硫氧还蛋白f介导的烟草Rubisco活化酶的氧化还原调控

利用菠菜和烟草的硫氧还蛋白f(Trx-f)在不同氧化还原状态下测定了菠菜、拟南芥、烟草和番茄Rubisco活化酶(RCA)活化其Rubisco的活力,实验结果显示菠菜Trx-f只能介导调控菠菜和拟南芥RCA的氧化还原状态,从而改变其活力,而烟草Trx-f介导也只能改变烟草和番茄RCA的氧化还原状态.上述结果表明烟草等物种的单亚型RCA也能受Trx-f介导的氧化还原调控,而且Trx-f介导的RCA氧化还原状态的改变具有种属专一性.     

Characteristics of photosynthesis in rice plants transformed with an antisense Rubisco activase gene

Transgenic rice plants with an antisense gene inserted via Agrobacterium tumefaciens were used to explore the impact of the reduction of Rubisco activase (RCA) on Rubisco and photosynthesis. In this study, transformants containing 15% to 35% wild type Rubisco activase were selected, which could survive in ambient CO2 concentration but grew slowly compared with wild type controls. Gas exchange measurements indicated that the rate of photosynthesis decreased sig-nificantly, while stomatal conductance and transpiration rate did not change; and that the intercellular CO2 concentration even increased. Rubisco determination showed that these plants had approximately twice as much Rubisco as the wild types,although they showed 70% lower rate of photosynthesis, whichRubsico activase and/or the reduction in carbamylation.was likely an acclimation response to the reduction in Rubsico activase and/or the reduction in carbamylation.     

细菌Hfq蛋白的结构、功能及作用机制

非编码小RNA(small RNA, sRNA)是细菌基因转录后调控的一个重要层次,也是近十年来原核生物研究领域的焦点之一。大多数sRNA的作用与Hfq蛋白密切相关,即Hfq可以促进sRNA与其靶标mRNA的互补配对,进而影响翻译的进行或者mRNA的稳定性。笔者对Hfq的结构、Hfq参与sRNA调节作用的机制、Hfq在多种细菌中的功能表型进行了综述。Hfq是一个保守的蛋白质,在很多细菌中广泛存在,并与真核生物中参与mRNA剪切与降解活动的Sm蛋白同源。在结构上,Hfq具有两个非等同的RNA结合面,可以结合并介导多个RNA分子的相互作用,其结构体现了和功能的高度统一性。目前,对Hfq的研究主要集中于革兰氏阴性细菌中,在革兰氏阳性细菌中,Hfq的功能尚不明晰; 此外,在许多重要的细菌中,Hfq影响功能表型的具体机制也不清楚。因此,今后有必要进一步精细研究Hfq的分子结构特征和功能特点,深入分析Hfq对细菌表型多样化的影响机制,探究Hfq影响靶标分子和功能表型的详尽机制。     

Small-molecule inhibitors of the AAA+ ATPase motor cytoplasmic dynein

The conversion of chemical energy into mechanical force by AAA+ (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) ATPases is integral to cellular processes, including DNA replication, protein unfolding, cargo transport and membrane fusion. The AAA+ ATPase motor cytoplasmic dynein regulates ciliary trafficking, mitotic spindle formation and organelle transport, and dissecting its precise functions has been challenging because of its rapid timescale of action and the lack of cell-permeable, chemical modulators. Here we describe the discovery of ciliobrevins, the first specific small-molecule antagonists of cytoplasmic dynein. Ciliobrevins perturb protein trafficking within the primary cilium, leading to their malformation and Hedgehog signalling blockade. Ciliobrevins also prevent spindle pole focusing, kinetochore-microtubule attachment, melanosome aggregation and peroxisome motility in cultured cells. We further demonstrate the ability of ciliobrevins to block dynein-dependent microtubule gliding and ATPase activity in vitro. Ciliobrevins therefore will be useful reagents for studying cellular processes that require this microtubule motor and may guide the development of additional AAA+ ATPase superfamily inhibitors.     

