紫胶林-农田复合生态系统地表甲虫多样性——以云南绿春为例

为揭示紫胶林-农田复合生态系统地表甲虫多样性,于2006-2007年在云南省绿春县牛孔乡采用陷阱法调查了天然紫胶林、人工紫胶林和旱地的地表甲虫群落。共采集标本1678头,分别隶属于24科120种,其中步甲科(Carabidae)和金龟科(Scarabaeidae)种类最丰富,均占全部种类的12.50%。拟步甲科(Tenebrionidae)个体数量最丰富,占个体总数的64.48%;金龟科次之,占个体总数的17.58%。大多数科的物种数和个体数在不同土地利用生境中的分布没有显著差异,而步甲科、隐翅甲科(Staphylinidae)、叩甲科(Elateridae)、拟步甲科、瓢虫科(Coccinellidae)和小蠧科(Scolytidae)在不同土地利用生境中的分布有显著差异。天然紫胶林地表甲虫个体数量最少,物种较丰富,优势度最低,多样性最高;人工紫胶林个体数和物种数均丰富,优势度和多样性居中;旱地个体数量最多,物种最贫乏,优势度最高,多样性最低。种级水平的聚类分析体现出人工紫胶林与旱地之间在种类组成上距离较近;而科级水平的聚类反映出人工紫胶林和天然紫胶林更接近。结果提示,紫胶林-农田复合生态系统具有区域内土地...     

典型草原放牧活动对蝽类昆虫多样性的影响

为揭示草原放牧对蝽类昆虫活动的影响,并寻找典型草原放牧活动轻重的指示性昆虫,分别于2012年7月和8月在我国锡林浩特典型草原的牧压梯度样地上进行蝽类昆虫的采集,并进行种类鉴定和定量分析.研究期间共采集蝽类昆虫4 254头,计8科28种,其中植食性昆虫26种,捕食性昆虫2种.研究发现,随着放牧强度(SR)的增加,物种丰富度呈下降趋势.不同蝽类昆虫对放牧的响应存在差异,有的蝽类昆虫对放牧的干扰较为敏感,只出现在低放牧强度样地,如窄长毛菊网蝽;有的表现出季节性差异,如柴翅果蝽只出现在7月份的低放牧强度样地,而蓬盲蝽只在8月份的低放牧强度样地出现.条赤须盲蝽、离缘蝽、类原姬蝽、黄边迷缘蝽和红楔异盲蝽在7个牧压梯度样地上均能生存.窄长毛菊网蝽在7、8月份均出现在SR≤3.0的样地上,且对放牧强度敏感,因此将窄长毛菊网蝽作为锡林浩特草原放牧活动轻重的指示性昆虫.     

岑王老山国家级自然保护区蝽类群落调查

2007年7中旬～8月上旬对广西岑王老山自然保护区蝽类昆虫资源进行调查.结果共采集标本6科46种;多样性指数为3.01811;6个样点间蝽类类似度并不算高,最高的仅0.35,为中等不相似;最低的为0.0714,为极不相似.这主要受各样地的地理气候因素及生态环境因素的影响,人为因素也起了一定作用.优势种为白翅赭缘蝽、硕蝽、比蝽.农林生产中,应多注意有害蝽类的防治,尤其是危害农田、经济种植区的有害蝽的防治.     

内蒙古毛登牧场蝽类昆虫多样性及区系特征分析

通过对内蒙古大学生命科学学院动物生物学实验室保存的锡林浩特市毛登牧场的蝽类昆虫标本的整理,已鉴定出蝽类昆虫7科23种,并给出了每种的分布和寄主及分析了区系特征.毛登牧场蝽类昆虫在中国各地理区划分布中具有一定的特有性,而在内蒙古各地理亚区划的分布中以广布种居多.     

元谋干热河谷不同森林群落蝽类多样性

采用样地调查法对云南元谋干热河谷7种森林群落的蝽类昆虫进行研究,共采获蝽类昆虫标本928号,计45种.云南松人工林和印楝人工林的蝽类物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数及Pielou均匀度指数最高.Simpson优势度最低;而牛筋条-黄荆林物种丰富度低、Shannon-Wiener多样性及Pieiou均匀度指数最低,Simpson优势度最高.Jaecard指数显示7种森林群落蝽类之间为不相似水平,体现了各群落的蝽类多样性,是维护元谋干热河谷生物多样性的资源.     

