异常高压气藏产能测试分析方法

南海西部海域莺歌海盆地DFX气田埋深3 000 m,压力系数1.8,地层压力52.7 MPa,为异常高压气藏。目前该区域第一口探井DFX-1井的稳定产能测试资料出现二项式产能方程回归曲线斜率为负,指数式产能方程的指数大于1的异常情况,无法计算气井无阻流量。针对其异常情况,采用了"一点法"、产能方程校正、考虑表皮影响的拟压力产能方程以及考虑应力敏感影响的改进的拟压力产能方程等多种方法,计算异常高压气井的无阻流量。并对比分析"一点法"、产能方程校正的不足,提出考虑表皮影响的拟压力产能方程,能有效计算出合理的异常高压气井无阻流量。同时,采用改进的拟压力方法证实渗透率应力敏感给单井产能带来的影响不容忽视。     

动态一点法产能方程在气藏开发中的应用

针对目前"一点法"试井在气藏开发应用中存在的问题,推导出动态"一点法"的产能公式。通过选择一个测试点中的地层压力、井底流压和产量值,计算此地层压力条件下的天然气物性参数。结合试井资料结果,求取此条件下的α值,继而求解当前测试条件下的动态产能。此方法克服了常规方法笼统地使用一次回归得到的产能系数来计算不同时期产能带来的误差。通过在东方1-1气田的应用证实,与常规回压试井结果相比,此方法求取产能结果可靠。通过结合垂直管流计算程序,能够利用日常生产测试资料求取动态产能,对气藏的合理开发,具有重要的指导意义。     

气井稳定渗流理论的研究与应用

为了解决气井稳定渗流理论对气井稳定试井(亦称产能试井)的影响问题,采用新的气井稳定渗流理论即二次三项式和三次三项式研究气井产能。研究结果表明:在一定条件下,采用该方法可应用二次三项式确定气井的产能方程,该法不仅能确定气井的无阻流量,更重要的是能确定该井的临界产量,从而能更合理的确定该气井的工作制度;用三次三项式建立高压低渗气井产能方程所计算的井底压力、平均地层压力、曲线拟合误差平方和等重要参数均比二项式更精确。该成果为矿场工作人员优选稳定试井资料的处理方法提供了依据。     

试凑法在处理气井井口压恢曲线异常中的应用

针对气井关井压力恢复曲线异常（即关井后井底压力上升时井口压力下降）的现象,基于现场测试数据和文献调研,修正了井底压力计算模型。采用试凑法,从井流物组成在关井过程中有无发生变化两个方面对井口压力恢复曲线进行了校正。实例计算表明,该方法可以消除气井井口压力恢复曲线异常对试井解释的影响,并对井流物组成相同或相近的气井具有一定的借鉴意义,为气藏试井解释和动态计算提供了基础和依据。     

苏里格气田“单点法”产能测试条件研究

结合苏里格气田的实际,对“单点法”产能试井方法的理论基础进行了分析,建立了适合于苏里格气田产能评价的“单点法”数学模型,研究了苏里格气田“单点法”试井测试的基本条件.结果表明,“单点法”产能试井方法是苏里格气田产能分析的一种十分有效的方法,但使用该方法时,需要满足一定的测试条件.苏里格气田气井至少需要无阻生产200h,并且井底压比小于80%时用“单点法”计算的无阻流量才能可靠地反映地层的实际情况.     

基于双孔隙径向复合地层渗流理论的气井产能模型

油气井的产能在油气田的开发中具有重要的地位和作用,它是制定油气田开发方案、确定油气井合理配产的重要依据。目前确定油、气井产能的主要方法是稳定试井方法,包括回压试井、等时试井、修正的等时试井和一点法试井。这些方法要求测试达到稳定状态,测试时间长,而用压力恢复试井确定气井产能,则可以极大地提高了确定气井产能的工作效率和经济效益。基于四川盆地大多数气藏属于裂缝孔隙型气藏,气藏非均质性强,双孔隙径向复合地层特征明显,在流体在裂缝和基质中的渗流特征的基础上,推导出了基于压力恢复试井解释参数,适合该地层模型的气井产能方程。并且通过实例计算表明,该方程在裂缝孔隙型气藏中,有较好的适用性。     

一种新的凝析气井产能方程确定方法

在凝析气藏衰竭开采过程中,凝析油会在井底附近析出并逐渐积累形成高饱和度区域,造成气相渗透率和绝对渗透率降低,影响凝析气井产能;因而,凝析气井产能方程的确定有很大困难。提出将凝析油气两相指数式方程中的拟压力积分分解为两个积分函数之积,一个积分函数与流体高压物性有关,另一个积分函数与流体的有效渗透率有关。在此基础上,又提出了用实际凝析气井不稳定压力试井数据来确定所定义的拟有效渗透率,从而可确定凝析气井产能方程中的真实拟压力,由此获得实际凝析气井产能方程。     

压回法阶段压井数学模型与模拟分析

 根据压回法压井过程中气体压缩规律和气液两相流特性,提出了压回法压井过程可分为3 个阶段,并建立了考虑气体滑脱的阶段压井数学模型,用于压回法作业井底压力和套压变化规律的定量计算。压井参数敏感性模拟分析表明,压井排量越大,压井持续时间越短,产生的井底压力和套压越大;地层渗透率和渗透性地层厚度对压井第一阶段的井底压力和套压影响不大,但当高渗透或高厚度地层进入压井第二、第三阶段,随渗透率或地层厚度增加,压井产生的井底压力和套压减小,且降幅减缓。通过分析压井过程中井底压力和套压变化规律,绘制了压回法典型压井曲线模型。预测结果与实测数据对比表明：该数学模型具有较高的预测精度,能够为溢流压井方法的选择和压回法施工设计提供理论依据与指导。     

印尼M、N凝析气田产能描述

结合M与N凝析气田的地质特征与流体特点,分析二项式产能方程异常的原因,并进行校正,有效建立了24次产能测试中的21个产能方程,计算无阻流量介于（3~192）×104m3/d,大部分气井为中、高产气井。建立了测井解释渗透率与试井解释渗透率之间、试井地层系数与无阻流量之间、合理产能与无阻流量之间的关系;结合最小携液量图版,确定技术上合理的产能。实际应用时可以根据生产的需要调整合理产量,为方案设计、生产规划提供技术依据。     

高速非达西流动定压生产气井试井分析方法

针对定压气井试井中求取高速非达西流动因子的难题,研究了井筒周围气体高速非达西流动影响,推导得出了无限大地层气井定井底流压生产的渗流方程,通过对该方程的处理,并对定压生产气井试井数据进行分析,确定出此类气藏的储层渗透率、非达西流动因子和表皮因子。实例分析表明,对于具备条件进行定流压生产测试的气井,利用该试井分析方法可方便、准确地求取地层参数。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the