Oxfordian (Jurassic) mayaitid (ammonite) dispersal in the Tibetan Himalaya as the first signal of the establishment of the Indo-Austrai subrealm

New fossil collections in the Lanongla area, Tibetan Himalaya enables the establishment of the Upper Jurassic ammonoidsuccession. Middle Oxfordian ammonite-fauna is characterized by endemic epimayaittds with a marine deepening event, suggesling a high stand of sea Ievel in the Tibetan Himalaya. Distribution of mayaitids around the Eastern Gondwana can be regarded as the first signal of the Indo-AustraI Subrealm that was progressively established during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous times.     

西藏宗堡建筑探源

宗堡建筑是西藏官式建筑的重要形式,专指西藏地方政府宗(县)一级政府机关所在地,属于西藏宫殿建筑类型。西藏宗堡建筑起源很早,是宫殿与寺院以及防御堡垒的综合体,在属于藏传佛教文化圈的喜玛拉雅地区也有较广泛的分布,并带有一定的本地化特征。文章通过对宗堡建筑起源和建筑特征研究,说明西藏宗堡建筑为多起源,该建筑类型对藏传佛教文化圈建筑有一定影响。     

Imaging the Indian subcontinent beneath the Himalaya

The rocks of the Indian subcontinent are last seen south of the Ganges before they plunge beneath the Himalaya and the Tibetan plateau. They are next glimpsed in seismic reflection profiles deep beneath southern Tibet, yet the surface seen there has been modified by processes within the Himalaya that have consumed parts of the upper Indian crust and converted them into Himalayan rocks. The geometry of the partly dismantled Indian plate as it passes through the Himalayan process zone has hitherto eluded imaging. Here we report seismic images both of the decollement at the base of the Himalaya and of the Moho (the boundary between crust and mantle) at the base of the Indian crust. A significant finding is that strong seismic anisotropy develops above the decollement in response to shear processes that are taken up as slip in great earthquakes at shallower depths. North of the Himalaya, the lower Indian crust is characterized by a high-velocity region consistent with the formation of eclogite, a high-density material whose presence affects the dynamics of the Tibetan plateau.     

基于Flash的藏文字母打字游戏的设计与实现

目前各种教育游戏的使用越来越普遍,特别是层出不穷的打字游戏,使用户能够熟练掌握各种键盘输入技能,有效激发了用户学习文字的兴趣。文章设计了基于Flash的藏文字母打字游戏,实现了藏文字母的输入、判断、计时和成绩输出等功能,输入法采用微软的Himalaya藏文输入法。     

Carbon isotope negative excursions across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary interval in the Tibetan Himalayas

Fossils from sections at Germig in the Tibetan Himalayas allow the establishment of ammonoid assemblages ranging from uppermost Triassic to basal Jurassic. The carbon isotope profile from these sections shows a majority of positive values in the Rhaetian, and negative values within the Hettangian intervals. Pronounced negative excursions between the Triassic and Jurassic boundary corresponds to the end-Triassic extinction. A stepwise pattern of the end-Triassic extinction is demonstrated by the bivalves and ammonoids. However, the warm episode persisting throughout from late Triassic to basal Hettangian in the Tibetan Himalayas, indicated by subtropic and tropic forms remains to be interpreted.     

Carbon isotope negative excursions across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary interval in the Tibetan Himalayas

Fossils from sections at Germig in the Tibetan Himalayas allow the establishment of ammonoid assemblages ranging from uppermost Triassic to basal Jurassic. The carbon isotope profile from these sections shows a majority of positive values in the Rhaetian, and negative values within the Hettangian intervals. Pronounced negative excursions between the Triassic and Jurassic boundary corresponds to the end-Triassic extinction. A stepwise pattern of the end-Triassic extinction is demonstrated by the bivalves and ammonoids. However, the warm episode persisting throughout from late Triassic to basal Hettangian in the Tibetan Himalayas, indicated by subtropic and tropic forms remains to be interpreted.     

Orogen-parallel extension in Himalays:Is it the indicator of collapse or the product in process of compressive uplift?

