基于煤气化学能最大化利用的上部吹氧竖炉静态模型

针对竖炉生产中存在的煤气还原势未能充分利用、煤气消耗量高以及二氧化碳排放高等问题,设计出一种上部增设吹氧装置的竖炉.基于物料平衡和热平衡建立了上部吹氧竖炉的静态模型,并对其进行了数值求解模拟和分析.模拟结果表明,在典型条件下,上部吹氧竖炉每吨直接还原铁的还原煤气量为1404.67m3,吹氧量为20.32m3,煤气出口还原势降至0.56,排碳量减少26.25%,能耗减少19.56%.     

喷吹焦炉煤气对COREX竖炉还原的影响研究

为降低COREX的固体燃料消耗,焦炉煤气(COG)作为一种清洁、高热值能源被引入到COREX炉中,以替代原有的循环冷却煤气。计算了不喷吹焦炉煤气、喷吹焦炉煤气以取消冷却煤气和喷吹焦炉煤气以取消冷却煤气和过剩煤气(完全取消煤气冷却)三种情况下入竖炉煤气的成分,并通过实验室模拟试验,对焦炉煤气中的甲烷在竖炉中的行为和含铁炉料还原情况进行研究。结果甲烷在竖炉中存在少量的分解,竖炉喷吹焦炉煤气会降低含铁炉料还原。     

Co修饰碳纳米管促进的Cu-ZrO2催化剂上CO2加氢制甲醇

利用微波助多元醇化学还原沉积法,制备一类Co修饰的多壁碳纳米管(CNT)基复合材料(y%Co/CNT),进而用其作为添加剂,制备共沉淀型y%Co/CNT促进的Cu-ZrO2催化剂,CuiZrj-x%(y%Co/CNT).Co对CNT的修饰明显地提高了该催化剂对CO2加氢制甲醇的催化活性.在Cu1Zr1-10%(4.3%Co/CNT)催化剂上,5.0 MPa,513 K,V(H2)/V(CO2)/V(N2)=69/23/8,GHSV=8 000 mL/(h·g)的反应条件下,CO2加氢的转化频率(TOF,即单位时间(s)内在单个表面活性金属Cu0位上CO2加氢转化的分子数)达2.89×10-3s-1,是相同条件下非促进的原基质Cu1Zr1和单纯CNT促进的对应物Cu1Zr1-10%CNT上这个值(2.36×10-3s-1和2.40×10-3s-1)分别的1.22和1.20倍;在CO2加氢产物中甲醇的C-基选择性为～92%,时空产率达176 mg/(h·g-cat.).催化剂的表征研究显示,Co修饰CNT促进的催化剂对H2优良的吸附活化性能对CO2加氢转化频率(TOF)的显著提高起着重要作用.     

气基竖炉炉顶煤气循环工艺的理论分析

针对竖炉生产中存在的煤气还原势化学能未能充分利用的问题,提出3种竖炉炉顶煤气循环新工艺(top gas recycling,TGR)。基于物料平衡和热平衡建立了竖炉的静态工艺模型,对其进行了数值求解模拟和分析。结果表明,对于提出的工艺TGR1、TGR2、TGR3,煤气需求量分别减少63.77%、57.13%、55.85%,显热需求也呈现出相同趋势;但对于循环竖炉工艺而言,循环煤气重整和升温需要额外耗能,从而系统总能耗分别上升了5.68%、7.27%、17.12%,其中,TGR1流程CO2排放量最低,较传统竖炉降低15.35%,TGR2、TGR3流程CO2排放量分别上升0.16%和3.15%。     

基于Aspen Plus的甘油与生物质固定床共气化制氢工艺模拟

利用Aspen Plus软件平台,对甘油与生物质固定床共气化制氢过程进行模拟研究.考察不同反应温度、甘油与生物质的质量比(m(G)/m(B))、气化剂物质的量的比(n(H2O)/n(C))和反应压力等条件对纯甘油与生物质、粗甘油与生物质混合共气化制氢的影响.模拟结果表明:生物质与不同甘油共气化时,温度、压力、n(H2O)/n(C)和m(G)/m(B)对两种混合物制氢的影响规律基本相同,因此可用纯甘油替代粗甘油来研究气化制氢特性;同时得出其最佳气化制氢条件是反应温度800~850,℃,m(G)/m(B)为1.0~1.2,n(H2O)/n(C)为0.8~1.0,压力≤0.1,MPa,在此条件下,氢气产率为55%左右.     

