T91钢的高温塑性变形及动态再结晶行为

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机进行了T91钢的压缩试验,研究了变形温度为1100～1250℃、应变速率为0.01～1 s-1时该钢的变形行为,分析了流变应力与应变速率和变形温度之间的关系,计算了高温变形时应力指数和变形激活能,并采用Zener-Hollomon参数法构建该钢高温塑性变形的本构关系,绘制了动态再结晶图和热加工图.结果表明:在试验变形条件范围内,其真应力-真应变曲线呈双峰特征;钢中发生了明显的动态再结晶,且再结晶类型属于连续动态再结晶.T91钢的热变形激活能为484 kJ.mol-1,利用加工图确定了热变形的流变失稳区,结合力学性能,可以优先选择的变形温度为1200～1 250℃,应变速率不高于0.1 s-1.     

低碳9Ni钢的动态再结晶数学模型

利用MMS-300热模拟实验机对9Ni钢进行了温度范围为800～1150℃、应变速率范围为0.05～1s-1的单道次压缩实验.通过应力-应变曲线研究了9Ni钢的动态再结晶规律,采用硬化率-应力(θ-σ)曲线较精确地确定了动态再结晶的临界条件和峰值应力应变.采用回归法确定了双曲线本构方程中的材料常数和动态再结晶激活能(269kJ/mol),并建立了临界应变、峰值应变和峰值应力与无量纲参数Z/A之间的关系.利用Avrami方程和应力应变曲线建立了9Ni钢动态再结晶动力学模型.     

低Ni，Cr，Cu和Mo高性能桥梁钢的动态再结晶行为

采用单道次压缩实验研究了一种低Ni,Cr,Cu和Mo高性能桥梁钢的动态再结晶行为.同时,采用9次多项式对实测真应力-真应变曲线进行了拟合,消除了实测曲线上的波动,进而确定了不同条件下的加工硬化率-真应力曲线.加工硬化率-真应力曲线特征表明,在所研究的不同热压缩变形工艺条件下,均发生了动态再结晶.通过计算将常数α修正为0009MPa-1,得到了实验钢的动态再结晶激活能,确定了εc=063εp关系式,建立了动态再结晶临界应变模型.而且降低Ni,Cr,Cu和Mo含量将显著降低动态再结晶激活能.     

SCM435钢热变形动态再结晶动力学模型参数的确定

通过分析冷镦钢SCM435在温度为950～1150℃、应变速率为0.1～1s-1范围内发生动态再结晶的热/力模拟试验数据,利用其应变硬化速率θ与流变应力σ的θ-σ曲线,准确确定了其发生动态再结晶的临界应变εc、峰值应变εp、临界应力σc和峰值应力σp,用应力-应变(σ-ε)曲线方法计算SCM435钢的动态再结晶Avrami动力学曲线和时间指数n.结果表明:SCM435钢发生动态再结晶的临界应变与峰值应变的平均比值εc/εp=0.73,动态再结晶Avrami时间指数平均值n=1,91;在温度950～1150℃,应变速率0.1～1 s-1范围内,应变速率是SCM435钢的动态再结晶动力学敏感因素,温度对其影响不大;动态再结晶率50%的时间t50与应变速率成反比.     

Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr合金加工图的构建及失稳分析

由含Zr的Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金在不同变形条件下进行热压缩得到的真应力-真应变曲线,计算合金的热变形本构方程.基于动态材料模型构建合金的加工图,并分析功率耗散系数的变化和失稳区的范围.研究结果表明:该合金在热变形时存在2个失稳区,即低温失稳区(温度300～360℃、应变速率0.05～1 s-1)和高温失稳区(温度400～460℃、应变速率0.005～1 s-1);在温度440～460℃,应变速率小于0.002 s-1的区域,最大功率耗散系数为0.52,该区域内的变形软化机制为动态再结晶.     

Ti45Al8Nb2Mn0.2B铸造合金高温形变行为

Ti45Al8Nb2Mn0.2B铸造合金在900～1200℃温度范围,1～10-3/s应变速率条件下进行压缩实验,研究其变形特点以及组织变化.结果发现,形变过程中合金的真应力-真应变曲线上存在一个应力峰值,随后流变应力随着应变量的增加逐渐下降并趋于稳态流变.降低温度和提高应变速率都使合金的应力峰值增加.在实验温度范围内合金的应变速率敏感系数为0.10～0.24;在高温形变过程中发生动态再结晶,合金的组织得到明显细化.再结晶晶粒尺寸随温度的降低和应变速率的增加而减小,也就是随Zener-Hollomonc参数的增加而减小;升高形变温度和降低应变速率均促进再结晶过程.     

