Millennial-scale storminess variability in the northeastern United States during the Holocene epoch

For the purpose of detecting the effects of human activities on climate change, it is important to document natural change in past climate. In this context, it has proved particularly difficult to study the variability in the occurrence of extreme climate events, such as storms with exceptional rainfall. Previous investigations have established storm chronologies using sediment cores from single lakes, but such studies can be susceptible to local environmental bias. Here we date terrigenous inwash layers in cores from 13 lakes, which show that the frequency of storm-related floods in the northeastern United States has varied in regular cycles during the past 13,000 years (13 kyr), with a characteristic period of about 3 kyr. Our data show four peaks in storminess during the past 14 kyr, approximately 2.6, 5.8, 9.1 and 11.9 kyr ago. This pattern is consistent with long-term changes in the average sign of the Arctic Oscillation, suggesting that modulation of this dominant atmospheric mode may account for a significant fraction of Holocene climate variability in North America and Europe.     

福建省三条主要河流洪水序列周期特性分析

采用功率谱和方差分析法，对福建省三条主要河流的洪水序列进行周期分析．为论证所得 周期的稳定性和可靠性，文中提出一种计算具有历史调查洪水资料的不连序序列周期的方差分析 法．并用历史调查洪水资料进行计算．结果表明：闽江流域长期洪水过程有一个７年显著的周期，九 龙江和晋江流域分别为６年和１５年．     

ＥＮＳＯ事件对皖西地区降水的影响

本文根据近60多年皖西地区6个站点的月降水量等资料,研究ENSO事件对皖西地区四季、各月降水的影响以及对事件当年和次年的降水的影响,分析皖西地区旱涝灾害与ENSO事件之间的关联。结果表明：ENSO事件对皖西地区降水量的影响随季节、月份的不同而产生不同的变化;在春夏季,降水量较常年变化为50.4%,而在秋冬季,降水量较常年的变化为-42%。ENSO事件对次年降水也有影响,春季开始的ENSO事件次年年均降雨量减少了23.8%,夏秋季开始的ENSO事件次年春夏季降水量增加了71.1%,而秋冬季减少了30.3%。在ENSO事件当年或次年,皖西地区出现旱涝灾害的可能性约为75%。     

Episodic sediment accumulation on Amazonian flood plains influenced by El Niño/Southern Oscillation

Continental-scale rivers with a sandy bed sequester a significant proportion of their sediment load in flood plains. The spatial extent and depths of such deposits have been described, and flood-plain accumulation has been determined at decadal timescales, but it has not been possible to identify discrete events or to resolve deposition on near-annual timescales. Here we analyse (210)Pb activity profiles from sediment cores taken in the pristine Beni and Mamore river basins, which together comprise 720,000 km2 of the Amazon basin, to investigate sediment accumulation patterns in the Andean-Amazonian foreland. We find that in most locations, sediment stratigraphy is dominated by discrete packages of sediments of uniform age, which are typically 20-80 cm thick, with system-wide recurrence intervals of about 8 yr, indicating relatively rare episodic deposition events. Ocean temperature and stream flow records link these episodic events to rapidly rising floods associated with La Ni?a events, which debouch extraordinary volumes of sediments from the Andes. We conclude that transient processes driven by the El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation cycle control the formation of the Bolivian flood plains and modulate downstream delivery of sediments as well as associated carbon, nutrients and pollutants to the Amazon main stem.     

Anthropogenic greenhouse gas contribution to flood risk in England and Wales in autumn 2000