煤与生物质流化床水蒸气共气化

采用单一流化床二步气化方法,以煤作为热载体与发热体,水蒸气作为气化剂,在流化床试验装置上进行生物质(稻壳和木屑)气化的试验研究,考察反应温度(t)、水蒸气与生物质的质量比对燃气组分、氢产率和潜在氢产率的影响。实验结果表明,随着反应温度的升高,H2浓度、氢产率和潜在氢产率都不断增加,而H2与CO体积比逐渐减小;随着水蒸气与生物质的质量比的增大,H2浓度、H2与CO体积比、氢产率和潜在氢产率均不断增加,而CO与CO2体积比呈减小趋势。生产氢的最佳条件:t=1 025℃、水蒸气与生物质质量比为2。在最佳条件下,进一步研究了生物质种类对氢产率的影响。木屑气化制氢优于稻壳气化制氢,木屑气化所获得的氢产率(61.7g H2/kg)约为稻壳气化所获得氢产率(53.4 g H2/kg)的1.2倍。     

发酵液中总碳与总氮对产氢菌释氢行为的影响

利用间歇试验研究了碳氮比对发酵产氢细菌B49产氢性能的影响．结果显示氮源在发酵液中的含量对B49的产氢能力和生长动态有着显著的影响．最佳的B49生长和产氢能力碳氮体积比V(C)：V(N)为3：1,发酵产氢代谢产物以乙醇和乙酸为主,当V(C)：V(N)值设定在2．5左右时,葡萄糖利用率最高,基本趋势是随着总有机氮量的增加,终pH值逐步下降．     

重点钢铁厂铁矿石还原及焦炭气化的藕合反应

通过在模拟高炉温度和煤气成分变化的条下,对我国重点钢铁厂铁矿石还原及焦炭气化的藕合反应研究,阐明了焦炭气化与铁矿石还原与反应历程有关。分析预测高炉冶炼效果除考虑恒定温度和恒定煤气成分下焦炭与铁矿石冶金性能外,还应考虑焦炭与铁矿石藕合反应过程CO过剩量。研究表明宝钢、首钢、本钢、鞍钢CO过剩系数ηc较小,煤气利用好;包钢、重钢和梅山冶金公司ηco较大,煤气利用较差。     

铁矿煤球团内生还原气生产DRI工艺及估算

在高炉热风炉中用高炉煤气、垃圾制燃气、低热值煤气加热循环还原气,或用红焦、热DRI(直接还原铁)等热量加热循环还原气至1100℃,输入还原竖炉加热铁矿煤球团,生产DRI,从炉顶气中回收硫和CO2,炉顶气净化后作为还原气循环使用.球团内煤干馏形成的半焦、焦炭起到了与高炉内焦炭不同的骨架作用.利用还原反应后气体余热来预热和干馏球团,利用铁精矿粉和煤粉的高比表面积,利用煤的干馏气化促进低温下碳的一次气化反应和直接还原反应,使DRI煤耗进一步降低.设炉顶气温度降到150℃,配煤218kg,高炉煤气消耗约947m3时,工艺能耗约333kg/t煤.比高炉工艺节能约52%,减排CO2约83%.比MIDREX节能约84kg标准煤.该工艺简称为DRI-NHQ.     

