拟南芥中一个参与盐胁迫应答基因的T-DNA插入纯合突变体的鉴定及表型分析

本研究以拟南芥为试验材料,探索基因at5g66070在受到非生物胁迫的表达情况,并研究其抗逆特性.结果表明,在NaCl处理下,该基因的表达量明显升高,表明该基因受到盐的诱导.通过PCR和RT-PCR在DNA和RNA水平上筛选鉴定at5g66070基因T-DNA插入纯合突变体.分析了野生型拟南芥与突变体在不同浓度NaCl处理下,其萌发率,根长以及苗期的生长差异.结果发现,相对于野生型来说,突变体对盐更敏感.具体来说,在含有150mMNaCl的MS培养基中,突变体的萌发率比野生型要低,根长比野生型要短,同时突变体幼苗更容易出现枯萎,萎黄症状.     

水稻OsGASR4基因及其启动子的克隆与表达分析

对前期克隆的水稻GAST基因家族新成员OsGASR4开展研究,利用DNAMAN软件分析水稻OsGASR4进化树;检测GA处理野生型和d 18水稻突变体后OsGASR4表达变化;利用RT PCR方法分析该基因的时空表达特性;克隆了该基因上游长约2 082 bp调控序列,并利用网络工具预测启动子顺式作用元件,构建OsGASR4启动子GUS融合表达载体,通过农杆菌介导的水稻遗传转化.结果表明:OsGASR4蛋白具有典型的GASA保守结构域,启动子里含有多个与激素响应元件、光诱导相关元件以及逆境胁迫响应元件;GA_3处理降低了OsGASR4转录水平;RT PCR检测和GUS染色的结果表明,OsGASR4在水稻茎和幼穗的表达量相对较高.表明OsGASR4可能作为GA信号途径的抑制因子参与水稻茎和穗的早期发育.     

两个水稻叶片反向卷曲突变体的表型及遗传分析

为了揭示水稻叶片卷曲的形态建成,分析了水稻Ac/Ds转座子插入突变体库中的2个叶片反向卷曲突变体的表型及组织形态.研究发现,与野生型平展叶片相比,内卷突变体和外卷突变体叶片中泡状细胞数目明显减少,这可能是造成水稻叶片卷曲的重要原因.另外,内卷突变体叶片主脉薄壁细胞少,薄壁细胞崩裂形成的气腔面积较大.对2个卷叶突变体的纤维素含量进行测定发现,内卷突变体叶片及茎杆中纤维素含量明显减少,而外卷突变体叶片及茎杆的纤维素含量与野生型没有显著差异,说明2个卷叶突变体叶片的卷曲可能由不同基因突变造成.分析了2个水稻卷叶突变体的遗传规律,结果表明,二者均由隐性单基因控制.     

水稻雄性不育突变体OsMS121的遗传及定位分析

通过射线诱变粳稻9522种子获得一株水稻雄性不育突变体OsMS121．遗传分析的结果显示突变体是单基因隐性突变．细胞学观察发现突变体花粉的萌发孔在发育过程中出现异常．萌发孔的塞子体积较小，且畸形．萌发孔的孢粉素层与野生型相比较为稀疏；环状突起不明显，结构松散，呈颗粒状．用图位克隆的方法将该基因定位在水稻第二条染色体分子标记R2M16—2和R2M18—1之间约200KB范围内．这些结果为该基因的克隆及其在花粉发育中的功能研究奠定了基础。     

拟南芥活性氧响应基因GDI功能初步分析

从拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)T-DNA插入突变体库中筛选分离到活性氧敏感突变体gdi并克隆出相应基因GDI,生物信息学分析发现该基因具有多个ABA及氧化胁迫相关顺式作用元件,定量PCR及GUS染色结果表明该基因主要在花器官中表达,激光共聚焦实验显示GDI蛋白在细胞质中广泛分布.     

棉花细胞壁蛋白基因分离鉴定与表达分析

棉纤维起源于棉花胚珠外层表皮细胞．研究棉纤维发育,具有重要理论和实践意义．从棉纤维等组织cDNA文库中分离了186个棉花细胞壁结构蛋白基因,按照所编码的蛋白质结构特点,可将这些基因分为三类;富含脯氨酸细胞壁蛋白（Proline—rich cell wall proteins,PRPs）基因、伸展蛋白（Extensins）或者富含羟脯氨酸糖蛋白（Hydroxyproline—rich glycoprotein,HRGP）基因,富含甘氨酸蛋白（Glycine—rich proteins,GRPs）基因．采用cDNA microarray技术,比较上述基因在开花后10天的野生型棉花纤维和无絮无绒（fuzzless—lintless,fl）突变体胚珠表皮中表达谱发现,其中有7个基因在野生型纤维中特异性或高效性表达,表明它们可能与纤维发育有关．     

