Crustal strain field in central japan, based on the wavelet analyzed GPS time-series data

In order to estimate the secular crustal deformation in central Japan, we adopted the wavelet technique to find and remove the data discontinuities associated with earthquakes and artificial errors, and also remove seasonal variations and white noises in the GPS time series data of daily co-ordinates obtained from the continuous GPS network, GEONET of GSI. The strain components were computed based on least-squares prediction method by using improved time series data.The motion velocities of GPS sites at uniform 7 km × 7 km grids were interpolated by adopting the empirical covariance function and then differentiated with respect to space to estimate strain rates.The estimated strain field shows that there existed a compressive regime in the entire region. Higher maximum shear strain rates of about 0.2 microstrain/a are shown in and around the Izu and Boso peninsulas, and Tokyo Bay. Relatively high maximum shear strain rates are also shown in the southern Tohoku district and another notable area along the coast of the Japan Sea,which nearly corresponds to the Shinanogawa seismic zone.     

Study on characteristics of long-term gravity changes at Wuhan station

We consider the characteristics of long-term changes in non-tidal gravity and their implication to the local perturbations in barometric pressure and water storage and to the local vertical crustal movement using the long-term continuous gravity observations from a superconducting gravimeter （SG） at Wuhan station, together with the co-site measurements from a Global Positioning System （GPS） receiver and an absolute gravimeter FG5. The observation results indicate that there are obvious seasonal variations in the long-term gravity changes measured with the SG. About 70 percent of the whole seasonal changes come from the contribution of the local disturbances in air pressure and water storage, while over 95 percent of the annual changes are attributed to the loading effects of these environmental perturbations. Due to the absence of direct measurements of the local water storage, especially those of the underground water, the global assimilating models of land water LaD （Land Dynamics） and GLDAS （Global Land Data Assimilation System） cannot virtually describe the real hydrologic disturbances around the station. The resulting gravity changes, which are simulated theoretically by means of convolution integration of the loading Green＇s functions and water models LaD and GLDAS, show significantly time delay of about 55 days from those measured with the SG. Compared with the measurements of the absolute gravity with the FG5, the long-term drift rate of the SG is determined as about 17.13 nms^-2/a. From the co-site GPS measurements, it is found that the local crust is slowly subsiding at a rate of 3.71±0.16 mm/a, and the related gravity variation is estimated as 13.88±0.22 nms^-2/a. In other words, the ratio of the changes in gravity and altitude related to the local vertical crustal movement is about -37.41 nms^-2/cm. It implies that a considerable mass adjustment may be associated with the local vertical crustal movement, and its dynamic mechanism should be investigated further.     

Ionospheric eclipse factor method (IEFM) for determining the ionospheric delay using GPS data

By establishing the ionospheric eclipse factor (IEF) λ of the ionospheric pierce point (IPP) and its ionospheric influence factor (IFF) λ, and combining λ, λ with t of IPP, a new method of modeling high-precision ionospheric delay using GPS data-ionospheric eclipse factor method (IEFM)-is presented in this paper. The IEFM can effectively select the proper ionospheric models to model the total electron content (TEC) with different changes corresponding to annual, seasonal and diurnal variations. Initial experimental results show that the correction precision of ionospheric delay modeled by the IEFM seems to be close to that of using L3 GPS observations to directly correct the corresponding ionospheric delay.     

利用GPS观测值反演电离层总电子含量的时空变化

为了便于电离层总电子含量时空变化的研究,利用区域电离层模型获得了GPS系统硬件延迟,从而进一步获取了绝对电离层总电子含量值.利用北京IGS站的GPS观测数据分别计算了2000年至2004年各个不同季节的总电子含量,经比较发现,电离层总电子含量表现出明显的季节性变化.利用中国地壳观测网络25个测站的观测数据计算发现,电离层总电子含量空间变化幅度大,在低纬度地区总电子含量值相对较大,而在中纬度地区相对较小.     

Validating global hydrological models by ground and space gravimetry

The long-term continuous gravity observations obtained by the superconducting gravimeters (SG) at seven globally-distributed stations are comprehensively analyzed. After removing the signals related to the Earth’s tides and variations in the Earth’s rotation, the gravity residuals are used to describe the seasonal fluctuations in gravity field. Meanwhile, the gravity changes due to the air pressure loading are theoretically modeled from the measurements of the local air pressure, and those due to land water...     

Climatological analysis and modeling of the ionospheric global electron content

In this paper, we calculate the ionospheric global electron content （GEC） from the GPS TEC data along the geographic longitude 120°E during the period of 1996-2004, and investigate the relationship between GEC and 10.7 cm solar radio flux F10.7 and its seasonal dependence with partial correlation analysis. Our results show that GEC is closely correlated with solar activity index F10.7 and is also related with annual and semiannual variations. An empirical GEC model driven by those factors is then to examine the influences of different solar activity proxies for the model input. The results suggest that GEC mainly depends on solar activity and the seasonal variations; the latter is also modulated by solar activity. Furthermore, the magnitude of semiannual variation is a little greater than that of annual variation. Our empirical GEC model is proved to be better than the model proposed by Afraimovich et al.     