Co修饰碳纳米管作为低碳醇合成CoMoK催化剂的高效促进剂

利用化学还原沉积法,制备一类Co修饰的多壁碳纳米管基复合材料(记为y%Co/MWCNT,y%为质量分数),进而用其作为促进剂,制备共沉淀型y%Co/MWCNT促进的Co-Mo-K氧化物基催化剂,CoiMojKk-x%(y%Co/MWC-NT)(x%为质量分数).实验发现,Co对MWCNT的预修饰明显地提高了单纯MWCNT促进的Co-Mo-K催化剂对CO加氢制低碳醇的催化活性.在所制备的Co1Mo1K0.05-12%(4.2%Co/MWCNT)催化剂上,在经优化的两种反应条件(5.0MPa,563 K,V(H2)/V(CO)/V(N2)=60/30/10,GHSV=8000 mL/(h.g)和5.0 MPa,593 K,V(H2)/V(CO)/V(CO2)/V(N2)=60/30/5/5,GHSV=10 000 mL/(h.g))下,C2~9-醇的时空产率分别达294和628 mg/(h.g),分别是单纯MWCNT促进的对应物在其最佳操作条件下这个值(269 mg/(h.g))的1.09和2.33倍;在所制得两种低碳混合醇产物中,C2~9-醇的含量分别达89%和96%(质量分数),并分别以C7-醇和C5-醇为主要醇产物.本文结果表明,Co对MWCNT的预修饰并辅以原料合成气中添加适量CO2对于CO加氢转化率和C2~9-醇时空产率的显著提高起重要作用.     

The first observation of Mo5+ in the passivation layer of Mo2N

Molybdenum nitride powder with S_g of 115 m² · g¹ (passivated) has been prepared by a temperature programmed reaction of MoO₃in H₂/N₂ mixture. It exhibited high catalytic activity in CO oxidation at low temperature. XPS, EPR and LRS studies have shown the existence of mixed valence states of Mo ions, especially Mo⁵⁺ ion (g(tT=1.932,g||=1.892) observed for the first time, in the passivation layer of molybdenum nitride. A surface Superoxide species, O₂ (g = 2.001, Raman band 1 124 cm¹), was found to be produced accompanying the transformation of Mo⁵⁺/Mo⁴⁺ redox pair. Evidence has been given to suggest that this surface superoxide might be responsible for CO oxidation over Mo₂N catalyst.     

CuO/CeO2催化剂在温度变动过程中的CO-PROX催化性能

采用浸渍方法制备不同Cu/Ce原子比的CuO/CeO₂催化剂,用于富氢气体中CO优先氧化反应(CO-PROX),考察其在温度变动情况下的催化性能. 利用X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温还原(TPR)方法对反应前后催化剂样品进行了表征. XRD测试表明,催化反应后的催化剂中有金属Cu0生成. 这与文献结果一致. 与不含CO₂的情况比较,当模拟富氢气体中含有CO₂时,低温段催化活性明显下降. Cu/Ce原子比为10%的催化剂在温度变动过程中具有较稳定的催化性能.      

Kinetic studies of the decomposition reaction of adducts of dinuclear Fe(Ⅱ)/O2

Kinetic studies of the decomposition reaction of dinuclear Fe(Ⅱ) adducts [Fe₂(N-Et-HPTB){O₂P(OPh)₂}](Cl- O₄)₂ (1) and [Fe₂(N-Et-HPTB) {O₂P(Ph)₂}] (ClO₄)₂ (2) with O₂ have been carried out at low temperature using UV-vis spectra. The decomposition reaction of Fe(Ⅱ)/O₂ adducts was first-order in the experimental conditions, and the activation parameters were obtained. ?H^¹ = 85.62 kJ·mol^-1, ?S¹ = 19.43 J·mol^-1·K^-1 for compound (1) and ?H^¹ = 97.97 kJ·mol^-1, ?S^¹ = 55.68 J·mol^-1·K^-1 for compound (2). These results are similar to those of dioxygen adducts of other metals complexes and natural enzymes such as methane mono- oxygenase (MMOH).     