Structure and function of a membrane component SecDF that enhances protein export

Protein translocation across the bacterial membrane, mediated by the secretory translocon SecYEG and the SecA ATPase, is enhanced by proton motive force and membrane-integrated SecDF, which associates with SecYEG. The role of SecDF has remained unclear, although it is proposed to function in later stages of translocation as well as in membrane protein biogenesis. Here, we determined the crystal structure of Thermus thermophilus SecDF at 3.3?? resolution, revealing a pseudo-symmetrical, 12-helix transmembrane domain belonging to the RND superfamily and two major periplasmic domains, P1 and P4. Higher-resolution analysis of the periplasmic domains suggested that P1, which binds an unfolded protein, undergoes functionally important conformational changes. In vitro analyses identified an ATP-independent step of protein translocation that requires both SecDF and proton motive force. Electrophysiological analyses revealed that SecDF conducts protons in a manner dependent on pH and the presence of an unfolded protein, with conserved Asp and Arg residues at the transmembrane interface between SecD and SecF playing essential roles in the movements of protons and preproteins. Therefore, we propose that SecDF functions as a membrane-integrated chaperone, powered by proton motive force, to achieve ATP-independent protein translocation.     

AAA异体骨移植修复负重骨缺损的组织结构观察

本文在ＡＡＡ骨植入羊肱骨缺损的实验基础上，对各种移植周期（植入时间为３，６，９，１２个月）的植骨和对照侧正常骨进行了生物力学性能测试和组织结构观察。结果显示，随着移植时间的增长，ＡＡＡ骨片逐渐被受体吸收，新生的骨组织包绕穿插植骨区，钙盐沉积，同时植骨区的生物力学性能也逐渐增加。移植１２个月时，植骨区极限强度σｕ达到正常骨的５０％．     

Structure, expression and function of a schwannoma-derived growth factor

During the development of the nervous system, cells require growth factors that regulate their division and survival. To identify new growth factors, serum-free growth-conditioned media from many clonal cell lines were screened for the presence of mitogens for central nervous system glial cells. A cell line secreting a potent glial mitogen was established from a tumour (or 'schwannoma') derived from the sheath of the sciatic nerve. The cells of the tumour, named JS1 cells, were adapted to clonal culture and identified as Schwann cells. Schwann cells secrete an autocrine mitogen and human schwannoma extracts have mitogenic activity on glial cells. Until now, neither mitogen has been purified. Here we report the purification and characterization of a mitogenic molecule, designated schwannoma-derived growth factor (SDGF), from the growth-conditioned medium of the JS1 Schwann cell line. SDGF belongs to the epidermal growth factor family, and is an autocrine growth factor as well as a mitogen for astrocytes, Schwann cells and fibroblasts.     

Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome

Studies of the human microbiome have revealed that even healthy individuals differ remarkably in the microbes that occupy habitats such as the gut, skin and vagina. Much of this diversity remains unexplained, although diet, environment, host genetics and early microbial exposure have all been implicated. Accordingly, to characterize the ecology of human-associated microbial communities, the Human Microbiome Project has analysed the largest cohort and set of distinct, clinically relevant body habitats so far. We found the diversity and abundance of each habitat's signature microbes to vary widely even among healthy subjects, with strong niche specialization both within and among individuals. The project encountered an estimated 81-99% of the genera, enzyme families and community configurations occupied by the healthy Western microbiome. Metagenomic carriage of metabolic pathways was stable among individuals despite variation in community structure, and ethnic/racial background proved to be one of the strongest associations of both pathways and microbes with clinical metadata. These results thus delineate the range of structural and functional configurations normal in the microbial communities of a healthy population, enabling future characterization of the epidemiology, ecology and translational applications of the human microbiome.     

一种含席夫碱结构的表面活性剂与Co2+、Ni2+、Cu2+、Zn2+的络合性

以一种含席夫碱结构的表面活性剂为配体 ,在 2 5℃、0 .0 1mol/L硼砂缓冲溶液中分别与Co2 +、Ni2 +、Cu2 +、Zn2 +络合 ,用紫外可见分光光度法测定了络合物的吸收光谱 ,并计算出其配位稳定常数。实验结果说明 :该新型表面活性剂配体具有较强的络合金属离子的能力 ,并形成稳定的配合物 ,其稳定性顺序为 :Ni2 +>Cu2 +>Co2 +>Zn2 +。     