一株晚花和镉敏感拟南芥突变体的分离与鉴定

为了进一步挖掘拟南芥响应Cd胁迫的分子机制,从化学诱导型拟南芥突变体库(约6 000株系)中筛选获得Cd敏感突变体,通过测量经Cd处理后拟南芥植株的根长变化获得Cd响应突株系,然后单株收种并鉴定,最终获得一株对Cd胁迫敏感的突变体。Thermal asymmetric interlaced-PCR(TAIL-PCR)发现这株突变体T-DNA的插入定位于基因At1g35820和At1g35830之间。进一步分析表明这个突变体也是FLC(Flowering locus C)依赖的晚花突变体,将这株突变体命名为fcr(flowering and cadmium related gene)。FLC在拟南芥开花调控网络中起枢纽作用,并且是开花正调控基因Suppressor of overexpression of co 1 (SOCI)的抑制因子。在该突变体中FLC的表达明显高于野生型植株,而FLC下游基因SOCI的表达明显低于野生型植株,但FLC上游基因的表达变化不明显。进一步实验发现,突变体fcr中调节环境因素和春化作用的基因High expression of osmotically responsive gene 1(HOS1)表达量显著增加。通过以上结果我们推测,突变体fcr中的晚开花和Cd敏感表型可能是HOS1基因过量表达所致。     

AtSIAK在植物抗盐胁迫响应中的功能研究

AtSIAK基因在拟南芥中编码ABC1类蛋白激酶,RT-PCR检测AtSIAK基因在拟南芥的根、茎、叶、花、角果等组织中均有表达,与利用AtSIAK基因的启动子驱动GUS报告基因的研究结果一致.AtSIAK基因受不同胁迫(MV和NaCl)和激素ABA、SA处理均有明显的上调表达,其中在NaCl处理下最明显.不同浓度NaCl处理使35S::AtSIAK过表达植株比野生型(Columbia)和siak1突变体的种子萌发率和子叶变绿率高,表明AtSIAK基因参与抗盐胁迫的响应.     

拟南芥温敏雄性不育突变体atms1的获得及表型分析

从甲基磺酸乙酯（ethylmethane sulfonate,EMS）化学诱变建立的野生型拟南芥（Col-0）突变体文库中筛选到1株突变体.在低温16 ℃时,该突变体的雄性育性与野生型没有显著差异,花粉染色呈现100%可育.随着培养环境温度的升高,突变体花粉育性逐渐下降,因此,该突变体为一温敏雄性不育突变体,并被命名为atms1（ambient temperature-sensory male sterility 1,即环境温度敏感雄性不育1）.花药切片结果显示,在23 ℃以下,该突变体花药各个发育时期的形态与野生型花药没有显著的差异;而27 ℃处理1周后的突变体花药呈现多种表型：同一朵花中各个花药的发育时期出现显著分化,花粉母细胞胼胝体单薄,绒毡层发育滞后于同时期的野生型花药.遗传分析确定,atms1的不育表型是由单个隐性核基因控制的.     

Isolation and characterization of 4 gametophytic male sterile mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana

In flowering plants, male fertility depends on the formation and development of normal male gametophytes or pollen grains. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that regulate the processes. Here, we report the identification of four novel independent Arabidopsis gametophytic male sterile mutants, apam1, apam2, apam3 and apam4 (Arabidopsis pollen abortion mutant). The four mutants that were generated by the insertions of geneand enhancer-trap Ds transposon elements were defective in pollen development. Genetic analysis results showed that all four mutations resulted in the loss of male gametophytic function, but did not affect female gametophytic function, and the Ds elements were linked to the mutations tightly in all four mutants. Localization of the Ds insertion sites by thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR (TAIL-PCR) showed that the Ds elements were inserted in four different loci distributed on three chromosomes, chromosomes II, III and V. In summary, the apam4 is allelic to AHA3, while the other three were located in places where there are no genes that have been known to be involved in pollen development, suggesting that they are novel mutations involved in pollen development.     

Characterization of enhancer trap and gene trap harboring Ac／Ds transposon in transgenic rice

Insertion mutagenesis has become one of the most popular methods for gene functions analysis.Here we report a two-element Ac/Ds transposon system containing enhancer trap and gene trap for gene tagging in rice.The excision of Ds element was examined by PCR amplification.The excision frequency of Ds element varied from 0% to 40% among 20 F2 populations derived from 11 different Ds parents.Southern blot analysis revealed that more than 70% of excised Ds elements reinserted into rice genome and above 70% of the reinserted Ds elements were located at different positions of the chromosome in rice.The result of histochemical GUS analysis indicated that 28% of enhancer trap and 22% of gene trap tagging plants displayed GUS activity in leaves, roots,flowers or seeds.The GUS positive lines will be useful for identifying gene function in rice.     

Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana

The flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana is an important model system for identifying genes and determining their functions. Here we report the analysis of the genomic sequence of Arabidopsis. The sequenced regions cover 115.4 megabases of the 125-megabase genome and extend into centromeric regions. The evolution of Arabidopsis involved a whole-genome duplication, followed by subsequent gene loss and extensive local gene duplications, giving rise to a dynamic genome enriched by lateral gene transfer from a cyanobacterial-like ancestor of the plastid. The genome contains 25,498 genes encoding proteins from 11,000 families, similar to the functional diversity of Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans--the other sequenced multicellular eukaryotes. Arabidopsis has many families of new proteins but also lacks several common protein families, indicating that the sets of common proteins have undergone differential expansion and contraction in the three multicellular eukaryotes. This is the first complete genome sequence of a plant and provides the foundations for more comprehensive comparison of conserved processes in all eukaryotes, identifying a wide range of plant-specific gene functions and establishing rapid systematic ways to identify genes for crop improvement.     