9Cr低活化马氏体钢高温变形行为

采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机研究了9Cr低活化马氏体钢在950～1200℃、应变速率为10-2～10s-1变形条件下的热压缩变形行为,并用金相显微镜观察了相应显微组织的变化.回归分析得出在0.15～0.8真应变量范围内变形激活能和材料常数随真应变量变化的关系式,并得出双曲正弦本构方程;利用数学方法直接从真应力--真应变曲线获得动态再结晶的峰值应力、临界应力、峰值应变和临界应变;回归得出了峰值应力、临界应力、峰值应变、临界应变和动态再结晶晶粒大小与Zener-Hollomon参数的关系式.     

S32750超级双相不锈钢的热变形及组织分析

利用MMS-200热模拟实验机,对S32750超级双相不锈钢在温度为1 000～1 150℃,应变速率为0.01～10 s-1的条件下进行了单道次压缩实验,测定了真应力-真应变曲线,对热变形组织进行了分析.实验结果表明:当变形温度一定时,峰值应力随着应变速率的增加而增加.提高热变形温度,降低应变速率,可以促进奥氏体动态再结晶的发生.根据热变形方程计算得到压缩变形时的热变形激活能Q=460 kJ/mol.在相应的变形条件下,获得了S32750超级双相不锈钢热变形过程中峰值应力与Z参数的关系式.     

含Nb微合金钢动态再结晶行为

用Gleeble-2000热模拟实验机对实验钢进行高温单道次压缩实验,研究了实验钢动态再结晶行为.实验结果表明:实验钢动态再结晶激活能为304.711 kJ/mol;在较高温度和低应变速率条件下实验钢易于发生动态再结晶,随着lnZ的减小,实验钢应力-应变曲线由动态回复型变为动态再结晶型;当lnZ<22.61时,曲线上出现多个峰值,呈间断式动态再结晶型;峰值应力、峰值应变和临界应变与lnZ呈线性关系;动态再结晶开始时间随着应变速率的增大和温度的升高而缩短.     

Cu-Cr-Zr-Ce合金高温流变应力的研究

利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机对Cu-Cr-Zr-Ce合金在变形温度为600~800 ℃、应变速率为0.01~5 s^-1条件下进行了热压缩试验,测定了其应力-应变曲线,并通过光学显微镜观察了其热压缩过程中的微观组织.结合两者分析了动态回复和再结晶机制.结果表明,动态再结晶是该合金软化的主要机制.     

基于40Cr高温动态力学性能的磨削表面动态再结晶行为

通过分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)实验得到了40Cr合金钢在高温高应变率下真应力-真应变曲线，据此确定了材料发生动态再结晶的临界条件.采用解析法和实验法分别求解了磨削强化层的温度场和塑性应变场分布.结果表明，磨削强化层在磨削深度方向具有较大的温度和塑性应变梯度;150μm强化层内会发生奥氏体转变;磨削表面最高温度可达1060℃.在磨削亚表面60μm内会产生剧烈的塑性变形，达到了再结晶的临界条件.较大的磨削深度使磨削强化层塑性应变增大，再结晶现象越充分，微观组织细化程度越高.     

20Mn2SiV非调质钢热变形流变应力模型

利用MMS-300热模拟试验机,对20Mn2SiV非调质钢在变形温度为900~1 100℃及应变速率为0.01~10s-1条件下的流变应力进行了研究,讨论了Z参数与动态再结晶之间的关系,并建立了该钢的热变形流变应力模型.结果表明:采用Z参数可以判断动态再结晶发生与否,当lnZ≤32.76时,20Mn2SiV非调质钢发生动态再结晶;根据动态再结晶发生与否以及应变是否达到动态再结晶临界应变值,分别建立了不同情况下的流变应力模型,模型拟合效果良好.     

高温锻造中ASME SA508-3钢的动态软化

大型锻件高温锻造是核反应堆压力容器中重要的热加工工艺,优化的锻造工艺不仅可以满足合格的产品外形尺寸,而且可以获得优良的微观组织性能。采用热力模拟手段研究了核电用钢ＡＳＭＥＳＡ５０８－３的动态软化微观机制与高温锻造热力参数之间的关系,得到了该钢种在不同变形条件下的真应力应变关系、动态再结晶临界应变值、动态再结晶晶粒尺寸与Ｚｅｎｅｒ－Ｈｏｌｏｍｏｎ参数之间的关系。探讨了Ｚ参数的唯一性及在锻造过程中动态再结晶的应用范围,为核电锻件微观组织性能控制锻造提供了必要的力学、物理、材料关系。     