新疆垦区蝽类昆虫鉴定

笔者近两年对新疆垦区蝽类昆虫作了调查、采集、制作，经第２批鉴定，鉴定出１０科１８个种．本文对其形态特征、分布和寄主均作了记述，并对每个种类绘制了主要形态特征图，编制了科和种的检索表．为今后研究与控制蝽类昆虫提供了依据．     

湘潭市郊冬季菜地生态系统杂草植物群落物种多样性的研究

对湘潭市郊菜地生态系统冬季期间杂草植物群落的物种多样性进行了初步研究，共出现18种，分属于10科15属，物种丰富度为9-15；Simpson指数为0.6401-0.7451；Shannon-Wiener指数为1.4852-1.7000；均匀度指数为0.5791-0.7145。结果表明：离市中心越远，物种多样性程度越高。     

新疆垦区蝽类昆虫种类鉴定

笔者近两年对新疆垦区蝽类昆虫进行调查、采集、制作。经第一批鉴定,分属6科14种。本文对每种的形态、分布、寄主均作了记述,并分别绘制了主要形态特征图,编制了科和种的检索表,为今后蝽类昆虫的研究和防治工作提供了依据。     

济南市郊直翅目（Orthoptera）昆虫群落多样性研究

采用生态学、分类学和统计学方法，对济南市郊直翅目昆虫的群落结构、时序动态、物种丰富度与生态因子的相关性进行了研究．运用统计分析软件SPSS，把直翅目昆虫栖境划分为6种生境型，认为草地－撂荒地型和河岸－水滨—耕作地型为济南市郊典型的“直翅目昆虫发生库”。     

上海地区林地蝽类昆虫种类调查

【目的】结合上海市林业有害生物普查,调查上海地区林地蝽类昆虫种类资源,为今后该地区蝽类群的鉴定、监测、防治等相关工作提供基础性资料。【方法】于2014年11月至2016年8月,对上海地区9区96个乡镇或点以及上海市区8个公园的多种林地进行蝽类昆虫种类调查,并对采集到的蝽类昆虫标本进行了鉴定,整理出了上海地区林地蝽类昆虫名录。【结果】该名录共包括上海地区林地蝽类昆虫18科59种,其中上海新记录有25种; 补充了调查种类的寄主和分布范围,并提供了上海新记录种的背面观照片。【结论】蝽科、猎蝽科、网蝽科、缘蝽科和盲蝽科为上海地区的优势科。区系分析表明,上海地区林地蝽类昆虫以东洋、古北区共有种最多,有35种,占59.3%。其中主要的害虫为:悬铃木方翅网蝽(Corythucha ciliata),樟脊冠网蝽(Stephanitis macaona),梨冠网蝽(S. nashi),麻皮蝽(Erthesina fullo),茶翅蝽(Halyomorpha halys),斑须蝽(Dolycoris baccarum)。     

Plant communities: ecosystem stability in Inner Mongolia

Bai et al. suggest that in China's Inner Mongolia steppe, community-level stability arises from compensatory effects among the principal components at both the species and plant functional group (PFG) levels. By analysing a consistent 19-year data set (1980-98), we show here that their analysis of a 24-year field data set (1980-2003) is called into question by inconsistencies in sampling location and numbers after 1998; the authors' findings are further undermined because they do not distinguish temporal variation from spatial heterogeneity in analysing compensatory effects among species or PFGs. We believe that rigorous reanalysis is needed for a better understanding of grassland stability.     