Interest in attributing the risk of damaging weather-related events to anthropogenic climate change is increasing. Yet climate models used to study the attribution problem typically do not resolve the weather systems associated with damaging events such as the UK floods of October and November 2000. Occurring during the wettest autumn in England and Wales since records began in 1766, these floods damaged nearly 10,000 properties across that region, disrupted services severely, and caused insured losses estimated at ￡1.3 billion (refs 5, 6). Although the flooding was deemed a 'wake-up call' to the impacts of climate change at the time, such claims are typically supported only by general thermodynamic arguments that suggest increased extreme precipitation under global warming, but fail to account fully for the complex hydrometeorology associated with flooding. Here we present a multi-step, physically based 'probabilistic event attribution' framework showing that it is very likely that global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions substantially increased the risk of flood occurrence in England and Wales in autumn 2000. Using publicly volunteered distributed computing, we generate several thousand seasonal-forecast-resolution climate model simulations of autumn 2000 weather, both under realistic conditions, and under conditions as they might have been had these greenhouse gas emissions and the resulting large-scale warming never occurred. Results are fed into a precipitation-runoff model that is used to simulate severe daily river runoff events in England and Wales (proxy indicators of flood events). The precise magnitude of the anthropogenic contribution remains uncertain, but in nine out of ten cases our model results indicate that twentieth-century anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions increased the risk of floods occurring in England and Wales in autumn 2000 by more than 20%, and in two out of three cases by more than 90%.     

近40年大尺度气候因子对中国洪涝灾害的可能影响

基于中国1980—2018年0.5°×0.5°逐日降水数据、紧急灾害数据库数据（EM-DAT）,分析了厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（ENSO）和北大西洋涛动（NAO）对中国极端降水频次及强度、洪水发生率及损失的可能影响．结论如下:1)当冬季厄尔尼诺发生后,次年我国东部沿海及黄河、长江下游地区秋季极端降水强度增加26%;当冬季拉尼娜发生后,次年我国东部地区春、夏季极端降水强度分别增加8.8%、5.1%．2)当NAO为正位相时,我国大部分地区春、夏、秋季极端降水频次较高,华东地区夏季极端降水强度增加8.5%．3)与正常年份相比,冬季厄尔尼诺或拉尼娜发生后,次年我国春季洪水损失偏多14.5%,秋季洪水发生率偏低30%;NAO为正位相时,我国春季洪水损失偏少20%,秋季洪水发生率偏高14%．4)当拉尼娜发生后及NAO正位相、负位相时,我国长江、黄河和珠江流域极端降水与洪涝灾害的变化具有一致性．      

鸭绿江公路大桥溢油漂移扩散三维数值模拟

应用三维河口海岸海洋数值模式ECOM-si,加入油膜计算模块,模拟在鸭绿江公路大桥主跨航道处溢油事故(溢油量为100 t)发生后油膜的漂移扩散.模拟结果显示,夏季溢油事故发生后油膜分别于0.9h、1.5h后到达四道沟取水口和丹东造纸厂取水口,持续影响时间分别为0.6h和1.7h;冬季溢油事故发生后油膜分别于1.2h、1.7h后到达两地取水口,持续影响时间分别为0.6h和2.5h.冬夏季,油膜均没有到达燕窝取水口.鸭绿江夏季径流量远比冬季径流量大,但涨潮期间油膜上溯距离反而更远.数值试验结果表明,夏季较强的涨潮流是该现象的次要原因,风是首要原因.鸭绿江大桥上游河道先是西北走向,导致冬季西北风阻碍油膜向上游漂移,然后是近南北走向,导致夏季南风促进油膜向上游漂移.     

江西省小流域山洪因子敏感性分析与灾害风险评估

江西省山洪灾害频发,造成严重的社会经济损失和大量人口伤亡,定量表征各因子对山洪灾害的影响以及评估山洪灾害风险的空间分布,对山洪灾害的预警体系建立及重点防范区域确定具有科学参考价值。本文研究以江西省小流域为基本单元,从危险性、承灾体和易损性三个方面选取共计36项因子,利用主成分分析(principal components analysis, PCA)最终筛选出12个关键因子。基于关键因子,使用确定性系数(certainty factor, CF)、多因子叠加权重计算,结果表明：易损性因子对山洪灾害风险的相对贡献较大,危险性因子中汇流时间为1.15～2.20 h、坡度为11°～22°、年最大6 h降雨量均值小于81.02 mm时和6 h设计暴雨变差系数小于0.42,为山洪灾害风险的敏感区,承灾体因子对山洪灾害风险的相对贡献较小。江西省较大风险以上小流域占比为25.47%,其中东北部的饶河、西南部的修水、中部抚河流域和信江上游、西南部的赣江上游山洪灾害风险大,尤以景德镇、上饶市和赣州市为甚,鄱阳湖流域及西南和西北部的修水流域山洪灾害风险小。     