The v-v energy transfer of highly vibrationally excited states (II)

The vibrational energy transfer from highly vibrationally excited CO to H₂O molecules is studied by time-resolved Fourier transform infrared emission spectroscopy (TR FTIR). Following the 193 nm laser photolysis of CHBr₃ and O₂ the secondary reactions generate CO(v). The infrared emission of CO(v → v−1) is detected by TR FTIR. The excitation of H₂O molecules is not observed. By the method of the spectral simulation and the differential technique, 8 rate constants for CO(v)/H₂O system are obtained: (1.7 ±0.1), (3.4 ±0.2), (6.2 ±0.4), (8.0 ±1.0), (9.0 ±2.0), (12 ±3), (16 ±4) and (18 ±7) (10¹³cm³ · molecule^-1· s^-1). At least two reasons lead to the efficient energy transfer. One is the contributions of the rotational energy to the vibational energy defect and the other is the result of the complex collision. With the SSH andab initio calculations, the quenching mechanism of CO(v) by H₂O is suggested.     

Simulation for the primary electronic donor of photosystem IIin vitro

Histidine coordinated to Chi a is a distinct characteristic of Chl ain vivo. By using histidine analogue of 1-methylimidazole (C₄H₆N₂2) and measuring the UV/vis absorption, CD and MCD spectra of the interaction between C₄H₆N₂ and Chl a in CCI₄, we have obtained that: (i) In pure CCl₄ solvent, Chl a molecule is in five-coordinate state, and two Chl a molecules form an asymmetric compact-dimer with strong coupling interaction. We propose that the two Chl a molecules are connected by two unequally coordinated Mg-O bonds (the two oxygen atoms come from the C=O of C13¹ keto and C17 ester, respectively); (ii) when the molar ratio of C₄H₆N₂/Chl a is 0.5 or 1 (corresponding to 2Chl a · 1C₄H₆N₂ and 2Chl a · 2C₄H₆N₂, respectively), significant changes have been observed in the absorption, CD and MCD spectra, which indicate that the Chl a remains in dimer form, but the coupling interaction between them reduces greatly. We postulate that C₄H₆N₂ replaces the ligation of C=O of C17 ester and C13¹ keto to Mg atoms sequentially. The two Chl a molecules linked by two weakly interacted Mg…O bonds form a relaxed-dimer. The structure of the model is essentially similar to that of the primary electronic donor, P₆₈₀, of photosystem II in high plants and algae.     

Lithium bond structures of HnY （n=2, 3; Y=O,S, N）…LiNH2 and the abnormal blue shift of N-Li bond

The optimized geometries of the complexes between HnY （n=2, 3; Y=O, S, N） and LiNH2 have been calculated at the B3LYP/6-311＋＋G^＊＊ and MP2/6-311＋＋G^＊＊ levels. Three stable complexes were obtained. Frequency analysis showed that the enlarged 2N-4Li presents the abnormal blue shift in three complexes. The calculated binding energy with basis set super-position error （BSSE） and zero-point vibrational energy （ZPE） corrections of complex Ⅰ-Ⅲ is -58.65, -31.66 and -69.59 kJ·mol^-1 （MP2）, respectively. Natural bond orbital theory （NBO） analysis has been performed, and the results revealed that the H2O…LiNH2 （complex I） and H3N…LiNH2 （complex Ⅲ） are formed with coexisting σ-s and n-s type lithium bond interactions, complex Ⅱ is formed with ττ-s type lithium bond interaction between HnY （n=2,3; Y=O, N） and LiNH2, and H2S…LiNH2 （complex Ⅱ） is formed with n-s type lithium bond interaction between H2S and LiNH2. Natural resonance theory （NRT） and atom in molecule （AIM） theory have also been studied to investigate the bond order and topological properties of the lithium bond structures.     

氧化吸收法同步脱除燃烧烟气中SO2，NOx和CO2的化学热力学及其评价

湿化学法同步脱除烟气中气态污染物是燃烧源大气污染控制的重要方法之一,为探究采用不同氧化吸收策略同时脱除燃烧烟气中SO_2,NO_x和CO_2的可行性,基于化学热力学原理,分析了9种联合氧化吸收策略的性能,具体的氧化吸收策略包括:H_2O_2-NH_3·H_2O,H_2O_2-MDEA,H_2O_2-NaOH,O3-NH_3·H_2O,O3-MDEA,O3-NaOH,NaClO_2-NH_3·H_2O,NaClO_2-MDEA和NaClO_2-NaOH,并提出新的动态加权法对其性能进行综合评价。结果表明:上述所有策略均具有SO_2,NO_x和CO_2捕获的可行性。O3-NaOH,NaClO_2-MDEA和NaOH做吸收剂的氧化吸收溶液分别对单一脱硫、脱硝和脱碳效果最好。当综合考虑同步脱除SO_2,NO_x和CO_2时,NaClO_2-MDEA优于其他策略,其结果可为燃烧烟气中的气体污染物的联合脱除提供参考。     

