有机太阳能电池的研究进展

回顾了近五年有机太阳能电池在电池材料和器件性能方面的研究进展．在材料方面,合成具有低带隙的化合物,使之与太阳光谱有更好的匹配,以提高对太阳光的吸收范围;在器件方面,通过使用异质结和纳米结构,使之在增加光吸收的同时保证激子的分离与有效迁移．有机聚合物太阳能电池是有机太阳能电池的发展方向,设计并合成具有低带宽和低HOMO能级的D—A型聚合物是提高其理论光能转化效率的关键．通过改进与提高电池的制作技术,充分挖掘新材料的潜力,将获得较大光能转换效率的有机太阳能电池．     

一种咔唑-苯并噻二唑共聚物的合成与光伏性能研究

以N-十二烷基-2,7-咔唑为给体单元、5,6-二辛氧基二噻吩苯并噻二唑为受体单元，通过Suzuki偶联反应合成了一种具有给-受体结构的共轭聚合物聚N-十二烷基-2,7-咔唑-5,6-二辛氧基-4,7-二噻吩-2-基-苯并噻二唑（PC-DODTBT），并研究了该聚合物的光物理与电化学性能。结果表明，以PC-DODTBT为电子给体，PCBM为电子受体，制得的共混体相异质结太阳能电池在AM1.5、100 mW/cm²模拟太阳光下，开路电压为0.88 V，短路电流为2.04 mA/cm²，填充因子为0.51，能量转换效率为0.92%。     

氟原子对光伏聚合物性能的影响

以二（2-辛基十二烷氧基）苯并二噻吩（ODBDT）为供体单元，分别与受体单元二噻吩苯并噻二唑（DTBT）和二氟代二噻吩苯并噻二唑（DTffBT）共聚，合成了两种具有给-受体（D-A）结构的共轭聚合物PODBDT-DTBT和PODBDT-DTffBT。利用紫外-可见吸收光谱、循环伏安法研究了聚合物的光物理与电化学性能，并通过光伏性能测试研究了氟原子对聚合物太阳能电池的影响规律。结果表明，氟原子的引入使得聚合物的光学带隙变窄，溶解性变差；基于PODBDT-DTBT或PODBDT-DTffBT与PC₇₁BM共混制备的本体异质结太阳能电池，光电转化效率分别为3.01%和2.00%。     

小分子给受体化合物的合成及光伏性质研究

合成了新型的给受体化合物PLY-S2O。用溶液旋转涂膜的方法,分别将PLY-S2O作为电子给体和电子受体制备了本体异质结光伏器件,器件结构为ITO/PEDOT:PSS/active layer/LiF/Al。在AM 1.5G模拟太阳光100 mW/cm~2的照射光强下,以PLY-S2O为电子给体时,能量转化效率为0.035%;当以PLY-S2O为电子受体时,相应的能量转化效率达到0.064%。     

基于苯并三噻吩共聚物/富勒烯衍生物的聚合物太阳能电池

以苯并三噻吩共聚物(BTT-BTz)为给体材料,具有不同能级结构的富勒烯衍生物为受体材料,通过共混方式制备光敏薄膜,并研究受体材料的能级结构对光伏器件开路电压(Voc)、短路电流(Jsc)、填充因子(FF)和电池效率(PCE)的影响.结果表明:当IC60BA为电子受体材料时,器件的Voc=1.06V,但Jsc较低,使得PCE仅为1.49%;当PC60BM和PC70BM为受体材料时,Voc分别为0.86V和0.81V,但Jsc较高,使得PCE分别为3.22%和5.06%.     