Extensional structures developed extensively in Himalaya with their strikes perpendicular to that of the orogenic belt. The studies of such structures in Qusum, Burang, Lhozhag, Nyalam and Yadong show that they represent an orogen-parallel extension. The basins produced by the extension experienced orogen-perpendicular compression during their formation. The ages of the extension rang from 16 to 13 Ma and coincide with the intensive compressive stage in Southeastern Asia. Therefore, the extension is syn-shortening and the dominate tectonic movement in Himalaya was compression and uplift during the extension. The extension was the partition of compressive deformation rather than the indicator for the collapse and falling of the Tibetan Plateau.     

特提斯喜马拉雅雏蛤生物地层研究

通过藏南喜马拉雅地区聂拉木至古措地区6个剖面中雏蛤的研究,发现该地区除前人发现的晚侏罗世雏蛤外,还含有 Buchia subokensis,(在世界其他产地都出现于早白垩世地层),并研究识别出 Buchia concentrica-Buchia spitiensis; Buchia mosquensis-Buchia rugosa; Buchia fischiana-Buchia blanfordiana; Buchia subokensis 4个雏蛤组合。首次记述了该区最高层位的雏蛤组合,同时,新发现的 Buchia subokensis 雏蛤生物组合为藏南存在下白垩统提供了新的生物证据。     

Great Himalayan earthquakes and the Tibetan plateau

It has been assumed that Himalayan earthquakes are driven by the release of compressional strain accumulating close to the Greater Himalaya. However, elastic models of the Indo-Asian collision using recently imaged subsurface interface geometries suggest that a substantial fraction of the southernmost 500 kilometres of the Tibetan plateau participates in driving great ruptures. We show here that this Tibetan reservoir of elastic strain energy is drained in proportion to Himalayan rupture length, and that the consequent growth of slip and magnitude with rupture area, when compared to data from recent earthquakes, can be used to infer a approximately 500-year renewal time for these events. The elastic models also illuminate two puzzling features of plate boundary seismicity: how great earthquakes can re-rupture regions that have already ruptured in recent smaller earthquakes and how mega-earthquakes with greater than 20 metres slip may occur at millennia-long intervals, driven by residual strain following many centuries of smaller earthquakes.     

New geological evidence of crustal thickening in the Gangdese block prior to the Indo-Asian collision

Recent mapping in the Gangdese block has revealed many leucogranites that are similar to those in the High Himalaya. These leucogranites formed at ～140 Ma as indicated by monazite Th-Pb ion-microprobe dating and cooled at ～130 Ma as indicated by muscovite ^40Ar/^39Ar dating. In conjunction with previous structural and paleogeographic studies, the new data indicate that the Gangdese block underwent crustal thickening and associated exhumation during ～140—130 Ma. In this regard, the southern margin of Eurasia continent was comparable to the modern South American Altiplano-Puna plateau, the prime example of active ocean-continent subduction and associated thickened crust. Specifically, the early stages of crustal thickening and uplifting of the Gangdese block may result from subduction of the Neo-Tethyan Ocean. If the Tibetan Plateau would form by accretion of a series of blocks with thickened crust, an elevated topographic plateau similar to the Altiplano-Puna plateau had formed before collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates. Then the Tibetan Plateau would have quickly thickened, uplifted, and begun to extend soon after onset of the collision. Thus, the deformational mechanism of the Tibetan Plateau is not distributed shortening, but rather concentrating deformation within regions of thin crust between the accreted blocks.     

Crustal rheology of the Himalaya and Southern Tibet inferred from magnetotelluric data

The Cenozoic collision between the Indian and Asian continents formed the Tibetan plateau, beginning about 70 million years ago. Since this time, at least 1,400 km of convergence has been accommodated by a combination of underthrusting of Indian and Asian lithosphere, crustal shortening, horizontal extrusion and lithospheric delamination. Rocks exposed in the Himalaya show evidence of crustal melting and are thought to have been exhumed by rapid erosion and climatically forced crustal flow. Magnetotelluric data can be used to image subsurface electrical resistivity, a parameter sensitive to the presence of interconnected fluids in the host rock matrix, even at low volume fractions. Here we present magnetotelluric data from the Tibetan-Himalayan orogen from 77 degrees E to 92 degrees E, which show that low resistivity, interpreted as a partially molten layer, is present along at least 1,000 km of the southern margin of the Tibetan plateau. The inferred low viscosity of this layer is consistent with the development of climatically forced crustal flow in Southern Tibet.     