Chaperone-like activity of the AAA domain of the yeast Yme1 AAA protease

The AAA domain, a conserved Walker-type ATPase module, is a feature of members of the AAA family of proteins, which are involved in many cellular processes, including vesicular transport, organelle biogenesis, microtubule rearrangement and protein degradation. The function of the AAA domain, however, has not been explained. Membrane-anchored AAA proteases of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells comprise a subfamily of AAA proteins that have metal-dependent peptidase activity and mediate the degradation of non-assembled membrane proteins. Inactivation of an orthologue of this protease family in humans causes neurodegeneration in hereditary spastic paraplegia. Here we investigate the AAA domain of the yeast protein Yme1, a subunit of the iota-AAA protease located in the inner membrane of mitochondria. We show that Yme1 senses the folding state of solvent-exposed domains and specifically degrades unfolded membrane proteins. Substrate recognition and binding are mediated by the amino-terminal region of the AAA domain. The purified AAA domain of Yme1 binds unfolded polypeptides and suppresses their aggregation. Our results indicate that the AAA domain of Ymel has a chaperone-like activity and suggest that the AAA domains of other AAA proteins may have a similar function.     

VoIP RADIUS AAA服务器的设计

VoIP(Voice over IP,网络电话)和PSTN相比,因其技术优势和时代特征,必将成为未来通信的主要手段.VoIPAAA服务器是整个IP电话走向运营的基础,是VoIP服务提供商(ITSP)成功开展商业业务的关键所在.本文主要讨论了基于H.323协议体系的VoIP系统的RADIUS AAA服务器的系统结构设计,并给出了部分关键模块的实现方法.     

回调函数的C++封装

回调函数是应用程序参与操作系统运行的一个非常重要的接口，在DirectX Play开发过程中，经常需要使用到回调函数，直接使用回调函数显得复杂麻烦。介绍了用C 完成回调函数的封装的方法，使回调函数的处理变得容易。     

Charybdotoxin, a protein inhibitor of single Ca2+-activated K+ channels from mammalian skeletal muscle

The recent development of techniques for recording currents through single ionic channels has led to the identification of a K+-specific channel that is activated by cytoplasmic Ca2+. The channel has complex properties, being activated by depolarizing voltages and having a voltage-sensitivity that is modulated by cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels. The conduction behaviour of the channel is also unusual, its high ionic selectivity being displayed simultaneously with a very high unitary conductance. Very little is known about the biochemistry of this channel, largely due to the lack of a suitable ligand for use as a biochemical probe for the channel. We describe here a protein inhibitor of single Ca2+-activated K+ channels of mammalian skeletal muscle. This inhibitor, a minor component of the venom of the Israeli scorpion, Leiurus quinquestriatus, reversibly blocks the large Ca2+-activated K+ channel in a simple biomolecular reaction. We have partially purified the active component, a basic protein of relative molecular mass (Mr) approximately 7,000.     

Structure and function of human perforin

Perforin (P1) is a cytolytic protein with similarity to complement component C9. P1 has been described as a unique component of murine cytolytic T-cell and rat natural killer cell granules Previous studies indicated that human granules and P1 differed from murine granules and P1 in that they appeared to be cytolytically less active and lacked the haemolytic activity characteristic of P1. It has been suggested that P1, like C9, is under the control of the homologous restriction factor. Here we determine the primary structure of human P1, re-examine its functional properties, and address the question of homologous restriction.     

On the Structure of Cyclic Codes over F_q+uF_q+vF_q+uvF_q

In this paper,cyclic codes over the ring R=F4+uF4+vF4+uvF4 are discussed where the ring R is not a finite chain ring.By studying the polynomial ring Rn=(F4+uF4+vF4+uvF4) and using the corresponding relationship between the cyclic codes in R and the ideals in,cyclic codes over the ring R are characterized.Finally,a Gray-map is obtained and the image of cyclic codes in R is characterized.     

玻色型反氢原子结构及氘核P+1Bn0B和P+1Fn0F结构函数的矩

根据费米型质子P+1F、中子n0F、电子e-1的超对称性伴子玻色型+1B、0B、U-1e,B粒子,讨论反氢原子的结构,计算费米型氘核P+1Fn0F和玻色型氘核P+1Bn0B结构函数的矩,结果发现反氢原子的结构与目前观测到费米型反氢原子不同,氘核P+1Fn0F结构函数的矩的理论值与实验数据较好相符,P+1Bn0B结构函数的矩的计算结果比P+1Fn0F要大,增大的值是由于费米型中性矢量反轻子0F,T结构函数的贡献所致.