江苏省植被动态演变规律及其与极端气候事件的关系

利用1982—2013年江苏省植被归一化指数(NDVI)和13个气象站的气温和降水数据,采用SPI标准化降水指数以及PDSI干旱指数模型,研究江苏省植被动态的演变规律及其与旱涝的关系。结果发现:①江苏全省平均的NDVI值整体呈缓慢上升趋势,但上升趋势不明显,其中苏北地区植被覆盖增加趋势明显,远高于全省平均水平,而苏南地区植被覆盖有减小趋势; ②江苏地区多年平均NDVI值有明显的季节变化,冬季的NDVI值为全年最低,春季NDVI值不断增加,到8月份达到最高,之后不断下降; ③极端干旱和洪涝对江苏省NDVI值有显著影响,干旱或洪涝年份的NDVI值明显小于正常年份,并且洪涝年份受影响更为明显。春季极端干旱对江苏省NDVI值影响较大,而夏季洪涝事件对江苏省NDVI的影响较大。     

固原市原州区近60 a降水变化特征分析

以固原市原州区1957—2016年的降水资料为基础,采用线性回归、M-K(Mann-Kendall)检验、累积距平曲线和滑动t检验的方法对原州区近60 a的年际和年内各时段的降水量进行变化趋势和突变分析。原州区多年年均降水量为439.6 mm,汛期和夏季降水量占比较大,分别达到72.8%和57%;冬季降水变差系数最大,最不稳定。通过线性回归法和M-K趋势检验法对降水量进行趋势分析:年、汛期和夏季降水量均呈下降趋势,下降速率分别为0.17、0.91、0.69 mm/a;春、秋、冬三季降水量呈上升趋势,上升速率分别为0.21、0.03、0.29 mm/a;除冬季外,其他各时段的趋势变化均未通过0.05的显著性检验。运用M-K突变检验、累积距平曲线和滑动t检验对各时段降雨的突变年份进行综合分析,年降水和汛期、秋季降水突变点相近,春、夏和汛期均在1991年发生突变,冬季降水在1979年有较为显著的突变。     

太湖流域2016年、1991年大洪水对比分析

采用数理统计方法比较分析太湖流域2016 年、1991 年2 场大洪水对应的降水、水位、洪水蓄 泄及工程调控情况,结果表明:(a) 这2 个年份致洪降水发生日期和降水总量十分接近,但在时程 分布上差异明显,2016 年致洪性降水较1991 年对流域防洪更为不利;( b) 受降水影响,1991 年洪 水期太湖水位具有2 次明显上涨过程,而2016 年太湖水位系连续上涨;(c)在2016 年洪水期,作为 太湖水量主要来源的湖西、浙西入湖水量明显超过1991 年,且湖区降水量也明显大于1991 年,这 是导致太湖最高水位超过1991 年的重要原因;( d) 因治理太湖骨干工程的建成,2016 年流域洪灾 损失占GDP 的比重远低于1991 年。     

神府东胜煤田开发对河流泥沙的影响研究

通过对乌兰木伦河王道恒塔水文站采矿前后河道汛期径流量、输沙量、含沙量及泥沙颗粒粒径等资料的分析发现，与采矿前相比，采矿后同雨量下河道汛期径流量有所增加，但汛期输沙量、汛期径流和输沙量的关系、汛期含沙量以及泥沙颗粒大小等都没有变化。采矿对河流泥沙的增加主要表现在汛期日洪量大于０．１×１０８ｍ３的大洪水中。１９８８和１９８９年两次大洪水的日均含沙量较采矿前同级流量洪水的日均含沙量增加了８８．７％。     

Interferometric radar measurements of water level changes on the Amazon flood plain