Transpositional behaviour of the Ds element in the Ac/Ds system in rice

Insertional mutagenesis based on maize Activator/Dissociator (Ac/Ds) transposons is becoming a ma- jor approach used to produce a saturated mutant collection in rice. In this research, Ds-T-DNA trans- formed homozygotes were crossed with Ac-T-DNA transformed homozygotes in order to establish an Ac/Ds transposon system in rice. The successive investigation of Ds transposition from F1 to F5 gen- erations indicated that the frequencies of germinal transposition increased over successive genera- tions and reached 54.2% in F3 generation. The Ds transposition pattern revealed that a Ds transposition induced an approximately 170-bp deletion of T-DNA sequence and another Ds transposition carried a 272-bp T-DNA sequence. Using thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR (TAIL-PCR), some flanking se- quences of the Ds element were amplified. Analyses of 17 Ds-flanking sequences showed that five Ds were inserted into gene regions. The Ds could transpose not only to the linked sites but also to the unlinked sites. The frequency of inter-chromosomal transposition of Ds was 33.3%.     

利用两种方法筛选拟南芥uro突变体的回复子

拟南芥URO基因与生长素的代谢密切相关,为了深入了解URO基因的作用机制及其所参与的遗传途径,以拟南芥叶发育异常的半显性突变体uro(upright rosette)为材料,利用EMS诱变和Ac/Ds转座子系统这两种方法筛选uro突变体的回复子.通过这两种方法获得了一些回复子,并对这些回复子进行了验证和初步分析,为今后的研究工作奠定了良好的基础.     

拟南芥雄性不育突变体nps的基因定位

nps是经EMS诱变筛选得到的一拟南芥雄性不育突变体．通过背景纯化与遗传分析，发现nps突变体是受隐性单基因控制．形态学观察表明，突变体的花缺失花瓣和雄蕊，主要由两轮萼片和一轮肥大的雌蕊组成．利用图位克隆的方法对不育基因NPs进行了定位，结果表明NPS位于第五条染色体上分子标记F15L12和MHJ24之间1378kb的区间内．数据库预测该区间内包含10个与花发育ABC模型相关的基因，因此，对NPS基因的研究有助于深入了解拟南芥的花发育过程与花器官形成．     

拟南芥雄性不育突变体ms1521的基因定位

ms1521是经EMS诱变筛选得到的一拟南芥雄性不育突变体,通过背景纯化与遗传分析,发现ms1521突变体是受隐性单基因控制,形态学观察表明：突变体的花缺失部分花瓣,雄蕊比较短,花药肥大,部分雄蕊的花药成丝状,利用图位克隆的方法对不育基因MS1521进行了定位,结果表明：MS1521位于第一条染色体分子标记F17F8Alu1和T19E23之间161kb的区间内,数据库预测,其中有11个与花发育有关的基因,试验将有助于对目的基因的克隆,控制花器官研究和雄性不育分子机制的研究。     

Epistasis and balanced polymorphism influencing complex trait variation

Complex traits such as human disease, growth rate, or crop yield are polygenic, or determined by the contributions from numerous genes in a quantitative manner. Although progress has been made in identifying major quantitative trait loci (QTL), experimental constraints have limited our knowledge of small-effect QTL, which may be responsible for a large proportion of trait variation. Here, we identified and dissected a one-centimorgan chromosome interval in Arabidopsis thaliana without regard to its effect on growth rate, and examined the signature of historical sequence polymorphism among Arabidopsis accessions. We found that the interval contained two growth rate QTL within 210 kilobases. Both QTL showed epistasis; that is, their phenotypic effects depended on the genetic background. This amount of complexity in such a small area suggests a highly polygenic architecture of quantitative variation, much more than previously documented. One QTL was limited to a single gene. The gene in question displayed a nucleotide signature indicative of balancing selection, and its phenotypic effects are reversed depending on genetic background. If this region typifies many complex trait loci, then non-neutral epistatic polymorphism may be an important contributor to genetic variation in complex traits.     

拟南芥一氧化氮相关突变体在干旱胁迫下抗旱相关基因表达的研究

据报道,拟南芥一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）合成缺陷突变体noa1较野生型Col-0抗旱,而个别抗旱相关基因表达的增强是其抗旱机理之一.为了证实该结果及研究NO信号分子在抗旱中的作用,系统地对8种共12个不同类型的抗旱相关基因在干旱处理不同时间的拟南芥野生型和noa1及亚硝基谷胱甘肽还原酶功能缺失突变体gsnor1-3间的表达情况进行了反转录PCR分析.研究结果表明,抗旱相关基因的表达在拟南芥不同基因型间无明显差异,noa1的耐旱性与抗旱相关基因的表达无显著相关性.