凹陷涡发生器形状对湍流流动与传热性能的影响

利用数值计算方法研究了分别具有球形、椭球形、倾斜椭球形以及泪滴形凹陷涡发生器阵列表面的湍流传热与流阻性能.采用湍流模型Relizable k-ε、SST(Shear Stress Transportation)和Standard k-ω模拟凹陷涡发生器表面的湍流传热与流阻性能,并与其实验结果进行对比,确定了Standard k-ω是研究凹陷传热和流动的最精确湍流模型.同时,通过数值计算分析了4种凹陷结构在雷诺数为8 500~60 000下的传热、流阻和流动特性,利用Matlab软件对数值计算结果进行后处理.结果表明:与充分发展的光滑通道内湍流流动相比,球形凹陷通道的传热性能提高了约40%,摩擦因子增加了约70%;椭球形凹陷通道的传热性能提高了约30%,摩擦因子增加了60%左右;倾斜椭球形凹陷通道的传热性能提高了约40%,摩擦因子增加了60%左右;泪滴形凹陷通道的传热性能提高了约70%,摩擦因子增加了约1倍,即泪滴形凹陷通道的传热性能和综合热性能最佳.     

椭球型高速列车头车设计与阻力特性数值模拟

针对椭球形高速列车头车的结构特点,介绍了一种应用非均匀有理B样条理论的头车数字化设计方法.根据二维数据创建了列车椭球形头部曲面的主控制线和辅助控制线,应用曲线曲率梳检测工具,通过调整控制点的位置,完成了控制曲线的调形与优化.大量彼此相切的非均匀有理B样条曲面片组成了列车头部外形曲面,将椭球形头部与后端的观光车进行了虚拟装配.通过定义几何模型、数学模型、边界条件以及网格划分等步骤,采用计算流体动力学方法计算了在不同速度时的钝体形列车与椭球形列车的空气阻力,结果表明椭球形列车具有良好的减阻作用.     

调压阀内流道流场分析及阀芯结构改进

采用ANSYS软件建立椭球形、锥形和球形阀芯调压阀内流道流体动力学有限元计算模型,在不同开口度下分别对其进行流场数值模拟,得到调压阀内流道流体油压与阀芯开口度间的关系,分析3种调压阀内流道流场特性;基于CFD分析数据,以椭球形阀芯调压阀内流道流体湍流动能耗散最小为优化目标,阀芯尺寸参数为设计变量,最大工作油压和最小滑油压力为约束函数,建立调压阀内流道流场优化模型,采用响应面法对调压阀阀芯结构进行改进设计.分析结果表明,调压阀内流道湍流动能耗散受椭球形阀芯长轴影响较大,且随阀芯长轴增加而减小;湍流动能耗散较改进前降低了69.43%,优化效果明显.     

极性液体电介质旋转椭球极化模型

在油与水的混合电解质中,水比油的极性强,为极性液体电解质．当油中含有少量水时,水以悬浮胶粒状、粒径为1×10-4cm的小水球形式存在于油中．当外电场作用时,油中小水球被极化,它的形状发生改变,在电场方向被拉长而成为椭球,束缚电荷分布在椭球表面．作者对极性液体电介质进行了研究,根据水球被拉长的实际情况和椭球的性质,建立了旋转椭球极化模型,在该模型基础上,把束缚点电荷的电场折合到椭球中心的电场,推导出椭球中心有效极化电场的场强公式,给出了旋转椭球表面束缚电荷在椭球中心的极化电场强度E1″．研究结果表明极化电场强度与旋转椭球的长、短半轴之比的平方有关,呈非线性,比圆球模型的电场强度P/(3ε0)复杂;由旋转椭球极化模型得到的结果用于研究混合电介质的“气桥”或“水桥”击穿现象,更能反映其物理本质．     