西南喀斯特地区近45年来气候变化特征及趋势

基于黔、桂、滇3省（区）72个气象站点45年（1960—2004年）逐月平均气温和降水量数据,借助小波分析、人工神经网络及GIS空间分析等方法研究了我国西南喀斯特生态脆弱区近45年来在全球气候变暖的背景下,气候变化的特征和总体趋势。研究结果显示：该区气候变化具有明显的周期性特征,其中气温变化的主周期约为7年,降水量变化的主周期约为25年。该区气候变化的季节性特征和区域差异也比较明显,通过计算过去45年中四季气温和降水量的变化率并对其进行GIS空间插值分析,得到了四季气温和降水量变化的区域分异状况;通过SOFM网络分别选取分类指标对研究区近45年来气温和降水量变化的状况进行聚类分析并对聚类结果进行GIS空间插值分析,划分了研究区气温和降水量变化的类型区域。RBFN模型预测的结果得出,该区2005—2010年气温和降水量的变化均处于相对低值期。     

内蒙古草地植被δ~(13)C空间格局及其对气候因子的响应

为了探明内蒙古草地植物叶片δ13C的空间格局及其对气候因子的响应,于植物生长最旺盛的8月,在内蒙古共采集来自47个样地的126个C3植物样品,利用GPS记录每个样地的地理参数,并从全国陆地生态信息气象栅格数据库中提取每个样地的气象信息,在实验室利用同位素质谱仪测定叶片13C/12C.研究发现,C3植物叶片δ13C随海拔升高而增大,随经纬度的增加而减小;降水和大气压强与叶片δ13C显著负相关,它们共同决定了叶片δ13C的空间格局,其中水分是主导因素;温度对叶片δ13C没有显著影响.     

季节变动现象预测方法浅析

分析客观普遍存在的季节变动现象，除了探寻季节变动现象的变化规律外，还进一步对该规律进行预测，并提出了切实可行的方法。     

稳健的GPS干扰抑制方案研究

针对小快拍情况下,GPS干扰抑制的稳健性下降的问题,提出一种基于自适应对角加载的迭代相关相减多级维纳滤波算法(iteration correlation subtraction algorithm multistage wiener filter,ICSA-MWF)。该算法是在充分利用ICSA-MWF给出的干扰和噪声特征信息的基础上,通过分析ICSA-MWF的迭代过程而得到的一种新的自适应干扰抑制方法。仿真结果表明,新算法在迭代中自适应地选择加载量,较大程度地提高了小快拍下干扰抑制的稳健性,进一步减小了ICSA-MWF的计算量,从而提高了干扰抑制的实时性。     

华南季节干旱及连旱特征分析

 利用1951-2006年实测降水量资料,通过统计方法分析了华南各季节降水量的时空变化及季节干旱特征。结果发现,各季降水量总体上在华南区域空间尺度上有显著的同号变化关系。华南夏季降水量的距平幅度增大,并有增多的长期趋势;秋季降水量则有距平幅度减弱的长期趋势;冬春季降水量的逐年变化存在显著的同相关系。华南秋季发生干旱的频数较其它季节高;春－夏连旱频数较其它季节连旱事件频数要低。     

Study on response of ecosystem to the East Asian monsoon in eastern China using LAI data derived from remote sensing information

Based on the leaf area index (LAI) data derived from remote sensing information and eco-climate data, the responses of regional ecosystem variations in seasonal and interannual scales to the East Asian monsoon are studied. It is found that the vegetation ecosystems of eastern China are remarkably correlated with the East Asian monsoon in seasonal and interannual scales. In the seasonal timescale, the obvious variations of the vegetation ecosystems occur with the development of the East Asian monsoon from the south in the spring to the north in the autumn. In the interannual scale, high LAI appears in the strong East Asian monsoon year, whereas low LAI is related to the weak East Asian monsoon year. These further lead to the characteristic of "monsoon-driven ecosystem" in the eastern China monsoon region, which can be revealed by LAI.     

不同季节中兰州鲇肌肉水解氨基酸

目的研究兰州鲇(Silurus lanzhouensis)肌肉中常规营养成分和不同季节中肌肉水解氨基酸的组成和含量。方法采用氨基酸自动分析仪测定肌肉中水解氨基酸。结果兰州鲇肌肉中含有18种氨基酸,组成和含量顺序未呈现出季节性变化特点;蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、天冬氨酸、丙氨酸这5种氨基酸的含量及氨基酸总量,均随季节的推移呈上升趋势,但在3个季节中仅有秋季显著高于春季(P<0.05);苏氨酸、丝氨酸和谷氨酸等9种氨基酸的含量和必需氨基酸总量等虽有季节性上升趋势,但在3个季节间均无显著差异(P>0.05);胱氨酸、组氨酸和精氨酸等4种氨基酸含量未呈现出季节性变化。结论兰州鲇是一种蛋白质含量较高的经济鱼类,肌肉中水解氨基酸的种类、含量顺序及多数氨基酸的含量在季节变化中有较大的保守性。     

