虎纹蛙的早期胚胎发育

报道了虎纹蛙的早期胚发育,自受精卵期至鳃成期共分２５时期,其发育进程及各期胚胎的形态特征与一般蛙科种类基本相似,但其受精卵期和８细胞期有明显的特异之处,在水温１８－２３℃下,其胚胎发育的全过程历时约１２６ｈ。     

黑斑蛙、虎纹蛙和牛蛙皮肤的比较组织学

应用H.E和V.G胶原染色法对黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata)、虎纹蛙(Rana rugulosa)和牛蛙(Rana catesbeiana)皮肤进行了组织学观察和参数测量与比较.结果表明:三种蛙皮肤组织结构相似,但皮肤厚度、各组织层相对厚度及腺体密度存在较明显的种间差异和部位差异.虎纹蛙的皮肤最厚(0.44-0.68mm),牛蛙其次(0.28-0.60mm),黑斑蛙最薄(0.19-0.38mm);在三种蛙中,黑斑蛙躯体多数部位表皮相对厚度为15.1%-22.6%,较虎纹蛙(10.9%-17.7%)和牛蛙(9.9%-21.8%)厚.虎纹蛙和牛蛙皮肤胶原纤维层相对厚度分别为59.9%-68.7%和51.6%-75.3%,较黑斑蛙(44.4%-69.0%)厚;黑斑蛙和虎纹蛙躯体多数部位的颗粒腺密度(4.5-23.1个/mm2;8.9-25.3个/mm2)和粘液腺(54.1-152.2个/mm2;68.6-127.5个/mm2)较牛蛙(1.4-10.8个/mm2;16.8-39.3个/mm2)高.研究结果可供蛙类皮肤的合理开发利用参考.     

竹叶蛙（Rana versabilis）的早期胚胎发育

报道了福建产竹叶蛙的早期胚胎发育，自受精卵期到鳃盖完成期共分为２５个时期其发主育过程及形态特征与蛙科其他种类基本相似，但也有一些特异之处。在水温２０－２４℃以下，其胚胎发育的全过程历时２２６ｈ２５ｍｉｎ。     

团头鲂的胚胎发育与观察方法优化

通过人工繁殖获得团头鲂受精卵,在体视显微镜下对其胚胎和早期仔鱼发育过程进行了连续观察、拍照与测量.结果显示,团头鲂受精卵呈圆球形,具黏性,卵径(1.18±0.09)mm;在水温(21±1)℃条件下,团头鲂胚胎发育从受精到孵化历时39h10min,经历了胚盘形成、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官形成期和出膜期7个发育阶段;初孵仔鱼体长(3.44±0.29)mm,出膜后第4d仔鱼鳔完全充气,卵黄囊消失;观察时,受精卵至尾鳍出现期胚胎置0.7%生理盐水中,肌肉效应期和后面各时期的胚胎经4%多聚甲醛固定后置3%甲基纤维素中拍照可获得良好效果.该工作为研究团头鲂胚胎早期发育过程提供了实时和动态的图像资料,并为鱼类胚胎发育观察提供了基本技术参考.     

美国青蛙在引种条件下的胚胎发育研究

本文报道了美国青蛙(又名猪蛙)在引种条件下胚胎发育的观察结果,依据胚胎在发育计程中的形态变化规律书胚胎发育过程分成26个时期.同时还报道了温度对发育速率的影响,在19℃条件下的胚胎发育历期是29℃条件下的发育历期的两倍.     

淡水驯化后大鳞鲃胚胎发育观察

通过人工授精获得大鳞鲃(Barbus capito)受精卵,并在23℃~26℃的孵化条件下,详细观察了大鳞鲃胚胎发育及未受精卵的特征.结果显示,大鳞鲃受精卵为漂流性卵(半浮性卵),卵径为(1.55±0.1)mm,吸水后卵膜膨大,卵径达到(4.3±0.2)mm.在水温23℃~26℃的条件下,胚胎发育总历时为47 h 29 min,胚胎发育过程所需总积温为1 081℃~1 222℃.大鳞鲃受精卵卵裂方式与其他鲤科鱼类一样,属于盘状卵裂.根据胚胎发育各阶段的形态特征,将其划分为胚盘隆起、卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、神经胚期至尾芽期和胚动期至孵化期等6个连续发育阶段,22个时期.未受精卵入水后吸水膨胀,由原生质集中形成"胚盘",但无如两细胞卵裂的现象;未受精卵的突起或分裂球陆续脱离胚盘会形成类似受精卵囊胚末期时的"假囊胚".研究结果有助于提高大鳞鲃人工繁育效率及对孵化条件及时调控处理,有助于大鳞鲃亲鱼受精率计算方法的掌握.     