Measurements of water levels in the main channels of rivers, upland tributaries and floodplain lakes are necessary for understanding flooding hazards, methane production, sediment transport and nutrient exchange. But most remote river basins have only a few gauging stations and these tend to be restricted to large river channels. Although radar remote sensing techniques using interferometric phase measurements have the potential to greatly improve spatial sampling, the phase is temporally incoherent over open water and has therefore not been used to determine water levels. Here we use interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, acquired over the central Amazon by the Space Shuttle imaging radar mission, to measure subtle water level changes in an area of flooded vegetation on the Amazon flood plain. The technique makes use of the fact that flooded forests and floodplain lakes with emergent shrubs permit radar double-bounce returns from water and vegetation surfaces, thus allowing coherence to be maintained. Our interferometric phase observations show decreases in water levels of 7-11 cm per day for tributaries and lakes within approximately 20 km of a main channel and 2-5 cm per day at distances of approximately 80 km. Proximal floodplain observations are in close agreement with main-channel gauge records, indicating a rapid response of the flood plain to decreases in river stage. With additional data from future satellite missions, the technique described here should provide direct observations important for understanding flood dynamics and hydrologic exchange between rivers and flood plains.     

考虑上游梯级水库群调度的小南海水电站坝址设计洪水分析

采用同频率地区组成法分析小南海水电站坝址处设计洪水的地区组成,运用 BP 人工神经网络对坝址河段洪水演进建模,分析不同典型年上游梯级水库群防洪调度对小南海水电站设计洪水的影响。分析结果表明：上游梯级水库群调度对小南海水电站设计洪水的影响明显,尤其对稀遇洪水的削减程度显著;以金沙江来水为主的洪水受梯级水库群防洪调度的影响较大,以岷江来水为主的洪水受梯级水库群防洪调度的影响较小。     

巴基斯坦瓜达尔港风能资源的 历史变化趋势及预测

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心的ERA-Interim海表10 m风场资料,计算巴基斯坦瓜达尔港的风能资源近36年(1979—2014年)期间的历史变化趋势,并利用线性回归和BP神经网络两种方法,对该港的风能资源进行长期年度预测,得到以下结果。1)瓜达尔港夏季的风能资源比冬季丰富,且夏季的稳定性明显好于冬季。2)近36年期间,风能密度、有效风速频率和100 W/m~2以上能级频率分别以-0.78 W/(m~2·a),-0.21%/a和-0.22%/a的速度逐年显著递减,且该趋势主要体现在夏季,冬季无显著变化趋势;风能资源的稳定性(变异系数、月变化指数和季节变化指数)无显著变化趋势。3)从预测值来看,瓜达尔港的风能资源在2015年与多年平均状态持平,2016年则趋于更丰富;2015—2016年,风能资源的稳定性比多年平均状态略差。研究结果可以为"21世纪海上丝绸之路"建设以及中国海域的岛礁和港口建设提供依据和参考。     

亚欧阻塞高压的变化特征及其与重庆夏季降水的联系

使用国家气候中心(NCC)沿用的北半球阻塞高压监测公式,利用NCEP/NCAR逐日500hPa环流场再分析资料,计算出1961-2011年逐日阻高指数,分析了北半球阻塞高压出现的关键地区阻高指数的年际和年代际变化特征及其与重庆夏季降水的联系.结果表明,三个关键区阻高的季节分布以鄂霍次克海阻高在冬季和夏季出现的频率最高,而春季和秋季则是乌拉尔山阻高活动频繁的季节,贝加尔湖地区阻高活动不及前两个区域活跃.从变化趋势来看,乌拉尔山阻高和鄂霍次克海阻高有增强的趋势,贝加尔湖阻高有减弱的趋势.各关键区的阻高日数都存在2~5年的显著性周期特点.三个关键区对重庆夏季降水的影响各有其特点,贝加尔湖和鄂霍次克海的阻塞形势对重庆夏季降水的影响较大,鄂霍次克海阻高日数对重庆夏季降水的影响比其强度对重庆夏季降水的影响关系更加显著,夏季鄂霍次克海阻高日数偏多(少),重庆夏季降水偏多(少).     