框架结构逐层加载的基础沉降数值研究

应用ANSYS程序建立了框架结构-独立基础-地基共同作用的数值模型,并借助其单元生死功能实现逐层加载。通过研究发现,逐层加载和一次加载对基础最终沉降量影响不大;基础沉降曲线并不随施工层数的增加而线性增长,而是当增加到一定层数时才表现出明显的非线性,且层数越多,非线性关系越明显;进而提出了基础沉降值非线性累积与相邻基础间沉降差非线性累积的概念。为进一步研究基础沉降的非线性规律具有一定的指导意义。     

我国极端降水过程频数时空变化的季节差异

利用我国586个气象测站的逐日降水资料,在对每个站点极端降水过程阈值进行科学界定的基础上,揭示了近45年我国年和各季极端降水过程频数的线性变化趋势及其年际、年代际变化特征.结果表明：我国年和季节极端降水过程频数主要为趋势性变化,不同地区不同季节趋势性变化差异显著,极端降水量在降水总量的趋势变化中占主导地位 长江中下游、西北地区北部和西南地区西部年极端降水过程频数呈现趋势性增加,而我国华北等地区呈现趋势性减少,并且主要反映的是夏季的特征 年和季节极端降水过程频数具有明显不同的年际和年代际变化特征 我国各季极端降水过程时空变化异常型明显不同,但与极端日降水的时空变化是一致的.     

The seasonal variations of δ~(18)O , Cl~- , Na~+ , NO_3~- and Ca~(2+) in the snow and firn recovered from Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica

Snow and firn samples recovered from two snow pits (2.5 and 4.5m deep) and one 50-m firn core along the route of the 1996/1997 Chinese First Antarctic Inland Traverse Expedition in Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica, have been measured for chemical composition and oxygen isotope ratio. In the two snow pits, the variations of NO3- are partly in phase with that of δ18O, while the variations of Cl~ and Na+ are in inverse phase with that of δ18O. The variations of CI- , Na+ , NO3- and δ18O show obvious seasonal variations and annual stratag-raphy. However, with the depth increasing, the seasonal variations of δ18O are gradually smoothed below 3 m (corresponding to about 10-year mass accumulation) in depth while the seasonal variations of Cl- , Na+ and NO3- are kept fairly well in the whole profile of the 50-m firn core (corresponding to about 250-year mass accumulation). The results provide a useful tool for dating the snow stratum in this region. On the contrary, no obvious seasonal variations of Ca2 + are found in the profiles.     

黄土区直根系作物地土壤分离生长季动态*

目的为黄土高原土壤侵蚀控制提供科学依据。方法运用变坡试验水槽的实验方法,研究了黄土高原地区典型直根系作物大豆和马铃薯在生长季土壤分离过程的季节变化及潜在影响因素。结果 1在作物生长季,直根系作物大豆地和马铃薯地的土壤分离能力具有明显的季节变化(P0.05),并表现出了相似的季节变化模式;2两种作物地土壤分离能力的季节变化主要受到农事活动、土壤硬化、水稳性团聚体和作物根系生长的影响;3两种作物地土壤分离能力的季节变化可以用水流剪切力、土壤粘结力和作物根系密度很好地模拟(R20.64,NSE0.63)。结论黄土区直根系作物地土壤分离过程具有明显季节变化,该变化主要是由农事活动、土壤粘结力和作物根系密度季节变化影响所致。     

鄱阳湖水体氮磷污染研究进展

综述了鄱阳湖水体营养盐的污染状况和发展趋势,结果表明:鄱阳湖总氮(TN)含量在20世纪90年代增速快,2000年后缓慢增长,总磷(TP)含量保持稳定,TN、TP含量呈枯水期>平水期>丰水期的特征; 湖区氮磷污染总体呈东部和南部污染重,西部和北部污染轻的特征; 入湖河道输入是鄱阳湖氮磷污染的主要来源,其中赣江贡献率最大,修河最小; 目前研究存在采样频率低、数据共享机制不健全、迁移转化机理研究少等问题.     

五峰垃圾填埋场渗滤液污染特征及处理系统

系统分析了五峰垃圾填埋场渗滤液中ＣＯＤ，ＢＯＤ＿５的季节变化特征，并对该填埋场的污水处理系统进行了研究和评价。     

CO2 background concentra-tion in the atmosphere over the Chinese mainland

Based on the long-term monitoring data on CO2 concentration, variation trend and characteristics of CO2 background concentration in the atmosphere over the Chinese mainland are analyzed. Results show that the increasing trend of CO2 background concentration in the atmosphere over the Chinese mainland has appeared during the period of 1991-2000. The average annual CO2 growth increment is 1.59 μL/L, and the average annual CO2 growth rate is 0.44%. Distinct seasonal variations of CO2 background concentration are observed, and the averaged amplitude of CO2 seasonal variations is 10.35 μL/L. Regional variation characteristics of CO2 background concentration in the atmosphere and possible impact of human activities on these variations over the Chinese mainland are discussed as well.