Self-organization of supramolecular helical dendrimers into complex electronic materials

The discovery of electrically conducting organic crystals and polymers has widened the range of potential optoelectronic materials, provided these exhibit sufficiently high charge carrier mobilities and are easy to make and process. Organic single crystals have high charge carrier mobilities but are usually impractical, whereas polymers have good processability but low mobilities. Liquid crystals exhibit mobilities approaching those of single crystals and are suitable for applications, but demanding fabrication and processing methods limit their use. Here we show that the self-assembly of fluorinated tapered dendrons can drive the formation of supramolecular liquid crystals with promising optoelectronic properties from a wide range of organic materials. We find that attaching conducting organic donor or acceptor groups to the apex of the dendrons leads to supramolecular nanometre-scale columns that contain in their cores pi-stacks of donors, acceptors or donor-acceptor complexes exhibiting high charge carrier mobilities. When we use functionalized dendrons and amorphous polymers carrying compatible side groups, these co-assemble so that the polymer is incorporated in the centre of the columns through donor-acceptor interactions and exhibits enhanced charge carrier mobilities. We anticipate that this simple and versatile strategy for producing conductive pi-stacks of aromatic groups, surrounded by helical dendrons, will lead to a new class of supramolecular materials suitable for electronic and optoelectronic applications.     

Nanoscale structural and electronic evolution for increased efficiency in polymer solar cells monitored by electric scanning probe microscopy

Control of blend morphology at multi-scale is critical for optimizing the power conversion efficiency （PCE） of plastic solar cells. To better understand the physics of photoactive layer in the organic photovoltaic devices, it is necessary to gain understanding of morphol- ogy and the corresponding electronic property. Herein we report the correlation between nanoscale structural, electric properties of bulk heterojunction （BHJ） solar cells and the annealing-induced PCE change. We demonstrate that the PCE of BHJ solar cells are dramatically improved （from 1.3 % to 4.6 %） by thermal annealing, which results from P3HT crystalline stacking and the PCBM aggregation for interpenetrated network. The similar trend for annealing- induced photovoltage and PCE evolution present as an initial increase followed by a decrease with the annealing time and temperature. The surface roughness increase slowly and then abruptly after the same inflection points observed for photovoltage and PCE. The phase images in electric force microscopy indicate the optimized P3HT and PCBM crystallization for interpenetrating network formation considering the spectroscopic results as well. From the correlation between surface photovoltage, blend morphology, and PCE, we propose a model to illustrate the film structure and its evolution under different annealing conditions. This work would benefit the better design and optimization of the morphology and local electric proper- ties of solar cell active layers for improved PCE.     

石墨烯在光电器件中的应用

 讨论了近年来石墨烯在太阳能电池、有机发光二极管以及场致发射器件方面的应用研究。石墨烯是碳的同素异形体的一种,是二维的薄膜材料,具有独特的导电特性及机械弯曲性能,可以作为太阳能电池、有机发光器件的柔性电极;石墨烯与有机聚合物材料复合可以形成大的给体受体界面,有利于太阳能电池中激子的扩散速率、载流子迁移率的提高,可以作为有机太阳能电池的电子受体材料;石墨烯具有一维尖锐的刀口状边缘,具有大的电场增强系数,同时由于石墨烯自身的良好导电能力,可以作为场致发射器件中的电子传导与电场发射材料。石墨烯在光电器件中应用的深入研究有望突破目前光电技术的发展瓶颈,是一个极具前景的新研究领域。     

Nanoscale Morphology Control in Functional Polymer Systems

1 Results In high-performance organic solar cells,the photoactive layer consists of a blend of an electron donor and an electron acceptor constituent,a so-called bulk heterojunction.The requirements to morphology of the efficient photoactive layer are nanoscale phase separation,which provides large interface area for exciton dissociation,and at the same time continuous pathways for transport of free charge carriers to the appropriate electrodes.In this context,the research is now focused on a better und...     

Efficient organic photovoltaic diodes based on doped pentacene

Recent work on solar cells based on interpenetrating polymer networks and solid-state dye-sensitized devices shows that efficient solar-energy conversion is possible using organic materials. Further, it has been demonstrated that the performance of photovoltaic devices based on small molecules can be effectively enhanced by doping the organic material with electron-accepting molecules. But as inorganic solar cells show much higher efficiencies, well above 15 per cent, the practical utility of organic-based cells will require their fabrication by lower-cost techniques, ideally on flexible substrates. Here we demonstrate efficiency enhancement by molecular doping in Schottky-type photovoltaic diodes based on pentacene--an organic semiconductor that has received much attention as a promising material for organic thin-film transistors, but relatively little attention for use in photovoltaic devices. The incorporation of the dopant improves the internal quantum efficiency by more than five orders of magnitude and yields an external energy conversion efficiency as high as 2.4 per cent for a standard solar spectrum. Thin-film devices based on doped pentacene therefore appear promising for the production of efficient 'plastic' solar cells.     