Compressive deformation behavior of an indirect-extruded Mg-8Sn-1Al-1Zn alloy

The medium and warm deformation behaviors of an indirect-extruded Mg-8Sn-1Al-1Zn alloy were investigated by compression tests at temperatures between 298 and 523 K and strain rates of 0.001–10 s?1. It was found that the twinning-slip transition temperature was strain rate dependent, and all the true stress-true strain curves could be divided into two groups: concave and convex curves. Associated microstructural investigations indicated that the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) behavior of the alloy varied with deformation conditions. At high strain rate and low temperature, dynamically recrystallized grains preferentially nucleated and developed in the twinned regions, indicating that twinning-induced DRX was dominant. While, at low strain rate, DRX developed extensively at grain boundaries and twins, and the process of twinning contributed to both oriented nucleation and selective growth. For the studied alloy, cracks mainly initiated from the shear band and twinning lamellar over the ranges of temperature and strain rate currently applied.     

Deformation behavior and microstructural evolution during hot compression of an a+b Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si alloy

The effect of processing parameters on the flow response and microstructural evolution of the a+b titanium alloy Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si has been studied by conducting isothermal hot compressive tests at a strain rate of 0.01-10 s-1 at 860-1100°C. The true stress-true strain curves of the sample hot-compressed in the a+b phase region exhibit a peak stress followed by continuous flow softening, whereas in the b region, the flow stress attains a steady-state regime. At a strain rate of 10 s-1, the alloy exhibits plastic flow insta-bilities. According to the kinetic rate equation, the apparent activation energies are estimated to be about 674-705 kJ/mol in the a+b region and 308-335 kJ/mol in the b region, respectively. When deformed in the a+b region, the globularization process of the a colony structure occurs, and a dynamic recrystallized microstructures are observed to show bimodal. Dynamic recrystallization can take place in the b region irrespective of starting deformed structures.     

Ti微合金化汽车大梁钢510L动态再结晶行为

采用单道次压缩实验和阶梯试样热轧-淬火实验研究了低成本的Ti微合金化汽车大梁钢510L的动态再结晶行为.结果表明,应变速率为0.1s^-1时,变形温度为850~1050℃时均发生动态再结晶,应变速率为0.2s^-1时,只有在变形温度高于950℃时发生动态再结晶.变形温度的升高和变形量的增大会逐渐细化奥氏体晶粒,并使再结晶体积分数趋于增大.回归得到实验钢的动态再结晶激活能仅为211.43kJ/mol,说明Ti的添加几乎没有抑制高温奥氏体的动态再结晶,并建立了动态再结晶临界应变模型和动力学模型.     

22CrS齿轮钢变形奥氏体动态再结晶行为及组织演变

采用Gleeble1500热模拟试验机研究了一种新型Mn Cr系齿轮钢在变形量为70%,变形速率为0.1～1s-1,变形温度为850～1150℃,原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸为70～150μm条件下的动态再结晶行为及再结晶后奥氏体晶粒尺寸的变化规律·研究结果表明:在一定的变形量下,变形速率、变形温度、奥氏体晶粒尺寸是影响再结晶的3个因素,只有变形条件Z小于上临界值Zc时才会发生动态再结晶·再结晶后奥氏体晶粒尺寸 D是由变形条件Z惟一地决定而与原始奥氏体晶粒大小无关,Z增加, D减小,二者符合关系式Z=A D-3.91·     

Evolutions of diffusion activation energy and Zener–Hollomon parameter of ultra-high strength Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr alloy during hot compression

The changes of stress level for the ultra-high strength Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr alloy were described by constitutive equation with considering lattice diffusion of aluminum, zinc, magnesium and copper. Zener–Hollomon(Z)parameter expression based on the constitutive equation with considering lattice diffusion was used to reflect the changes of microstructure. The critical stress σcfor the initiation of dynamic recrystallization(DRX) was introduced to calculate the Z parameter. Steady-state dislocation density ρsatand critical dislocation density ρcfor the initiation of DRX decreased with the increase of deformation temperature. The dependence of diffusion activation energy Q on temperature and strain rate was given and the effects of deformation conditions on Q were discussed in detail. Microstructural evolution revealed that low angle boundaries(2–5°) created in the process of dynamic recovery(DRV) could convert into subgrain boundary, thus the original grains were divided into subgrains, and then subgrains transformed into DRX grains by the way of progressive rotation. When the Z value was high(ln Z 30.9), DRV was the main softening mechanism. With the decrease of Z value, both of DRV and DRX played an important roles in softening effect, while with the further decrease of Z value(ln Z 28.6), DRX became the main softening mechanism. Continuous dynamic recrystallization(CDRX) and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization(DDRX) operated together under the condition of lower Z value, but CDRX was confirmed as the dominant DRX mechanism.