费雷格逻辑观中的"真"

弗雷格是现代逻辑的创始人,也是公认的语言哲学与分析哲学的始祖.他创造性地研究了关于逻辑的一系列哲学问题,其中,关于"真"的理论在他的逻辑哲学中具有核心地位.弗雷格认为,逻辑研究真,逻辑是关于实真的最普遍规律的科学.他的逻辑观是紧紧围绕他的"真"之理论展开的,"真"之理论是弗雷格逻辑观的理论基石.     

弗雷格逻辑观中的“真”

弗雷格是现代逻辑的创始人,也是公认的语言哲学与分析哲学的始祖。他创造性地研究了关于逻辑的一系列哲学问题,其中,关于“真”的理论在他的逻辑哲学中具有核心地位。弗雷格认为,逻辑研究真,逻辑是关于实真的最普遍规律的科学。他的逻辑观是紧紧围绕他的“真”之理论展开的,“真”之理论是弗雷格逻辑观的理论基石。     

弗雷格逻辑观中的“真”

弗雷格是现代逻辑的创始人,也是公认的语言哲学与分析哲学的始祖。他创造性地研究了关于逻辑的一系列哲学问题,其中,关于“真”的理论在他的逻辑哲学中具有核心地位。弗雷格认为,逻辑研究真,逻辑是关于实真的最普遍规律的科学。他的逻辑观是紧紧围绕他的“真”之理论展开的,“真”之理论是弗雷格逻辑观的理论基石。     

弗雷格逻辑思想的来源、内容及面临的困境

弗雷格认为须把逻辑研究从心理主义的影响中解放出来,为了达到这个目的,他确立了算数演算的基本规则,建立了初步自足的命题演算系统和量化理论,提供了现代意义下的数理逻辑体系,这为后世语言哲学的发展奠定了逻辑基础。由于受到社会发展的局限,弗雷格逻辑思想里面也存在一些令人们费解的东西。尝试从逻辑思想渊源、学术内容以及面临的困境三个方面来探讨弗雷格的逻辑思想。     

早期维特根斯坦对逻辑命题的思考及其意义

现代逻辑的诞生使逻辑摆脱旧有束缚,进而开启了逻辑学发展的新局面。在逻辑获得新生的同时,逻辑的本质问题也日益凸显。维特根斯坦赋予逻辑命题3个重要特征:(1)逻辑命题是重言式;(2)逻辑命题假定对象和世界的存在;(3)逻辑命题不可说但并不神秘。这些特征是对弗雷格、罗素的逻辑哲学的反叛,但也对分析哲学乃至整个西方哲学产生了深远影响。     

爱因斯坦引发的逻辑哲学问题

依爱因斯坦的观点,逻辑全等于演绎,与归纳并为西方科学的两大成就。认同爱因斯坦的逻辑观,试从"划界"的视角寻求根据。演绎和归纳的界线在于:前者以必然为真的逻辑真理即逻辑规律及相应的有效推理形式为研究对象;后者不研究逻辑真理及有效推理形式,其结论只是或然为真。是否以逻辑真理及相应的推理形式为研究对象,就是逻辑与非逻辑的分界线。演绎与归纳也有关联:均来源于经验。逻辑规律的前身就是归纳结论,经逻辑系统的整合而转身为必然的真命题。逻辑学家通过对逻辑系统的论域作出修正、限制或重新解释,以排除一切可能的反例,就可保证逻辑真理具有永恒的必然性。这就是逻辑学家使或然的归纳结论转化为必然的逻辑真理的诀窍。不能从演绎和归纳在认识中不可分离,推出逻辑必须包括归纳。归纳属于与逻辑同等重要的另一学科:科学方法论。     

弗雷格的含义与指称理论探赜

弗雷格的意义理论是弗雷格语言哲学的核心,对含义和指称的区别是弗雷格意义理论的基础。弗雷格认为专名的含义是构成句子整体的思想的一部分,专名的指称是它所表达的对象;概念词的含义也是构成句子整体思想的一部分,它的指称是概念;句子的含义是思想,其指称是真值。弗雷格对含义与指称的区别,是对语言哲学的一大贡献。     

论弗雷格的概念

弗雷格将数学中的函数概念扩展到自然语言中并且称之为概念,从而在概念的基础上开启了他的逻辑主义事业。在数学中,函数有着严格的定义,但是,在自然语言中如何来理解弗雷格的函数呢?通过将数学中的函数与自然语言的概念进行比较,分析了弗雷格概念的逻辑结构以及概念的前域和后域,并概述了弗雷格概念的哲学意义。     

论逻辑哲学的两个基本问题——以海德格尔的存在哲学为视角

针对逻辑哲学的基本问题即:逻辑存在本身之所以存在的根据是什么? 逻辑存在本身之所以存在的根据是如何可能的? 本文以海德格尔的存在哲学为视角,认为哲学就是哲学本身,逻辑哲学不应当研究诸如"什么是逻辑"等逻辑问题.同时认为,逻辑哲学是研究与逻辑有关问题的哲学,哲学逻辑根本就是没有理论意义的.     

莱布尼茨的概念代数及其外延解释

根据传统的观点,莱布尼茨被视为数理逻辑的最伟大的前弗雷格先驱,但后人同时认为他的失败归之于他对三段论模式和主谓句法过于拘泥。这种近乎矛盾的说法无法解释莱布尼茨既是弗雷格的伟大先驱,同时又是传统三段论的集大成者的历史事实。莱布尼茨作为一位逻辑巨人的历史地位是建立在他对古老三段论的隐藏力量和范围继承及发展的基础上的,正是这种继承和发展决定了他比同时代的任何人都更加清晰地预见了新逻辑的诞生。莱布尼茨的概念代数就是这样一个承上启下的系统,但由于种种原因,这一承启作用只体现于逻辑史的重构中。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.