Investigation of Organic Solar Cells Based on Donor-Accepter Heterojunction

The single-layer structure and heterojunction structure organic solar cells based on copper phthalocyanine(CuPc),3,4,9,10-Perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride(PTCDA)and fullerene C60 were fabricated to study their photovoltaic(PV)properties.The PV performance of heterojunction structure solar cells was improved compared with the single layer structure cell.This is due to the introduction of donor-acceptor heterojunction that both expands the absorption range and offers efficient exciton dissociation site.In heterojunction structure solar cells,the PV performance of device with C60 as acceptor has highly improved because C60 has longer diffusion length of excitons.     

Investigation of Organic Solar Cells Based onDonor——A ccepter Heterojunction

The single-l ayer structure and heterojunction structure organic solar cells based on copper phthalocyanine (CuPc),3,4,9,10-Perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) and fullerene C60 were fabricated to study their photovoltaic (PV) properties. The PV performance of heterojunction structure solar cells was improved compared with the single layer structure cell.This is due to the introduction of donor-acceptor heterojunction that both expands the absorption range and offers efficient excit on dissociation site.In heterojunction structure solar cells,the PV performance of device with C60 as acceptor has highly improved because C60 has longer diffusion length o f excitons.     

基于噻唑并噻唑结构的共轭聚合物太阳能电池材料的合成与表征简

为了得到一种新型高效的聚合物太阳能电池材料,通过Stille聚合反应合成了一种以噻唑并噻唑为电子受体单元和硅基联噻吩为电子给体单元的交替共轭聚合物（PTTz-Si）。这种聚合物具有较窄的光学带隙（1．77 eV）、较高的热稳定性以及比较宽泛的紫外可见吸收光谱,其良好的溶解性保证了可以通过溶液加工制备成有机太阳能电池器件,是一种潜在的聚合物太阳能电池活性层供体材料。通过核磁共振氢谱、碳谱、热重分析、紫外可见吸收光谱、凝胶渗透色谱和电化学等测试方法对该聚合物进行了表征,并且将聚合物与PC71 CM共混制备聚合物太阳能电池器件,获取0．76％的光电转化效率。     

单异质结有机薄膜电致器件发光过程的理论模型

在Fowler—Nordheim方程的基础上，利用高斯定理对单异质结有机薄膜电致发光器件的发光过程进行理论分析和计算。计算结果表明在单异质结电致发光器件中，可降低器件的电流水平，提高器件的发光效率。     

异质结光生电荷分离机制与光电性质研究

将不同质量分数还原氧化石墨烯(RGO)与Cu_4Bi_4S_9(CBS)纳米带复合,制备成不同比例复合体系(CBS-RGO).以ZnO纳米线为电子受主,CBS或CBS-RGO为电子施主,详细研究了ZnO/CBS、ZnO/CBS-RGO两类异质结构及对应体相异质结太阳能电池的光电性质.随着RGO含量逐步增加,CBS-RGO对应稳态光伏性质逐渐增强,当RGO达到1.6%时,CBS-RGO具有最佳光伏响应强度,随后其光伏性质逐渐减弱.此外,ZnO/CBS-RGO呈现出了优于ZnO/CBS的光伏响应特性.在相同正外电场作用下,ZnO/CBS-RGO同样具有明显优于ZnO/CBS的光电性质;逐步提高外电场,ZnO/CBS-RGO光伏响应增加更为显著.基于1.6%RGO,ZnO/CBS、ZnO/CBS-RGO两类体相异质结太阳能电池最高光电转换效率分别为1.5%和3.6%.从异质结厚度、能级匹配、CBS与RGO接触界面、RGO导电网络及其优越的电子传输特性几个方面,分析了体相异质结构中光生电荷分离的机制以及多通道协同传输对光电性质的作用.     