翠柳湖浮游植物群落多样性分析

通过对湘南学院翠柳湖四个采样点春、夏、秋、冬四季的浮游植物进行调查,研究了浮游植物的种类、群落组成、优势种和生物多样性,对翠柳湖水质的基本营养状况进行评价分析。研究发现该湖浮游植物共计6门51属84种,其中绿藻门最多,为21属31种,占36.9%;蓝藻门16属29种,占34.5%;二者占总的种类数的70%以上。硅藻13种,占15.5%,隐藻门、甲藻门和裸藻门占比最少仅为2.3%。浮游植物种类在全年分布中春、冬两季数量多。各采样点的浮游植物丰富度在季节变化上均成先上升、后下降趋势,均在夏季浮游植物丰富度最高,最高可达6.67×10⁷ cells·L^-1。夏季优势种主要是铜绿微囊藻、伪鱼腥藻和线性菱形藻,而在冬季转变为铜绿微囊藻和梅尼小环藻。全年Shannon-Wiener指数在2.35～3.84之间,Pielou均匀度指数在0.29～0.81之间。翠柳湖浮游植物多样性随季节变化较明显,呈夏季>春季>秋季>冬季的趋势,空间分布上呈现s4>s3>s1>s2的特征。结果表明,翠柳湖浮游植物多样性较好,分布格局存在一...     

Plant communities: ecosystem maturity and performance

The effect of maturity, or successional stage, on ecosystem performance (measured as productivity or stability, for example) is important for both basic ecology and ecosystem management. On the basis of the results of a long-term study of two different plant communities at two sites in the Inner Mongolia grassland, Bai et al. claim that these communities simultaneously achieve high species richness, productivity and ecosystem stability at the late successional stage. However, I question their interpretation of the data and suggest that this claim is undermined by evidence from other empirical and theoretical studies.     

Diversity and dispersal interactively affect predictability of ecosystem function

Theory and small-scale experiments predict that biodiversity losses can decrease the magnitude and stability of ecosystem services such as production and nutrient cycling. Most of this research, however, has been isolated from the immigration and emigration (dispersal) processes that create and maintain diversity in nature. As common anthropogenic drivers of biodiversity change--such as habitat fragmentation, species introductions and climate change--are mediated by these understudied processes, it is unclear how environmental degradation will affect ecosystem services. Here we tested the interactive effects of mobile grazer diversity and dispersal on the magnitude and stability of ecosystem properties in experimental seagrass communities that were either isolated or connected by dispersal corridors. We show that, contrary to theoretical predictions, increasing the number of mobile grazer species in these metacommunities increased the spatial and temporal variability of primary and secondary production. Moreover, allowing grazers to move among and select patches reduced diversity effects on production. Finally, effects of diversity on stability differed qualitatively between patch and metacommunity scales. Our results indicate that declining biodiversity and habitat fragmentation synergistically influence the predictability of ecosystem functioning.     

拟南芥突变体lac8-2和lac8-3的鉴定

本课题组已通过基因工程方法证实,拟南芥At5g01040的编码蛋白Lac8具有漆酶活性.本研究通过PCR扩增技术,成功筛选出Lac8基因的T-DNA插入突变体lac8-2和lac8-3的纯合子.RT-PCR分析表明,突变体中没有Lac8基因的表达.因此,lac8-2和lac8-3均可作为Lac8基因的功能缺失突变体,这为进一步研究Lac8基因在拟南芥生长发育中的功能奠定了材料基础.     

Neutron scattering studies of lac repressor

The lac repressor, a tetrameric protein of identical subunits [molecular weight (MW) 4 x 38,500], interacts specifically with the lac operator, preventing the expression of the structural genes of the lac operon. The presence of an inducer (such as isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside; IPTG) which binds to the repressor, prevents operator binding by lowering the association constant by a factor of 10(3) (ref. 3). Genetic and biochemical analysis have shown that the major part--if not all--of the binding site for the lac operator is located in the 60 N-terminal residues of the protein. In certain conditions, limited trypsinolysis of the protein yields four N-terminal 'headpieces' each containing 51 or 59 residues, and a tetrameric core with full inducer binding activity. It was shown recently that this headpiece is able to bind nucleic acids, and interacts with the lac operator, giving the same pattern of sensitivity with respect to the methylation of the bases as does the intact repressor. We are studying the interaction of lac repressor with DNA by neutron scattering using contrast variation and discuss here measurements on the protein, its tryptic core and their complexes with IPTG. Our results demonstrate that the headpieces are located far (67 +/- 10 A) from the centre of mass of a somewhat elongated core, and that the inducer does not significantly change the radius of gyration of the protein.