musical instruments found at Jiahu early Neolithic site in China

Excavations at the early Neolithic site of Jiahu in Henan Province, China have produced what may be the earliest complete, playable, tightly-dated multinote musical instruments. Jiahu was occupied from 7000 BC to 5700 BC, considerably antedating the well known Peiligang culture. Here we describe six exquisitely made complete flutes which were found in radiocarbon-dated excavation layers, along with fragments of perhaps 30 more. The flutes are made from the ulnae of the red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis Millen) and have 5, 6, 7 and 8 holes. The best preserved flute has been played and tonally analysed. In addition to early musical artefacts, the archaeological record at Jiahu contains important information on the very foundations of Chinese society. We describe the archaeological characteristics of the Jiahu site, details concerning its dating, its place in the prehistory of the Chinese Neolithic, the ethnicity of its population and the results of a tonal analysis of a nearly 9,000-year-old musical instrument found there.     

论秦汉时期云南地区的民族与文化

云南地处西南边疆，民族与化是多样性色彩，战国至西汉武帝以前，多民族的云南地区，社会发展极不平衡，处于原始部落至奴隶制国家的各个阶段。武帝以前归属汉朝，至东汉时期，大部分民族与汉族融合，渐次进入封建社会，由青铜化发展至铁器化，说明武帝统一西南地区对经济社会进步产生的巨大作用。     

跨湖桥文化的命名及年代学的讨论

作为2001年全国十大考古新发现之一的跨湖桥新石器时代文化遗址,及其与它同一类型的下孙遗址,在器物形态及其组合、制陶技术、彩陶风格等有其自身的特点和相对独立性,文化内涵迥异于附近地区发现的同时期的河姆渡文化和马家浜文化,可明确为浙江境内一个新型的、独立的新石器时代文化类型,即跨湖桥文化。跨湖桥文化的命名,有助于加深对浙江省境内新石器时代考古学文化类型及其相互间关系问题的认识,有助于认识当时的生态环境,有助于加强对长江流域新石器时代文化交流的探讨,有助于进一步开展的田野考古工作。     

叙事学视域下《麦克白》的戏剧叙事特色研究

以现代叙事学理论为视角研究《麦克白》戏剧文本,通过分析剧中的叙事圈套、复调叙事、空间叙事以及圣经母题叙事,以说明其"套中套"的复调叙事技巧和文本叙事上"旧曲新唱"的深刻功力。     

Environmental archaeology of the Dachang region in the Daning Valley,the Three Gorges reservoir region of the Yangtze River,China

Environmental archaeology of archaeological sites on both sides of the Dachang section in the Daning River,the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River,shows that riverbed evolution has a great influence on the distribution of archaeological sites during the prehistorical and historical period,and it restricts human activity and the development of ancient culture.Field investigation,dating data,paleocurrent analysis of 100 gravels on the riverbed and archaeological excavation reveal that the riverbed of the Dachang section developed in the Shuangyantang region during the early stage,after about 30 kaBP it shifted westward gradually and reached the present place.Along with the westward shift,the focus of ancient culture changed for several times.In the Western Zhou Dynasty’s period,the east riverbank of the Daning River was the main residential area.During the Han Dynasty,along with the westward shift,the living space of ancient people was no longer confined to the east riverbank and the focus of culture moved westward.Then the Zhangjiawan site became the main dwelling district.In the late Han Dynasty, the villages were flooded and the ancients had to immigrate to a high place.Tombs of the Han and the Jin Dynasties outcropped on the flood plain of the east bank because their surface sediments were eroded by several flood events and the westward shift of the riverbed.     

固体金属同位素在油气运移研究中的应用

:固体地球化学中常用的Pb Pb和Rb Sr同位素方法被用于测定石油生成、运移的年龄。对准噶尔盆地乌尔禾沥青脉、塔里木盆地志留系固体沥青的Pb Pb和Rb Sr同位素年龄测定表明 ,油气生成、运移均与重大地质事件有关 ,这种方法可以用来测定石油生成、运移的年龄 ,从而解决了石油生成机制、运移动力等研究难题。说明用固体金属同位素定年方法可以解决石油地质的重大问题     

清水江文书天柱卷史料价值续探——贵州辛亥革命后文书中的宣统纪年

清水江文书是贵州东南部与周边地区社会生活、历史面貌的原始契约档案,其中立契时间中就包含着丰富的历史年代信息。贵州经过辛亥革命后,虽然鼎革改元,有了新的纪年方式,但是由于地处偏远或者乡间习惯的原因,“宣统”纪年仍在此间延续。文书中保留的这些纪年方式,也可以和其它历史资料印证,展现了复杂的历史面貌,具有重要的史料价值。     

平首布的货币单位与购买力

平首布是战国时期各国所使用的一种主要货币.利用出土的考古材料、并结合古代文献,研究者对这种货币的单位及购买力进行初步探讨.     

锶同位素地层学在海相地层定年中的潜在价值

锶同位素地层学在海相地层的对比和定年中具有十分重要的作用。随着锶同位素地层学的深入研究，人们清楚地认识到海水的锶同位素组成是全球变化的灵敏指示剂。显生宙以来全球海水的^87Sr／^86Sr比值是时间的函数，可以把锶同位素组成用于海相地层的定年和进行全球对比，估计沉积间断持续时间、生物带的时间范围和发展阶段，从而为重要地球化学周期的预测提供基础参数。当锶同位素地层学用于定年时，其地质年龄的精确度取决于几个因素，包括样品原始锶同位素组成的保存情况、分析精度、用于建立数据库样品年龄的可信度以及^87Sr／^86Sr比值—年龄曲线的最佳拟合方法等。     

文本意义的建构模式

文学是主体对生活的的摹仿。后现代主义文学提出的“文本之外,别无它物”和“互文性”等观点挑战了传统的文本观。文学摹仿生活的观点似乎走到了尽头。文章认为后现代主义文学也是对生活的摹仿。只不过,后现代主义的生活具有“能指即所指,文本即生活”的特征。根据文学语言的主体间性就是文学的主体性以及二十世纪的批评理论提出“阅读主体和阐释主体通过文本进行历史性对话”和“文本的历史性意义是文本系统和阅读主体的历史性阅读的产物”,试图重建文本意义。     

五弦琵琶源流考及其兴衰史

五弦琵琶是在中国史上传习已久的乐器,特别是在中国唐代盛极一时。本文通过考古图像、史料记载以及中日学者的研究,对五弦琵琶的起源、传入、以及在中国各历史阶段的发展盛衰作了考察,试图论证该乐器在中国的发展脉络。