低伤害小分子瓜尔胶压裂液性能研究

华北油田致密储层属于低孔低渗储层,需要压裂改造才能投产,但储层厚度小,孔吼半径小,在压裂过程中应特别关注入井流体对储层的伤害问题。提出采用分子量为常规瓜尔胶一半的小分子瓜尔胶作为压裂液的稠化剂的方法,以降低压裂液高分子稠化剂对储层孔吼的堵塞的伤害,提高改造效果。优选了与小分子瓜尔胶匹配的分散剂、助排剂、黏土稳定剂,形成了适应华北油田致密储层的低伤害小分子瓜尔胶压裂液体系。该压裂液体系可以在5 min内完全溶胀;该压裂液体系在130℃温度下剪切2 h后,黏度保持在80 m Pa·s以上,满足携砂的要求;压裂液体系在90℃可在90 min内完全破胶,破胶液粒径小于10μm;对华北油田致密岩心伤害率小于16%,残渣含量小于10%,对支撑剂导流带的伤害小于15%。可满足华北油田致密储层的压裂要求。     

清洁压裂液导流能力伤害对比实验研究

清洁压裂液作为一种新型压裂液体系,具有清洁、低污染、破胶彻底、残渣少、压后退排率高等特点,在特低渗储层具有良好的应用前景.通过对比常规瓜胶压裂液、低伤害压裂液和清洁压裂液的压裂充填裂缝导流能力伤害实验,定量分析不同压裂液体乐对压裂裂缝导流能力的伤害率,从而可以直观评价清洁压裂液对储层的伤害特点,为清洁压裂液的推广应用提供重要依据.     

生物酶SUN-1/过硫酸铵对羟丙基瓜胶压裂液破胶和降解作用

针对延长低渗、低压和低温油藏压裂过程中压裂液破胶慢以及破胶液残渣大对储层造成的伤害,以生物酶SUN-1/过硫酸铵为复合破胶剂,在40℃以下,分别考查SUN-1加量、过硫酸铵加量、引发剂加量、温度和pH等因素对压裂液破胶速度和破胶液残渣的降解作用的影响,最后优化出复合破胶的最佳条件.利用马尔文激光粒度仪分析了在复合破胶剂的作用下,破胶液中固体颗粒粒径分布,利用岩心流动仪和支撑剂导流仪评价了复合破胶剂作用下的压裂液破胶液对岩心和支撑剂导流能力的伤害.结果表明:生物酶SUN-1/过硫酸铵复合破胶剂的最佳使用温度低于50℃,交联液过硫酸铵中加质量分数为200×10-6的酶,原胶液pH=7~8,与单剂比较复合破胶剂对压裂液的破胶时间减小了近43%,残渣降解下降了44.6%,固体颗粒粒径中值下降40%,对支撑剂导流能力的伤害下降了近60%,岩心伤害下降近43%.     

胍胶压裂液伤害性研究

水力压裂过程中,压裂液的伤害影响着压裂改造的效果。胍胶破胶液中的水不溶物、残渣等固相颗粒不会侵入低渗地层,胍胶对地层的伤害可逆,可通过返排过程渐渐恢复至90%。胍胶对支撑剂导流层的伤害随浓度增加而增加,且几乎不可逆;关键是施工过程中就要降低伤害。对羟丙基胍胶与羧甲基羟丙基胍胶系列配方,以及不同浓度的配方分别对支撑剂导流层伤害分析,胍胶使用量越大、浓度越高、残渣越高对导流能力的伤害越大。在F4区块现场应用证明,降低胍胶压裂液的伤害可大幅提高产能。     

酸预处理在水力压裂中降低伤害机理研究

低渗透储层进行常规加砂压裂常常由于压裂液破胶不彻底、残渣和滤液伤害等问题而影响压裂改造效果。压 裂前的酸预处理技术可降低压裂过程中伤害,改善压裂效果。利用激光粒度仪对常规压裂液破胶与酸性环境下压裂 液破胶过程中瓜胶分子尺寸进行定量观测,研究不同破胶环境下岩石基质伤害的主要因素;通过电镜扫描对注入破胶 液与酸液后伤害的岩芯进行微观分析。研究表明,在酸液存在条件下压裂液破胶后瓜胶分子尺寸大幅度降低,瓜胶分 子尺寸的降低比酸性环境对降低岩石渗透率伤害贡献更大,酸液能够很好地解除压裂液伤害,提高岩芯渗透率,同时 由于酸溶蚀可形成较为明显的溶蚀孔道,进一步提高基质渗流能力。     