两类异质结构中光生电荷分离效率与光电性质

首先制备Cu4Bi4S9纳米带与石墨烯不同比例复合体系(CBS-graphene),其中石墨烯质量分数分别为:0.4%,0.8%,1.2%,1.6%,2.0%和2.4%.以α-Fe_2O_3为电子受主,CBS和CBS-graphene为电子施主,制备成α-Fe_2O_3/CBS、α-Fe_2O_3/CBS-graphene两类异质结构及体相异质结太阳能电池.XRD检测结果表明,异质结两组分都达到了良好的结晶状态;而且,两类复合体系都呈现出了复合结构的光吸收特性,但光吸收性质无明显差异.对于CBS-graphene,随着石墨烯含量逐步增加其光伏性质逐渐增强,当石墨烯质量分数为1.6%时达到最佳光伏响应强度,此后其光伏性质逐渐减弱.稳态和电场诱导表面光电压谱表明两类异质结都具有优越的光伏性质,但α-Fe_2O_3/CBS-graphene呈现出明显优于α-Fe_2O_3/CBS的光伏响应.基于石墨烯质量分数为1.6%,α-Fe_2O_3/CBS和α-Fe_2O_3/CBS-graphene两类体相异质结太阳能电池最高光电转换效率分别为3.1%和6.8%.从异质结厚度、能级匹配、石墨烯导电网络以及优越的电子传输特性几个方面,详细讨论了光生电荷分离的影响因素及光生电荷传输动力学.     

Numerical model of planar heterojunction organic solar cells

We present a numerical study of the effects of the energy barrier between the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the acceptor layer and the cathode, the thicknesses of the donor layer and acceptor layer on the distributions of carrier density, the electric fields and the electric potentials of organic planar heterojunction solar cells. We obtained the quantitative dependencies of the distribution of carrier density, electric fields and the electric potentials on these quantities. The results provide a theoretical foundation for the experimental study of open-circuit organic planar heterojunction solar cells.     

Room-temperature ferroelectricity in supramolecular networks of charge-transfer complexes

Materials exhibiting a spontaneous electrical polarization that can be switched easily between antiparallel orientations are of potential value for sensors, photonics and energy-efficient memories. In this context, organic ferroelectrics are of particular interest because they promise to be lightweight, inexpensive and easily processed into devices. A recently identified family of organic ferroelectric structures is based on intermolecular charge transfer, where donor and acceptor molecules co-crystallize in an alternating fashion known as a mixed stack: in the crystalline lattice, a collective transfer of electrons from donor to acceptor molecules results in the formation of dipoles that can be realigned by an external field as molecules switch partners in the mixed stack. Although mixed stacks have been investigated extensively, only three systems are known to show ferroelectric switching, all below 71 kelvin. Here we describe supramolecular charge-transfer networks that undergo ferroelectric polarization switching with a ferroelectric Curie temperature above room temperature. These polar and switchable systems utilize a structural synergy between a hydrogen-bonded network and charge-transfer complexation of donor and acceptor molecules in a mixed stack. This supramolecular motif could help guide the development of other functional organic systems that can switch polarization under the influence of electric fields at ambient temperatures.     

海藻酸钠复合吸附材料研究进展

海藻酸钠具有良好的生物相容性、亲水性、以及特殊成形性,相对于其他吸附材料原料丰富易得、价格低廉被广泛用于吸附重金属离子、染料、抗生素、农药、表面活性剂等污染物.文章介绍了海藻酸钠交联水凝胶、互传网络凝胶、海藻酸钠小颗粒吸附剂复合材料以及磁性复合材料吸附污染物的研究进展.海藻酸钠复合材料脱附后可以重复使用且能保持良好的吸附效果,是一种非常有前途的生物聚合物材料.     

微波化学在高分子有机合成中的应用

本文综述了微波化学在有机合成中的四种技术,并从高分子的主要合成方法入手,介绍了微波应用于本体聚合、溶液聚合、乳液聚合、合成互穿聚合物网络和功能高分子聚合等的国内外研究现状。