河川沙塘鳢早期发育过程中耗氧率及NH3-N排泄率的变化

为研究河川沙塘鳢(Odontobutis potamophila)在早期发育过程中的生理代谢和能量利用状况,在20.8～24.6 ℃的水温条件下连续测定了河川沙塘鳢早期发育过程中的耗氧率和NH3-N排泄率.结果显示,河川沙塘鳢受精卵的耗氧率较低,机体代谢维持较低的水平;随着胚胎的发育耗氧率逐渐升高,至孵化前期,耗氧率急剧增加,由0.315 1 μg·h-1上升至0.705 5 μg·h-1(p<0.05),此后耗氧率随发育呈线性增加;此外,NH3-N排泄率随发育进行整体呈上升趋势,但在胚胎发育早期没有显著性差异,眼黑色素出现期开始明显增加(p<0.05),至眼晶体形成期达到胚胎发育阶段的最大值,仔鱼刚孵出时稍有下降,之后缓慢增加,从8日龄仔鱼到16日龄稚鱼,NH3-N排泄率呈显著性增加(p<0.05),此后NH3-N排泄率维持在一个恒定水平.研究揭示河川沙塘鳢在早期发育过程中随发育时间推进,机体代谢强度逐步增加,且在发育过程中以蛋白质作为氧化底物,为胚胎发育提供了主要的能量.     

日本黄姑鱼胚胎发育及温度对其过程的影响

用Nikon显微镜观察了日本黄姑鱼胚胎发育全过程,并比较了受精卵在13种温度下胚胎的发育状况。结果表明:在水温为20～22.5℃、盐度29.9和pH 8.2条件下,从受精卵至孵化出膜总历时34 h 55 min,胚胎发育过程可划分为21期;孵化水温对受精卵的孵化率、畸形率和孵化时间有显著影响,孵化时数(h)、孵化积温(A)与平均水温(θ)密切相关,h=4265.9θ-1.547 9,A=3.420 1θ2-168.99θ+2 786.1;有效积温为480.04～553.96℃.h,阈温度为7.01℃,但实际孵化水温须高于12℃,14～28℃胚胎均能正常孵化。适宜孵化水温为17～22℃,孵化率高于89%,畸形率低于16%。     

条石鲷的胚胎发育观察

对条石鲷早期发育(从受精卵到初孵仔鱼)的形态特征进行过程观察,描述了各发育时期的形态特征和发育速度.条石鲷的受精卵为圆球形浮性卵,透明,微黄色.在水温23.6～24.8℃,盐度28.5条件下,受精卵约经30 h32 min孵出仔鱼.实验记录了从受精卵到出膜后6 d的26个发育时期的特征及发育时间,拍摄了26张具有代表性的胚胎和仔鱼图片,胚胎发育可分为20个发育期.初孵仔鱼全长2.01 mm(1.92～2.08 mm),孵出45 h后卵黄囊完全吸收.     

饰纹姬蛙早期胚胎发育的研究

研究了饰纹姬蛙（Ｍｉｃｒｏｈｙｌａｏｒｎａｔａ）的早期胚胎发育．经雌雄成体腹腔注射ＬＲＨ－Ａ，促使其抱对、产卵．受精卵在水温２７±０．５℃的条件下进行培养．结果表明：在我国的蛙类中，饰纹姬蛙是早期胚胎发育最为迅速的种类之一；胚体纵轴伸长出现在原肠末期；在鳃循环期即可明显地观察到尾循环；出水孔的形成始于鳃盖完成时的腹中部，并逐渐移向腹后部．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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