Synthesis and structure determination of ruthenium and osmium complexes with 2,6-bis-(diphenylphosphinomethyl) pyridine

2,6-Bis (diphenylphosphinomethyl) pyridine (PNP) reaction with Na₂OsCl₆ · 6H₂O to give the five coordinated, sixteen-electron complex Os (PNP)Cl₂. In the presence of formaldehyde, the reaction between Na₂OsCl₆· 6H₂O and PNP proceeds rapidly in boiling ethanol to give the coordinately saturated Os(PNP)Cl₂(CO). The IR spectrum of Os(PNP)Cl₂(CO) shows a strong absorption band at 1 970 cm⁻¹ assignable tov _∞ stretch. PNP reacts with RuCl₂(PPh₃)₃ and RuCl₂(DMSO)₄ (DMSO=dimethyl sulfoxide) to give Ru(PNP)Cl₂ (PPh₃) and Ru(PNP)Cl₂ (DMSO) respectively. The average Ru−Cl, Ru−P and Ru−N bond distance in Ru(PNP)Cl₂(PPh₃) determineby X-ray crystallography are 0.242, 0.236 and 0.216 nm, respectively. Li Zhaoying: born in July 1949, associate professor     

含1-氨基-1,2,3-三唑硝酸盐(ATZ-NO3)推进剂能量特性

研究新型氧化剂1-氨基-1,2,3-三唑硝酸盐(ATZ-NO₃)的引入对各类固体推进剂能量特性的影响. 利用国军标方法GJB/84-96及推进剂能量特性计算与CAD系统软件,在标准条件(P_c/P_e=70:1)下,计算了含1-氨基-1,2,3-三唑硝酸盐(ATZ-NO₃)推进剂的能量特性. 结果表明,ATZ-NO₃单元推进剂的比冲为2 413.96 N·s·kg-1,远高于AP单元推进剂,与RDX及HMX单元推进剂接近. 用ATZ-NO₃取代HTPB推进剂中的AP和RDX时,推进剂比冲和特征速度均降低;而用ATZ-NO₃取代GAP推进剂中的AP时,推进剂比冲和特征速度随ATZ-NO₃质量分数多呈抛物线形变化,最高比冲可达2 608.50 N·s·kg-1,固体填料存在最佳添加比. 同时由于ATZ-NO₃不含氯元素,因此将ATZ-NO₃引入GAP推进剂对提高GAP推进剂的综合性能是有益的.      

Standard molar enthalpy of formation of morin studied by rotating-bomb combustion calorimetry

Flavonols are plant pigments that are ubiquitous in nature. Morin and other related plant flavonols have come into recent prominence because of their usefulness as anticancer, anti-tumor, anti-AIDS, and other important therapeutic activities of significant potency and low systemic toxicity. The heat of combustion of morin (molecular formula, C₁₅H₁₀O₇·H₂O) in oxygen was measured by a rotating-bomb type combustion calorimeter, the standard molar enthalpy of combustion of morin at T = 298.15 K was determined to be Δ_c H _m^⦵ (C₁₅H₁₀O₇·H₂O, s) = −(5 937.99 ± 2.99) kJ · mol⁻¹. The derived standard molar enthalpy of the formation of morin in solid powder state at T = 298.15 K, Δ_f H _m^⦵ (C₁₅H₁₀O₇·H₂O, s), was −(1 682.12 ± 3.58) kJ · mol⁻¹, which provide an accurate data of the stability of morin to the pharmacy and pharmacology. Biography: HOU Hanna(1956–), female, Visiting researcher, Associate professor of Hubei University of Education, research direction: thermochemistry.