The role of increasing temperature variability in European summer heatwaves

Instrumental observations and reconstructions of global and hemispheric temperature evolution reveal a pronounced warming during the past approximately 150 years. One expression of this warming is the observed increase in the occurrence of heatwaves. Conceptually this increase is understood as a shift of the statistical distribution towards warmer temperatures, while changes in the width of the distribution are often considered small. Here we show that this framework fails to explain the record-breaking central European summer temperatures in 2003, although it is consistent with observations from previous years. We find that an event like that of summer 2003 is statistically extremely unlikely, even when the observed warming is taken into account. We propose that a regime with an increased variability of temperatures (in addition to increases in mean temperature) may be able to account for summer 2003. To test this proposal, we simulate possible future European climate with a regional climate model in a scenario with increased atmospheric greenhouse-gas concentrations, and find that temperature variability increases by up to 100%, with maximum changes in central and eastern Europe.     

Coral record of increased sediment flux to the inner Great Barrier Reef since European settlement

The effect of European settlement on water quality in the Great Barrier Reef of Australia is a long-standing and controversial issue. Erosion and sediment transport in river catchments in this region have increased substantially since European settlement, but the magnitude of these changes remains uncertain. Here we report analyses of Ba/Ca ratios in long-lived Porites coral from Havannah Reef--a site on the inner Great Barrier Reef that is influenced by flood plumes from the Burdekin river--to establish a record of sediment fluxes from about 1750 to 1998. We find that, in the early part of the record, suspended sediment from river floods reached the inner reef area only occasionally, whereas after about 1870--following the beginning of European settlement--a five- to tenfold increase in the delivery of sediments is recorded with the highest fluxes occurring during the drought-breaking floods. We conclude that, since European settlement, land-use practices such as clearing and overstocking have led to major degradation of the semi-arid river catchments, resulting in substantially increased sediment loads entering the inner Great Barrier Reef.     

Spatial and temporal variations of light rain events over China and the mid-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere

Based on observed daily precipitation data, monthly gridded radiosonde upper air temperature and sea surface temperature data from the UK Met Office Hadley Centre, monthly surface air temperature from the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia and the NCEP/NCAR monthly reanalysis data, this study investigates the spatial and temporal variations of light rain events over China and the mid-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during 1961-2010, and discusses the relationship between the change of light rain events and atmospheric stability, sea surface temperature and atmospheric circulation. The light rain events over East China display a decreasing trend of 3.0%/10 a in summer and winter half years. Over Northwest China, an increasing trend of 4.1%/10 a is found in winter half years, but there is no trend in summer half years. Using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, it is found that the first two principal components of light rain events over the mid-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere show long time scale variations in summer and winter half years. The first EOF modes (EOF1s) for summer and winter half years both depict a long-term increase in light rain events over North America and Southern Europe as well as Northwest China (except in summer half years), and a long-term decrease over most of the Eurasia (Central Europe, Eastern Europe, North Asia and East China). The second EOF mode (EOF2) for summer half year shows that light rain events increase over North America, Southern Europe and South China, but decrease over Eurasia north of 45°N from 1961 to early 1980s, while the trends reverse from late 1980s to 2010. The second EOF mode (EOF2) for winter half years indicates that light rain events increase over North America and South and North China, but decrease over Eurasia north of 40°N from 1961 to early 1980s, while the trends reverse from late 1980s to 2009. Correlation analysis and linear regression analysis suggest that EOF1s may be related to the change in atmospheric static stability associated with global warming, and EOF2s are possibly linked to the AMO.     

黄河龙潼段揭河底泥沙数值模拟

分析了１９７７年小北干流的两场洪水资料,建立了非恒定流泥沙数学模型,模拟该河段的揭河底冲刷。并用７月６日的洪水率定系数和参数预测了８月３日洪水的水沙过程,其计算结果令人满意。