青藏高原隆升阶段性

 青藏高原的隆升不仅是印度板块与亚洲板块碰撞导致的地球内部岩石圈地球动力学作用过程的结果,并且对全球和亚洲气候变化、亚洲地貌和地表环境过程及大量地内和地表矿产资源的形成分布产生了深刻影响。因而研究高原隆升的历史不仅对解决上述重大科学问题提供重要途径,而且可为高原区域资源环境的开发和可持续发展提供理论依据。简要回顾和梳理了国内外近年来,围绕青藏高原隆升所取得的主要进展。研究表明新生代青藏高原经历了多阶段、多幕次、准同步异幅且高原南北后期加速隆升的演化过程。具体可划分为55~30、25~10及8~0 Ma 3个主要生长隆升期次。其中55~30 Ma的高原早期隆升,主要集中在高原中南部的拉萨地块和羌塘地块,并且可能隆升到接近3 km高度,或甚至更高,有人称之为“原西藏高原”,但其周缘存在准同步异幅的变形隆升响应;25~10 Ma的中期隆升,“原西藏高原”南北缘的喜马拉雅山和可可西里-昆仑山开始强烈隆升,“原西藏高原”率先隆升到目前高度并开始向东西两侧挤出物质、拉张形成南北向裂谷,高原北缘普遍产生广泛变形隆升但幅度有限;从约8 Ma开始的晚期隆升,高原南、北部边缘的喜马拉雅山和昆仑山-西秦岭以北的高原东北部隆升显著加速,经历一系列短暂快速的多幕次构造变形和生长隆升,最终形成现今高原面貌。     

中侏罗世枫杨属果序化石的发现及意义

华北燕辽地区中侏罗世植物群中的一段枫杨属Ｐｔｅｒｏｃａｒｙａ果序化石，其形态、结构及习性，与现代枫杨属枫杨组Ｓｅｃｔ．Ｐｔｅｒｏｃａｒｙａ各种的果序酷似．这一事实表明：中侏罗世的枫杨属已具有现代水平，而自中侏罗世至现代，该属变异甚微；该属在中侏罗世之前已经过长期演化．这与研究同一侏罗纪化石植物群中的鼠李科植物时所见情况相同．显然，柔荑花序植物及木兰型植物在中侏罗世或更早的时代，已共生于中国北部，不能排除枫杨属，或连同胡桃科的其他属，曾于中生代之前起源于华北     

日本藏学发展简史——萌芽和创立时期(1812-1954)

日本的藏学研究在国际藏学界具有举足轻重的地位。根据日本藏学的发展特点,日本藏学史可划分为萌芽、创立、发展、繁荣四个阶段。本文对日本藏学的萌芽和创立两个阶段做了比较系统的疏理和考察。     

基于贝叶斯方法的中尺度对流系统移动方向研究

在朴素贝叶斯分类的基础上建立了一种增强型分类器系统,并在对1997～2002年夏季青藏高原上MCS(Mesoscale Convective System)进行自动追踪的基础上,对MCS的移动方向与其周边环境物理量场的分布特征进行了分类研究.进而,将分类结果与决策树、人工神经网络分类方法进行了比较.研究表明,与其他分类方法相比,使用增强型的贝叶斯分类器预测MCS的移动路径具有较好的效果,这为揭示高原上MCS的移动规律、提高长江中下游地区灾害天气预报的准确率提供了一种有效的方法.     

全球变暖背景下青藏高原多年冻土分布变化预测

根据青藏高原及周边地区温度数据和多年冻土分布, 模拟2099年青藏高原多年冻土面积与各类多年冻土分布的变化情况。结果显示: 青藏高原地区在年均温升高1.8ºC的情况下, 大片多年冻土在高原西北部收缩至76.6°E 以东, 岛状多年冻土在高原东南部大面积消融, 高山多年冻土在帕米尔高原、喜马拉雅山地区收缩明显, 多年冻土总面积是现代的83.4%; 在年均温升高4ºC的情况下, 大片多年冻土收缩至77.4°E以东, 岛状多年冻土中部小范围退缩, 高山多年冻土在祁连山地区消融明显, 仅在帕米尔高原、喜马拉雅山山脉、祁连山山脉、横断山脉等高海拔山地发育, 多年冻土总面积是现代的73%; 在年均温升高6ºC的情况下, 大片多年冻土收缩至78°E, 岛状多年冻土仅在中西部发育, 高山多年冻土在部分极高山地区零星发育, 多年冻土总面积是现代的50.8%。     

Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the highly specialized grade schizothoracine fishes （Teleostei： Cyprinidae） inferred from cytochrome b sequences

We recovered the phylogenetic relationships among 23 species and subspecies of the highly special-ized grade schizothoracine fishes distributing at 36 geographical sites in the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding regions by analyzing sequences of cytochrome b genes. Furthermore, we estimated the possible divergent times among lineages based on a historical geological isolation event in the Tibetan Plateau. The molecular data revealed that the highly specialized grade schizothoracine fishes were not a monophyletic group, but were the same as genera Gymnocypris and Schizogypsis. Our results indi-cated that the molecular phylogenetic relationships apparently reflected their geographical and historical associations with drainages, namely species from the same and adjacent drainages clustered together and had close relationships. The divergence times of different lineages were well consistent with the rapid uplift phases of the Tibetan Plateau in the late Cenozoic, suggesting that the origin and evolution of schizothoracine fishes were strongly influenced by environment changes resulting from the upheaval of the Tibetan Plateau.     

比较不同旅游管理模式对短尾猴(Macaca thibetana)分群的影响

灵长类旅游业近年来呈日益增长的发展趋势,然而关于旅游业对灵长类种群的影响还知之甚少.我国有丰富的现生灵长类资源,近20年来,部分旅游景点不同程度地进行了野生灵长类的旅游开发.为了解旅游开发对短尾猴种群的影响,比较了黄山野生猴谷、峨眉山清音阁生态猴区两处的猴群大小和分群记录,研究发现:由于两地对游客的管理方式不同,两地2007年猴群的大小和分群的记录存在差异.建议旅游开发管理者禁止游客对短尾猴的投喂,恢复其自然的生存状态.     

Eclogites in the interior of the Tibetan Plateau and their geodynamic implications

Eclogites have been recently reported in the interior of the Tibetan Plateau, including in the central Qiangtang metamorphic belt, in the Basu metamorphic massif of the eastern Bangong-Nujiang suture zone, and at Songdo and Pengco in the eastern Lhasa terrane. Some typical ultrahigh-pressure （UHP） metamorphic phenomena, e.g., garnet exsolution from clinopyroxene, were documented in the Basu and Pengco eclogites. The UHP metamorphism in the interior of the Tibetan Plateau marked by these eclogites generally took place in the Early Mesozoic. Along with exhumation of these eclogites, （post-） collision-related magmatism extensively occurred around the central Qiangtang belt, the eastern Bangong-Nujiang suture zone, and the eastern Lhasa terrane. The occurrence of these Early Mesozoic eclogites manifests an out-of-sequence evolution of the Tethys, and they could be a product of diachronous collision between the eastern Qiangtang terrane and the irregular continental margin of the united western Qiangtang-Lhasa plate, along the linked eastern Bangong-Nujiang-central Qiangtang zone. The collision-related magmatic rocks could have been originated from lithospheric thickening, melting, or detachment due to the collision. The presence of UHP metamorphic rocks in central Qiangtang and Basu implies likely continental deep-subduction, and the denudation of these two metamorphic zones could have served as the source of the Triassic turbidites in the Songpan-Garze complex and the Jurassic turbidites in the western Bangong-Nujiang zone, respectively. However, studies of the eclogites in the interior of the Tibetan Plateau just began, and many principal aspects still remain to be explored, such as their distributions, typical lithologies and minerals, temperature-pressure conditions, timing of formation and exhumation, protoliths and tectonic setting, and relationship with the evolution of the Tethys and large-scale basins in Tibet.     

西藏侏罗纪双壳类化石组合特征

该文详细论述了西藏侏罗纪双壳类化石组合特征、地理分布和共生生物的关系,并划分为喜马拉雅和冈底斯-念青唐古拉-三江两生物地理区。