基于流体运动仿真的不同林冠形状抗风强度分析

【目的】研究强风力扰动下不同林冠形状的森林内部风场分布情况,为防风林营造与种植过程中树种的选择提供理论依据。【方法】 首先建立3种不同冠形林分模型(其中冠部为多孔介质模型),并根据冠形对应树种的消光系数确定多孔介质的孔隙率与叶面积指数(leaf area index, LAI)的关系; 然后以k-ε湍流模型为基础,在动量方程中添加源项,建立三维树冠流计算模型,计算3种冠形在强风力下林分内部各处风速、风压与湍流动能强度。【结果】 圆锥形林冠林内风速最小值(0.047 m/s)与圆台形林冠林内风速最小值(0.076 m/s)相差0.029 m/s。椭球形林冠林内风速最小值为0.940 m/s,且波动大于其他冠形。圆锥形林冠林内压差与湍流动能强度均最小,分别为30.22 Pa和0.17%。椭球形林冠林内压差最大,压差均值为62.14 Pa。圆台形林冠林内湍流强度最大,最大值为25.19%。【结论】 结合湍流动能强度对树木抗风安全性的影响,以及风速的降低和压差减少作用,在构建防风林体系时,应选择与圆锥形林冠特点相似树冠的树种,使得防风林的抗风效果更强。     

差分格式及限制器对双椭球数值模拟的影响

为探究差分格式和限制器对高超声速热流密度计算结果的影响,以N-S方程为基本控制方程,采用FDS的Roe格式、FVS的van Leer格式对双椭球模型进行了数值模拟,并采用Roe格式选取min mod、van Leer、Osher_C三种限制器对双椭球进行了进一步数值模拟.研究了不同空间差分格式、不同限制器对双椭球压力、气动热数值模拟结果的影响,并对双椭球模型的流场进行了相关分析.研究结果表明:差分格式和限制器对压力系数影响不大,而对热流密度影响较大,采用minmod限制器的Roe格式计算精度最高.     

正常重力和椭球地表对弹道计算的影响

为了更精确地考虑地球对超远程弹道计算的影响,提出了一个计入精确正常重力的椭球地表弹道模型。讨论了在椭球地表情况下火箭落点以及飞行高度的计算方法,推导出精确正常重力的计算公式,得到了椭球地表弹道模型,最后计算和分析了采用平面地表模型所产生的射程误差。分析结果表明:对于射程较大的远程弹道,与使用平面地表弹道模型相比,采用该文的椭球地表弹道模型的误差较小。     

内置椭球形缺陷混凝土静态劈拉试验

混凝土广泛应用于核工程等基础建设领域,在其浇筑和凝固过程中,会在其内部产生类似币形或圆形等初始缺陷,实际上可通过改变椭球形的长、短轴来表征这些初始缺陷.为研究初始缺陷对混凝土拉伸力学性能及裂纹扩展的影响,本研究在混凝土试件中心处预置一个椭球形缺陷,采用劈拉试验获得拉伸强度,结合高速摄像机和引伸计采集裂纹的扩展过程.完整混凝土试件的拉伸强度为3.24 MPa,三类内置椭球形缺陷混凝土试件的拉伸强度分别为2.99 MPa、2.92 MPa和2.79 MPa.结果 表明,混凝土的拉伸强度随着椭球形缺陷的增大而降低,内置的椭球形缺陷对本研究的裂纹两阶段扩展模式的影响不大.     

纤锌矿氮化物半导体椭球形量子点杂质态

考虑纤锌矿结构氮化物半导体材料的单轴异性后,在有效质量近似下,利用变分法研究了无限高势垒近似下GaN,AlN和InN椭球形量子点中的杂质态,导出了杂质态结合能随量子点半径和椭球率变化的关系.数值计算结果发现,杂质态结合能随着量子点半径和椭球率的增加而减小.     

高温气冷堆椭球形包覆燃料颗粒应力及破损率

包覆燃料颗粒是高温气冷堆燃料元件的关键组元,在制备过程中,由于各种因素会产生非理想球型的包覆燃料颗粒。针对清华大学10 MW高温气冷堆(HTR-10)包覆燃料颗粒的结构,对典型的非理想球形包覆燃料颗粒建立了椭球模型,用薄壳理论计算了应力分布,用PANAMA程序计算了不同椭球长径比下的颗粒破损率。结果表明:椭球形颗粒的最大应力和破损率随椭球长径比增大而增大,与理想球形相比破损率提高了不到一个量级,仍小于10-8,因此,这对燃料元件来说是安全可靠的。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that