致密砂岩气藏纳米封堵型低伤害压裂液研究

针对常规胍胶压裂液对致密砂岩气藏伤害大的难题,通过分子结构设计和正交实验,研制了一种纳米封堵型低伤害压裂液,在致密气藏压裂施工中能封堵部分压裂液于储层基质外,施工后液体能快速返排,从而有效降低稠化剂分子的滞留吸附与液相伤害。该压裂液在35～140℃、170 s^-1条件下剪切120 min,终黏度大于80 mPa.s:能彻底破胶,残渣含量低,破胶液表面张力为25.91 mN/m,对致密砂岩岩芯伤害率低于15%,封堵性能及其他综合性能满足现场施工要求。该压裂液在ZJ125井现场应用,效果良好,施工后液体返排快,返排率高达75.94%,比邻井提高47%,天然气产量1.647 5×10⁴ m³/d,是邻井JS316HF井产量的两倍,显示了其在致密砂岩气藏中良好的低滞留特性。     

安棚低渗裂缝性储层高温压裂液研究与应用

分析了安棚低孔、低渗裂缝性储层对压裂液的基本要求,确定了评价压裂液性能的实验温度,优化了稠化剂、胶联剂、破胶剂、助排剂等添加剂,形成了适宜于安棚油田的压裂液体系,该压裂液具有良好的耐温、耐剪切和延迟交联特性,携砂能力强、破胶彻底、伤害低,能够满足90～140℃温度地层压裂施工的需要。提出了变浓度压裂液优化设计技术,现场实施49井次,成功率91.3％,有效解决了高温裂缝性储层压裂易砂堵的难题。     

安棚低渗裂缝性储层高温压裂液研究与应用

分析了安棚低孔、低渗裂缝性储层对压裂液的基本要求,确定了评价压裂液性能的实验温度,优化了稠化剂、胶联剂、破胶剂、助排剂等添加剂,形成了适宜于安棚油田的压裂液体系,该压裂液具有良好的耐温、耐剪切和延迟交联特性,携砂能力强、破胶彻底、伤害低,能够满足90～140℃温度地层压裂施工的需要。提出了变浓度压裂液优化设计技术,现场实施49井次,成功率91.3％,有效解决了高温裂缝性储层压裂易砂堵的难题。     

低孔低渗气藏高效低伤害压裂液研究

根据延长气田低孔低渗的特点,研究了一种能够适应该储层的高效低伤害压裂液。通过对压裂液各个组分的配比的研究优化出此压裂液的最佳配比,并进一步研究了此压裂液的抗剪切性能、携砂性能、破胶性能以及对地层的伤害性,发现本压裂液有着强稳定能力、流变性强,携砂能力强,破胶快及低伤害等特点,现场进行5口井的压裂施工试验,结果证明对延长油田低孔低渗气藏有较好的压裂增产效果。     

致密砂岩油藏压裂液伤害实验研究

致密砂岩油藏孔喉半径细小、连通性差,水力压裂过程中由于压裂液滤失、返排不彻底等因素极易造成储层伤害,有必要针对常用压裂液体系对储层基质和支撑裂缝导流能力的伤害进行评价。利用压裂液注入实验和导能能力测试仪测试了滑溜水压裂液、线性胶压裂液和交联胍胶压裂液的储层基质伤害、滤饼伤害和支撑裂缝导流能力伤害,结合核磁共振技术分析了压裂液滤失的孔径范围,揭示了三种压裂液对储层和支撑裂缝的伤害机理。三种压裂液对储层基质伤害和滤饼伤害与滤失系数有关,滤失系数越大,基质伤害越大,滤饼伤害越小。储层的滤饼伤害要大于基质伤害。针对致密砂岩储层,压裂液对储层基质的伤害主要是对储层中孔和大孔的伤害。三种压裂液对支撑裂缝导流能力的伤害大小和破胶液的残渣含量有关,残渣含量越高,对支撑裂缝导流能力的伤害也就越大。闭合压力越高,支撑裂缝导流能力伤害率也越高。对于致密砂岩油藏,减小滤饼形成和残渣的滞留是降低压裂液伤害的主要途径。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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